膜片钳技术在海洋鱼类研究中的应用与展望

膜片钳技术是1种先进的电生理技术,通过该技术研究海洋鱼类的电生理活动,可以在细胞和分子水平上揭示鱼类某些重要的生理功能。文中简要介绍了膜片钳技术的基本原理,回顾了国内外应用膜片钳技术研究离子通道在鱼类中枢神经元功能、渗透压调节和心脏功能调节方面的作用。展望了该项技术在研究海洋鱼类生长发育、生殖和免疫防御方面的应用前景。     

鱼类MHC基因的研究概况

主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)是在脊椎动物中发现的编码免疫球蛋白样受体的高度多态的基因群,因其在免疫系统中的重要作用而备受关注.近年来,随着发现鱼类中也存在MHC基因,自1990年代开始对鱼类的MHC进行了广泛的研究,获得了许多重要信息.本文对近年鱼类MHC的结构、基因数目、多态、表达、功能以及在鱼类研究中的应用等方面的研究作了简要介绍.     

话说鱼类进化

鱼类,作为地球上最古老的脊椎动物的一个类群,其漫长的演化历史一直是众多的生物学家感兴趣的问题。鱼类的出现,标志着从低等、原始的无脊椎动物向脊椎动物进化的一个质的飞跃;鱼类的发展、演化又提出了脊椎动物进化的明显谱系。一切高等动物,两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类,甚至我们人类自身都是在此基础上发展而来的。研究古生物通常以化石材料为根据。科学家通过放射性同位素来测定岩石的绝对年龄,并划分成不同的地质年代。这些地质年代中保存下来的古生物,记录了当时的环境条件和生     

鱼类性别决定与分化相关基因研究进展

在脊椎动物系统进化中,鱼类处于承前启后的关键地位.与高等脊椎动物相比,鱼类的性别决定机制具有原始性、多样性和易变性,并具有所有脊椎动物的性别决定方式,存在从雌雄同体到雌雄异体的各种性别类型,性逆转在鱼类也是较为常见的现象,因此鱼类性别决定机制研究对于整个脊椎动物类群性别决定机制的形成及进化途径的揭示有非常重要的理论价值.而且鱼类的性别发育是以遗传因素为基础,并受到自身内分泌调节和外界环境的影响,是三者相互作用的结果,故其性别决定与分化没有一个普遍的模式,给性别决定与分化研究带来了一定难度.但随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,近20年来有关鱼类性别决定与分化机理及性别相关基因的研究已经取得了相当大的进展.作者根据现有文献资料,对鱼类性别决定与分化相关基因的研究动态和进展作一综述,并对目前存在的热点问题进行了探讨,以期为今后鱼类性别决定与分化相关基因深入研究提供参考.     

漫话鱼类的演化

鱼类,作为地球上最古老的脊椎动物的一个类群,其漫长的演化历史一直是众多的生物学家感兴趣的问题。鱼类的出现,标志着从低等、原始的无脊椎动物向脊椎动物进化的一个质的飞跃;鱼类的发展、演化又提出了脊椎动物进化的明显谱系。一切高等动物,两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类,甚至我们人类自身都是在此基础上发展而来的。研究古生物通常以化石材料为根据。科学家通过放射性同位素来测定岩石的绝对年龄,并划分成不同的地质年代。这些地质年代中保存下来的古生     

鱼类视蛋白的研究进展

鱼类作为脊椎动物最重要的类群之一, 在其生长发育和进化中, 视蛋白在视觉图像形成和 生物钟昼夜节律等非图像形成功能调节方面起着至关重要的作用, 根据其是否直接参与视觉成像分 视觉视蛋白和非视觉视蛋白两大类。本文对国内外鱼类视蛋白生物学的最新研究进展进行了综述, 重点介绍鱼类视觉系统视蛋白和非视觉系统视蛋白的研究进展, 包括各自的组成、分类、分布、生 理功能及视蛋白基因等, 为进一步深入研究鱼类视觉感知的分子机制及鱼类资源的保护及应用奠定 理论基础。     

激素对鱼类的作用

与其他脊椎动物一样,鱼体的内分泌腺也能分泌多种激素。按其化学性质可分为三类:含氮激素、甾体激素和脂肪酸激素。在正常条件下,各种激素的作用是相互平衡的,但若体内分泌腺出现异常,平衡就受到破坏,正常的代谢和生理功能受到扰乱,影响鱼类的正常发育。激素对鱼类的作用主要表现在三个方面。首先,激素对鱼类的生长有促进作用。研究表明,有选择地给鱼类口服激素不仅能使鱼类体重大幅度增长,而且可增加鱼类细胞中的蛋白质含量。     

