海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸--n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸研究概况

本文从海鱼鱼卵的脂肪酸组成及各种脂肪酸被利用的顺序、n- 3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸 (n-3HUFA)对海水仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响、乳化油强化轮虫和卤虫饵料的重要性、几种海水仔稚鱼对n- 3HUFA的需要量、DHA和 EPA对海水仔稚鱼不同的生理作用、海水仔稚鱼活饵料和微粒饲料中DHA与 EPA比例的重要性、n- 3HUFA含量与海水比目鱼非正常色素沉着的关系、乳化油和微粒饲料中 n- 3HUFA不同的分子结构形式等方面系统综述了海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸—— n- 3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸的国内外研究进展。旨在学习、借鉴国外的研究成果和经验 ,深入开展我国海水仔稚鱼的营养研究。     

海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸和磷脂的营养需求

仔稚鱼营养研究是鱼类营养研究领域中居国际前沿的研究，在中国尚未引起足够重视。目前，中国的重要养殖海鱼如牙鲆、真鲷、黑鲷、石斑鱼和大菱鲆等，生产性育苗，因在仔稚鱼阶段容易发生大量死亡，成活率一般低于20％。仔稚鱼从吸收卵黄内源营养转变为摄取人工培养的浮游动物或人工配合微粒饲料等外源营养后，某些营养物质的缺乏是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。近年来，国外在n．3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 HUFA）、n-6系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n-6 HUFA）和极性脂——磷脂等方面的脂类营养需求研究已取得重要进展，作者现作一综述，旨在为深入开展海水仔稚鱼的脂类营养需求研究提供参考。     

海水仔稚鱼早期阶段的脂类营养研究概况

简要论述了海水仔稚鱼不同早期阶段的脂类营养 ,包括卵囊的脂类营养 ,胚胎和仔鱼发育期间的脂类代谢 ,仔鱼饥饿期间的脂类 ,轮虫脂类营养的改善 ,卤虫脂类营养的改善 ,以及海水仔稚鱼开口饵料的脂类营养等     

海水仔稚鱼早期阶段的脂类营养研究概况

简要论述了海水仔稚鱼不同早期阶段的脂类营养，包括卵囊的脂类营养，胚胎和仔鱼发育期间的脂类代谢，仔鱼饥饿期的脂类，轮虫脂类营养的改善，卤虫脂类营养的改善，以及海水仔稚鱼开口饵料的脂类营养等。     

海洋养殖鱼类仔稚鱼摄食和营养研究的进展

海洋鱼类人工育苗常出现仔稚鱼死亡率高的情况，它涉及到亲鱼培育、卵子质量、仔稚鱼营养需求、生物饵料供应和配合饲料取代等问题.本文就海洋鱼类仔稚鱼培育的饵料系列、亲鱼和早期发育中的脂类代谢和氨基酸作用、生物饵料的营养强化以及微粒、微囊饲料等研究进展作了概述.     

海水仔稚鱼对于n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸需求量的研究现状

提供能量和必需脂肪酸（EFA）对于鱼类营养有着重要的作用。n－3高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA）是海水仔稚色的必需脂肪酸，它主要包括二十碳五烯酸（EPA：205n－3）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA：22：6n－3）。这些脂肪酸对于确保细胞膜渗透性和可塑性、前列腺素的产生和其它功能是必要的。Yone和Fujii报导：补充亚麻酸（18：3n－3）（淡水鱼的必需脂肪酸），对于改善真绸仔稚鱼的生长状况并没有效用，而只有n－3YIUFA作为EFA（必需脂肪酸），对于这种鱼的生长才有用。现在对许多种海水仔稚鱼的研究普遍认为：具有n－3HUFA的饵料对海水…     

海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸--n-6系列高度不饱和脂肪酸研究概况

近些年来,国内外的研究证实,n3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3HUFA)是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸,它们是海水仔惟鱼正常生长和成活所必需的,尤其是廿碳五烯酸(EPA,20：5 n-3)和廿二碳六烯酸(DHA,22：6n-3)业已进行了大量的研究。这些脂肪酸的重要作用与它们在细胞膜磷脂结构中的特殊位置有关。此外,海水鱼不能把亚麻酸(18：3n-3)自身生物合成为EPA和DHA,所需要的EPA和DHA只能从饲料中摄取。     