鱼类血栓细胞免疫功能的研究现状

血细胞研究是鱼类基础研究的重中之重。鱼类血细胞的前期研究主要聚焦于淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞等细胞的功能特性,而忽略了血栓细胞。血栓细胞是低等脊椎动物具有的类似于哺乳动物血小板的一类细胞,该细胞的经典功能是参与凝血和血栓形成。近年来的研究表明,血栓细胞是一类特殊的免疫细胞,在鱼体免疫应答中发挥重要作用。作者将对鱼类血栓细胞免疫功能相关的形态学、免疫学功能和研究前景等内容进行综述,为鱼类血栓细胞功能的多样性提供基础资料。     

鱼类体液免疫研究进展

同其他的脊椎动物一样 ,鱼类的免疫系统包括体液免疫和细胞免疫。鱼类的体液免疫系统还包括非特异性免疫 (主要由体液因子参与 )和特异性免疫 (主要由抗体分子参与 )两个部分。本文就近阶段鱼类体液免疫方面的重要进展作一综述。１鱼类的非特异性体液免疫鱼类的非特异性体液免疫的主要作用物质是血液或黏液中的体液因子 ,这些体液因子主要针对病原感染的早期阶段 ,是鱼类抵抗病原感染的第一防线。鱼类主要的非特异性体液因子有以下几种。１ .１溶菌酶溶菌酶是存在于许多鱼类的体表黏液、肠道黏液、血清和巨噬细胞中的一种水解酶。实验证明 ,…     

甲状腺激素在鱼类繁殖中的作用

<正>甲状腺激素(Thyroid hormone,TH),包括三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4),存在于所有的脊椎动物中。研究表明,TH对哺乳类和两栖类的早期发育和变态过程发挥着至关重要的作用,而在鱼类(尤其是鲆鲽类)的变态过程中,TH的调控作用更加明显[1,2]。近期研究发现,TH在鱼类发育的各阶段都起着重要的调节作用,其中对鱼类繁殖过程的调控作用尤为显著[3]。作者旨在阐述鱼类甲状腺的结构特征,及TH在鱼类繁殖过程中的作用。     

台湾海峡野生牙鲆人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

2003年12月至2004年5月对台湾海峡的野生牙鲆进行了亲鱼的驯养、促熟产卵及人工育苗技术研究.结果表明,活的鲻鱼苗可用于牙鲆亲鱼的诱食;当水温达到16.2~19.5℃时,牙鲆可自然产卵,产卵盛期为3月中旬至4月上旬.4月份受精率高达86%.在驯养过程中亲鱼未发生死亡.本实验共用受精卵约153万粒,孵出仔鱼140.8万尾,孵化率达92%.经63d培育,育出全长3.8~5.5cm幼鱼53.4万尾,成活率37.9%.育苗水温为20~24℃,海水盐度为26~31.     

海蛇乙醇浸出物对小鼠学习记忆的影响

本研究采用学习记忆行为训练和生化测定的方法,观察了我国４种常见海蛇的乙醇浸出物（ＡｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃＥｘｔｒａｃｔｓｏｆＢｏｄｉｅｓｏｆＳｅａ　Ｓｎａｋｅ．ＡＥＢＳＳ）对小鼠的正常学习记忆、东莨菪碱（Ｓｃｏｐｏｌａｍｉｎｅ,Ｓｃｏｐ）所致记忆障碍、脑不同部位蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,ＡＥＢＳＳ（剂量５００ｍｇ浸出蛋白／ｋｇ体重以上）对正常小鼠的学习记忆能力及脑内蛋白质合成有明显的促进作用;ＡＥＢＳＳ还能极显著地改善Ｓｃｏｐ所致的学习记忆障碍,使Ｓｃｏｐ组大脑皮层和小脑的蛋白质含量显著增加,海马脑区的蛋白质含量增加极显著。结果提示,ＡＥＢＳＳ对小鼠学习记忆的作用机制可能与中枢胆碱能递质系统的蛋白质合成有关。     

海水养殖鱼类细菌性疾病研究概况

本文概述性地介绍了发生在海水养殖中的常见细菌性疾病包括弧菌现、链球菌症、卡诺氏菌症、细菌性肾病、巴斯德氏杀菌症、爱德华氏症、滑走细菌症和杀鲑气单胞菌症等的主要症状、流行情况及病原菌特征，通过遗传育种筛选有抗病力的养殖品种是人们正在努力的方向，目前的研究重点主要在鱼类抗病能力方差分析研究及抗病育种的方法研究，免疫接种是提高养殖鱼类对某一特定性病原菌的最有效的方法，目前已有三十多种菌苗上市，通过使用免疫刺激剂提高鱼类的非特异性免疫力已显示一定的应用前景，虽然抗菌素由于存在抗药菌株和鱼体残留，但它仍是目前对细菌性疾病疾病的常规疗法，而海洋藻类提取物对细菌的抑制作用已被人们所认识，它将会成为一种有潜力的抗菌药物。     