人工调节卤虫体内 n-3HUFA含量对黑鲷稚鱼生长、存活的影响

海水仔稚鱼营养的研究,国外已有相当数量的报道,特别是脂类中n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3HUFA)的研究,已取得显著的成果(Izquierdo et al.,1989a; Izquierdo et al.,1989b; Watanabe et al.,1994)。但迄今为止,我国鱼类营养的研究基本集中于幼鱼和成鱼阶段,仔稚鱼阶段还未见报道。目前,我国养殖的名贵海鱼,如真鯛(Pagrosomus major)、黑鯛(Sparus macrocephalus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)等的生产性育苗,因在仔稚鱼阶段大量死亡,成活率一般低于30%,某些营养要素的缺乏或不足是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。为加快我国海鱼养殖的发展,保证生产所需的优质种苗的供给,开展仔稚鱼营养的研究已成为我国鱼类营养研究工作者的一项极为紧迫的任务。 近年来,国外研究证实n-3HUFA是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸,其中以二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)最为重要(Watanabe et al.,1989a; Watanabe et al.,1989b)。由于轮虫、卤虫等活饵料中DHA和EPA的含量很低,远不能满足海水仔稚鱼的需要,因而,有关学者通过选用优质单胞藻、制作油脂酵母、投喂富含n-3HUFA的人工微型佴料等方法强化活饵料。Watanabe等(1983)最早将富含n-3HUFA的鱼肝油等制成乳化油，直接加人培养活饵料的海水介质中,当富集于活饵料体内的n-3HUFA达到最大值时,将活饵料作为活的营养载体投喂给仔稚鱼,即可将外源n-3HUFA转移至仔稚鱼体内。该方法简便、实用,现已被推广(Izquierdo et al.,1989b)。 本研究采用乳化油直接添加法,人工调节卤虫体内n-3HUFA含量,探讨n-3HUFA对黑鲷稚鱼生长、存活的影响。     

国外仔稚鱼营养研究概况

海水仔稚鱼营养的研究,国外已有相当数量的报道,特别是在脂类中的n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 HUFA)方面,已取得了显著的成果(Borlongan,1992; Izquierdo et al,1989a: Kanazawa,1989a; Koven et al,1990; Ostrowski et al,1990)。但迄今为止,我国鱼类营养的研究基本集中于幼鱼和成鱼阶段,而仔稚鱼阶段还未见报道。目前,我国养殖的名贵海鱼,如真鲷 (Pagrosomus major)、黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)等的生产性育苗,因在仔稚鱼阶段大量死亡,成活率一般低于30%。毋庸置疑,从早期仔鱼开始吸收自身卵黄内源营养到转变为摄取轮虫、卤虫等外源营养,某些营养要素的缺乏或不足是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。为加快我国海鱼养殖的发展,保证生产所需的优质种苗的供给,开展仔稚鱼营养的研究已成为我国鱼类营养研究工作者的一项极为紧迫的任务。最近,我们已开始进行“人工调节活饵料营养要素对黑鲷仔稚鱼生长、存活的影响”的研究,期望通过该研究,为我国鱼类营养研究从幼鱼和成鱼阶段发展到仔稚鱼阶段提供一个良好的开端。     

短角异剑水蚤对克氏双锯鱼稚鱼成活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为评估短角异剑水蚤(Apocyclops royi)作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的饵料价值和投喂效果,比较分析了其与卤虫无节幼体(Artemia nauplii)的脂肪酸组成及2种生物饵料对克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii)稚鱼存活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果显示,短角异剑水蚤DHA、EPA和ARA含量分别达21.185%、11.088%和3.250%,海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸(EFA)总含量高达37.417%,均显著高于卤虫无节幼体。投喂短角异剑水蚤的克氏双锯鱼稚鱼(5~20 d)成活率(80.71%±8.23%)与投喂卤虫无节幼体组(76.30%±7.00%)差异不显著;稚鱼体长(7.75 mm±1.18 mm)、体重(0.0163 g±0.0080 g)和体长特定生长率(3.46%±0.75%)均显著高于卤虫无节幼体投喂组;稚鱼体内DHA(21.843%)、EPA(6.914%)和ARA(2.725%)含量也均显著高于后者。研究表明,短角异剑水蚤适于作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的生物饵料,在水产养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。     

褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)受精卵以及仔鱼期氨基酸与脂肪酸变化研究

为研究褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)发育早期氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及变化规律,采用GC/MS法等方法分析了褐菖鲉的受精卵、初产仔鱼、前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期四个阶段的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成特点及其含量变化。结果表明:(1)总氨基酸含量从受精卵至初产仔鱼显著下降、前仔鱼期又显著回升、至后仔鱼期再次呈显著下降(P0.05);(2)总游离氨基酸量以初产仔鱼最高,是受精卵的10倍,各期的游离氨基酸占总氨基酸比值为1.4%—20.0%;(3)受精卵中以DHA、C16:0两者实际含量最高,分别为104.88 mg/g和68.74 mg/g,C18:1n-9和EPA次之,分别为41.23 mg/g和27.23 mg/g;(4)褐菖鲉内源性营养阶段被选择性消耗的主要脂肪酸依次为C16:0C18:1EPADHAARA,就脂肪酸的利用率而言MUFASFAPUFA;(5)褐菖鲉仔鱼在开口后的外源营养阶段对脂肪酸的利用率为PUFASFAMUFA,其中DHA相对EPA和ARA被选择性消耗。研究表明,褐菖鲉受精卵的游离氨基酸/总氨基酸比值符合海水鱼类沉性卵的特征,褐菖鲉在早期发育不同阶段对脂肪酸消耗具有不同的选择性,C16:1、C16:0、C18:0和C18:1是褐菖鲉早期发育的主要能源物质,在褐菖鲉开口饵料中添加一定水平的异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸等氨基酸及高度不饱和脂肪酸DHA等是十分必要的。     

The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on lipid metabolism and energetics of larval development and metamorphosis in the american lobster (homarus americanus Milne Edwards)

In studies with larval stages of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) exposed to a sublethal concentration of South Louisiana crude oil, the normal patterns of lipid storage, utilization and synthesis during larval development and metamorphosis were altered with oil exposure. Increased rates of protein catabolism, delayed molting and reduced growth were also evident among oil-exposed lobster larvae and suggest either deficiency or immobilization of lipid reserves. From analyses of lipid class composition of control and oil-exposed lobster larvae, it is evident that oil-exposed larvae have consistently lower levels of triacylglycerols (the major energy store) and higher levels of sterols than control larvae. Decreased ratios of non-essential fatty acids (both saturated and unsaturated) and increased ratios of essential fatty acids were detected in the neutral lipid pools of oil-exposed larvae that suggest both decreased storage of fatty acids in energy reserves and decreased mobilization of essential fatty acids into phospholipid pools. The fatty acid distribution in the phospholipid pools of oil-exposed larvae, however, varied little from control values and reflects a tendency to preserve the integrity of these structural lipids. Increases in sterol levels may be related to decreased mobilization of cholesterol or other sterols and/or transformation of cholesterol into metabolic pathways including the biosynthesis of ecdysterone.Oil-exposed animals contained trace quantities of benzene, thiophene, toluene, alkylcyclohexane and alkylbenzenes, detected with GC-MS analyses. No naphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, higher molecular weight aromatics or their phenolic derivatives were detected; their absence may be related to either the detection limits of the methodology used or extremely rapid metabolism and turnover of these components. Alterations in lipid metabolism may account for the developmental and energetic abnormalities observed in marine crustaceans. It cannot be ruled out, however, that decreased lipid utilization, synthesis and mobilization may be a defense mechanism against incorporating lipophilic components of petroleum hydrocarbons in metabolic pathways, and that disruption in energetics and development is a consequence of the reduction in energy available for growth and molting.     

Variations in the fatty acid profile of marine animals caused by environmental and developmental changes

A method for the assessment of the fatty acid profile in single eggs or larvae of marine fish has been developed. The method, which only requires 50 μg or less of tissue, is based on methanolysis, high-resolution gas chromatography and multivariate data-analysis. In four examples employing cod eggs and larvae, shrimp and periwinkles it is demonstrated that the fatty acid profile changes with changes in the environment, like temperature change, and also with man-induced changes, like oil-pollution. The fatty acid profile of cod eggs is shown to change during the development from newly spawned to just before hatching.     

卤虫无节幼体的营养强化对黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla kempi)幼体发育的影响

用扁藻、酵母、“鱼油 酵母”强化和“不强化”4种方式处理的卤虫无节幼体投喂黑斑口虾蛄各期幼体,比较不同强化方法对黑斑口虾蛄幼体成活率、变态率、生长速度及总脂与脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,3种方式强化12h后的卤虫无节幼体与对照组相比,总脂含量都有不同程度的增加。卤虫无节幼体的脂肪酸组成与强化方式密切相关,其中“鱼油 酵母”强化的卤虫无节幼体20∶5n-3(EPA)和22∶6n-3(DHA)占总脂肪酸的比例最高,分别为5·74%和4·84%。投喂强化后富含EPA和DHA的卤虫无节幼体,可增加黑斑口虾蛄幼体体内脂肪酸尤其是EPA和DHA等不饱和脂肪酸的含量,从而提高其幼体的成活率、变态率与发育速度。     

Assessment of the effects of hydrocarbon contamination on the sedimentary bacterial communities and determination of the polar lipid fraction purity: Relevance of intact phospholipid analysis

This in situ study reports on the relevance of intact phospholipids as new biomarkers and highlights the limits of the classical fatty acid analysis after the hydrolysis of the polar lipid fraction. The analysis of polar lipid fractions revealed significant contributions of marine macrophytes with either non-phospholipid compounds (sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol) or with both non-bacterial phospholipid classes (phosphatidylcholine) and non-bacterial phospholipid molecular species (some molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol). The analysis of intact phospholipids showed also the predominance of gram-negative bacteria in sediments whereas the analysis of fatty acids alone cannot confirm such information. Lastly, as regard to the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the sedimentary bacterial communities, we observed a higher degree of saturation of the fatty acyl chains of the phospholipids extracted from sediment exposed to a massive and chronic crude oil contamination. Such a result was interpreted as an adaptive response resulting in higher membrane rigidity of the bacterial communities.     

Role of eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids in fresh water and marine lipids

The isomeric compositions of the eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids of four freshwater fish oils (from sheepshead Aplodinotus grunniens, tullibee Coregonus artedii, maria Lota lota and alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, respectively) were examined by open-tubular gas—liquid chromatography. The 22:1ω11 isomer, usually the dominant isomer in marine-fish oils, was unimportant relative to 22:1ω9. The unsaponifiables lacked fatty alcohols and pristane and were mostly cholesterol. The probability that the 22:1ω1 in marine fish oils is strictly of an exogenous origin (primarily originating as the fatty alcohol in copepod wax esters) is reviewed and it is proposed that docosenoic acids have no obligatory role in the lipid biochemistry of either marine or freshwater fish.     

脂类分析在海洋微藻化学分类学上的研究进展

总结了目前脂类研究在海洋微藻化学分类学上的研究进展。所有的海洋微藻脂类都含一定的脂肪酸和甾醇,而不同种类的海洋微藻都有其特殊的脂肪酸和甾醇组成特征,我们可以运用这些特性来判别微藻可能所处的化学分类学地位：如果运用从某些藻类中发现的部分罕见脂类成分,还有可能对微藻的个别种类进行确定。随着对微藻中脂类物质分离,提取、纯化技术研究的不断深入,加上质谱、核磁共振等结构分析手段和脂类衍生化技术的日益完善,可以构建海洋微藻脂类物质组成结构快速查询信息库,并使其成为微藻化学分类的一个重要辅助手段。