The application of visual census on Mediterranean rocky habitats

In this study we examined the effect of: observer presence; observer speed; and the impact that multiple surveys had on the number of counted fish in a visual census survey in a typical Mediterranean rocky habitat. SCUBA observer presence had no influence on the number of fish per survey. An improvement in the methodology to estimate the number of fish was demonstrated by using two different speeds: slow speed for benthic species and higher speed for epibenthic ones. No differences in the number of fish per survey were found among successive surveys along the same transects, even with the shortest time interval used: 5 min. We also examined the ability of observers to estimate fish length during visual census by using wooden fish models. Significant differences in size estimations were found using two different estimation methods (i.e. size-classes estimates and continuous measures). Estimating fish length to a size class was more accurate in estimating size, while transformed size to calculate biomass from length estimates was more accurate using continuous measures.     

Classification of juvenile flatfishes to estuarine and coastal habitats based on the elemental composition of otoliths

The elemental composition of otoliths from juvenile English sole Pleuronectes vetulus and speckled sanddab Citharichthys stigmaeus living in estuaries and sandy coastal habitats were compared to determine if a chemical habitat tag existed that could be used to differentiate fish living in the alternative juvenile habitats. Juveniles of both species were collected from seven estuaries and 11 coastal sites along 500 km of the central California coast. Collections occurred in three years: 1998, 1999 and 2000. The chemical composition of the otoliths was analyzed using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The multi-elemental composition (Sr, Li, Ba, Mn) of otoliths from estuarine and coastal fish differed significantly for all models (global, region and years models) examined in this study. For each species, discriminant function analysis (DFA) for the global model, which pooled juveniles collected from three regions over multiple years, classified fish into estuarine and coastal groups with close to 80% accuracy. The two main elements in the discriminant models, Sr and Li, differed consistently between habitats; Sr was higher and Li was lower in estuarine fish. Classification success was modestly improved by generating separate discriminant functions for each region (regions model) because of some regional differences in Sr and Li concentrations. Classification success also was improved in some cases by generating separate discriminant functions for each year (years model) because Ba and Mn differed between habitats in only some years. Despite this variability in the concentration of elements in some regions and years, a chemical habitat tag was present in each species that could be used to discriminate coastal and estuarine juveniles over a large geographic area and over three years with very different oceanographic conditions (e.g., El Niño, La Niña). In addition, I found that English sole and speckled sanddab had striking similarities in their chemical habitat tags and that, in some cases, one species could be used as a proxy to classify juveniles of the other species without compromising the accuracy of the habitat tag. The ability to use a proxy classification model would significantly reduce the number of juvenile fish that would need to be collected and analyzed in order to classify members of an ecologically similar species. The chemical habitat tags found in this study appears to be promising tools for identifying fish that have lived in alternative juvenile habitats and, ultimately, the proportional contribution of estuarine and coastal habitats to the central California populations of English sole and speckled sanddab.     

Tracing value chains to understand effects of trade on coral reef fish in Zanzibar,Tanzania

Coral reef fish are an important source of food security and income for human coastal populations. They also underpin ecosystem processes vital for the future ability of coral reefs to generate ecological goods and services. Identifying socio-economic drivers behind the exploitation of fish that uphold these key ecosystem processes and the scales at which they operate is therefore critical for successful management. This study addresses this issue by examining the reef-associated fish value chain in Zanzibar, and how it links to functional groups of fish and maturity stage of fish within these groups. Semi-structured interviews with 188 respondents (fishers, traders and hotel staff) involved in the fisheries and trade with reef-associated fish in Zanzibar and participatory observations were used. The trade with reef fish in Zanzibar is a complex structure involving many different agents and this study shows that these different agents exhibit differential “preferences” regarding fish functional groups and/or maturity stages within these groups. Consequently, both high and low trophic species, as well as small and large fishes are fished and sold, which leaves no refuge for the fish assemblage to escape fishing. When other market agents than fishers have so much influence and there are few alternative income generating activities, it is not possible to put all burden on fishers. Management measures that extend down the value chain to include all market agents as well as their links to ecosystem processes are thus likely to be needed to reach the target of sustainable fisheries.     

Temporal variability in predator presence around a fin fish farm in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Recently, aquaculture has generated worldwide interest as a result of the overexploitation of wild stocks combined with a growing international demand for fish and seafood products. Wild fish attracted to the marine fish farms, together with the presence of the farmed fish, are powerful attractants to predators that normally feed on similar or identical fish stocks in nature. This 9‐year study describes for the first time in Mediterranean waters the temporal variability of mammalian and avian predators in a coastal fin fish farm. In all, 99 months (1062 days during 36 consecutive seasons) were spent in the field. By examining the results of this study, it is clear that species as seagulls, shags, bottlenose dolphins and grey herons (considered to cause economic loss in aquaculture owing to direct predation) interact regularly with the fish farm. Although bottlenose dolphins and grey herons were not the most important of all predator species, predatory interactions with the fish farm occurred with what seems to be increasing regularity. Another result observed is the possible bottlenose dolphins’ attraction caused by the harvesting operations in the fish farm. The fish farm offers an alternative food source for predators; hunting at fish farms usually requires less effort on the part of the predator, and becomes a more attractive option than hunting wild fish over wide ranges. During the period of this study, individually identified dolphins feeding were regularly observed feeding on discarded fish from fish farm workers during harvesting operations, supporting the possibility that some individuals are habituated to this food supply. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it is recommended that strategies for the management of both the aquaculture industry and marine mammal populations should take the results of this study into consideration.     

无鱼粉日粮条件下黄颡鱼生长性能和肝胰脏转录组差异表达的研究

本研究以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)为试验对象,设计两种饲料:鱼粉组和无鱼粉组,在池塘网箱中投喂70 d,研究其生长性能和肝胰脏转录组表达的差异。同鱼粉组相比,无鱼粉组黄颡鱼特定生长率下降了30.25%(P0.05),饲料系数显著增加了83.94%(P0.05),全鱼脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05),血清甘油三酯含量显著下降(P0.05),血清转氨酶活力显著增加(P0.05)。肝胰脏转录组结果显示,总计有12 020个基因差异表达,其中差异表达上调的基因有5 020个、差异表达下调的基因有7 000个。同鱼粉组相比,无鱼粉组分别有1 013个基因表达显著上调、2749基因表达显著下调(P0.05)。将组间具有差异表达的基因进行GO Term、KEGG pathway分类,结果显示:无鱼粉组的肝胰脏细胞组成、细胞生物过程、细胞分子功能等绝大多数基因差异表达下调,提示肝胰脏的细胞组织结构和功能受到很大的影响;KEGG通路富集到15个显著差异代谢通路。本研究结果表明,日粮中鱼粉可能含有某些生理活性物质,这些物质以神经分泌、激素调控、代谢信号通路等为作用靶点,通过对这些代谢信号通路的调节,对鱼的整体生理代谢强度、细胞结构与功能、生理健康状态等产生明显积极促进影响。缺乏这些物质则会造成黄颡鱼生长性能下降、部分器官组织细胞(肝细胞、神经轴突)受到损伤、鱼体抗应激能力和免疫防御能力下降。     

Observer presence may alter the behaviour of reef fishes associated with coral colonies

Although underwater visual census (UVC) is the most frequently used technique for quantifying reef fish assemblages, remote video analysis has been gaining attention as a potential alternative. In the South Atlantic Ocean, Millepora spp. (class Hydrozoa) are the only branching coral species; however, little is known about the ecological role that they play for reef fish communities. We compared these two observation methods (remote video and UVC) to estimate reef fish abundance and species richness associated with colonies of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis at Tamandaré Reefs, Northeast Brazil. Additionally, the two different techniques were used to compare species behaviour in association with fire‐corals in order to examine the biases associated with each technique and provide useful information for behavioural ecologists studying fish–coral associations. There were no differences in reef fish abundance or species richness sampled by remote video or UVC. However, a significant difference in the behaviour of associated fish was recorded between the two methods. In the presence of a diver carrying out a UVC, fish were observed spending more time sheltered amongst the coral branches compared with passively swimming on coral colonies with the remote video technique. Specifically, on the remote video recordings agonistic interactions between fish and passive swimming accounted for 33.3% and 22.2% of the census time, respectively. By comparison, when observed by a diver fish spent 34.8% of their time sheltering amongst the coral branches. We demonstrate that both techniques are similarly effective for recording fish abundance and species richness associated with fire‐corals. However, differences were observed in the ability of each method to detect the behaviour of coral‐associated fishes. Our findings show that behavioural ecologists studying complex fish–coral associations need to ensure that their aims are clearly defined and that they choose the most appropriate technique for their study in order to minimize methodological biases.     

海水仔稚鱼脂类营养研究进展

近年来国外海水仔稚鱼脂类营养研究取得了重要进展。作者从海鱼鱼卵和早期仔稚鱼阶段的脂肪酸成分、海水仔稚鱼饥饿时脂肪酸的保存、海水仔稚鱼脂类的消化、吸收和运输、饲料中磷脂的作用和影响、饲料磷脂与甘油三酯的效率、饲料的必需脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸的定量需要、高度不饱和脂肪酸以及EPA和DHA比例的重要性等方面综述脂类营养对海水仔稚鱼生长的影响