CANYON GEOMETRY,THE URBAN FABRIC AND NOCTURNAL COOLING: A SIMULATION APPROACH

A simulation model for surface cooling in urban street canyons under calm conditions is described, based upon a simplified energy budget for the canyon facets containing only the net longwave and substrate heat flux densities. The former term is evaluated from the canyon radiation budget model of Arnfield (1976), the latter by numerically approximating the Fourier heat conduction equation. Equilibrium temperatures evolve through the nocturnal period for specified canyon and incoming longwave irradiance characteristics. Numerical experiments conducted with the model show that canyon geometry alone exerts a significant effect on cooling rates and, hence, on heat island intensity. Construction materials and internal building climate control tend to enhance spatial variations in nocturnal temperatures. The effects of wall thickness, sky radiance distribution and cloud cover also are investigated. Results show qualitative and quantitative correspondences with previous field and scale-model studies. Sources of error and desirable model refinements are discussed. [Key words: urban climatology, heat island, heat flux, nocturnal cooling, simulation model.]     

Predicting air temperature simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment: A bottom up approach

Cities are characterized by high heterogeneity that results in varied microclimate effects. The current study introduces a new bottom–up approach linking the urban Canyon Air Temperature (CAT) model with spatially distributed inputs extracted from a GIS data-base and remote sensing products to predict intra-urban temperature variability simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment. To provide proof of concept, the model was applied for the city of Bat-Yam, Israel. Simulation shows a maximum nighttime urban heat island (UHI) intensity of 2–2.25 °C, relative to a rural reference point, during both summer and winter, with significant spatial variability related to the height-to-width ratio of urban street canyons and to the surface land cover. The CAT simulation also highlighted the important influence of the local wind regime on the development and persistence of the nocturnal UHI. We conclude that linking CAT to a GIS data-base supports simulations at the city scale that reflect the local intra-urban variability. The model can be used to investigate both macro and micro scale spatio-temporal characteristics of the UHI in various urban development scenarios, which may be applied to generate appropriate geographically-explicit mitigation and adaptation measures.     

城市热岛效应对天津市居住建筑供暖和制冷负荷的影响

城市热岛效应已对建筑能源需求产生了重要影响,评估城市热岛效应影响下建筑的真实能耗需求及城乡差异对既有建筑的节能调控和未来建筑的方案设计都具有重要意义。论文以天津自动气象站2009—2017年逐时观测数据为基础,应用卫星遥感选站方法,选取天津市区周围4个有代表性的乡村参考气象站,对典型居住建筑全年逐时负荷进行了动态模拟,定量评估了城市热岛强度对不同时间尺度(年、日和小时)建筑负荷的影响。结果表明：① 随着城市热岛强度(I_UHI)的增强,城市居住建筑供暖负荷减少、制冷负荷增加,且年平均供暖负荷的减小幅度大于年平均制冷负荷的增加幅度。I_UHI每上升1 ℃,城市年平均供暖负荷较乡村减少4.01 kWh/m²、年平均制冷负荷增加1.05 kWh/m²。② 冬季供暖期和夏季制冷期逐日负荷变化表现为：供暖期的高负荷时段主要集中在12月下旬至翌年1月下旬、制冷期为7月下旬至8月上旬,高负荷时段城市日平均供暖和制冷负荷分别较乡村约减少10%、增加6%。③ 日内供暖负荷和制冷负荷小时变化均表现为夜间强于白天。在供暖期和制冷期,北京时间18:00至次日07:00时段无论在城市或是乡村都是高负荷时段;11:00至15:00时段在供暖期是低负荷时段,而在制冷期是高负荷时段,这可能与气温和供暖制冷需求有关。研究表明,应充分考虑小时、日尺度热岛强度对用能的影响,提高供暖和空调运行调控的精细化水平,以期达到降低供暖和制冷能耗的目的。     

入境旅游集聚对城乡居民收入差距的空间效应

基于中国31个省域2008—2016年的面板数据,采用探索性空间数据分析法研究城乡居民收入差距的全局和局部空间演化特征,构建空间计量经济学模型实证考察入境旅游集聚对城乡居民收入差距的影响。结果显示：（1）中国31个省域城乡居民收入差距存在空间正相关性,呈现稳中有降的趋势,空间集聚明显且具有显著空间溢出效应;（2）无论是非空面板模型还是空间面板模型都表明入境旅游集聚有助于缩小城乡居民收入差距,非空面板模型由于忽略空间溢出效应而高估入境旅游集聚对城乡居民收入差距的影响;（3） 经济发展水平、政府行为、经济开放程度、固定资产投资水平等要素对城乡居民收入差距具有显著负向效应,新型城镇化发展水平具有正向影响。在入境旅游集聚的影响下,传统要素展现了不同程度的数值变化与作用方向偏移。     

西安市城市边界层热岛的数值模拟

本文使用非定常二维边界层大气动力和热力方程组数值模式,结合西安市1983年秋冬季城郊气象场的观测资料及能源耗量,分析计算了西安城市热岛热力场的特性和强度,并评估了由于城市能源消耗总量的增加对未来城市热岛的影响。     

Revision of thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls considering frost heave

This paper outlines development of the thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls in artificial ground freezing (AFG). A plain strain mechanical model coupled with infinite surrounding soil and rock ...     

城乡关联发展评价模型系统构建——以山东省为例

本文分析了城乡关联水平的系统架构,并在此基础上,依据整体性、科学性、层次性和可操作性相结合的原则,建立了城乡关联水平评价模型,通过对山东省的实证研究,得出了较有价值的结论。研究表明:城乡协调发展是一个地域社会经济过程,是区域内城乡要素优化组合、城乡关联度、融合度日益提高的过程,其本质是城乡的联系程度,因此,运用城乡关联发展理念及其指标体系,就城乡发展水平进行评估,这对于实现城乡发展水平区域差异的空间表达、把握城乡协调的过程与阶段性、制定区域发展规划乃至实施城市化发展的宏观调控都有积极的现实意义。     

Urban Biogeographical Analysis of Spontaneous Tree Growth on Stone Retaining Walls

Stone retaining walls in urban Hong Kong provided vertical habitats for spontaneous colonization by a diversified humid-tropical flora with large trees. A citywide survey assessed wall and tree characteristics to understand wall-tree relationships and identify conservation candidates. Nonparametric correlations were computed between 28 wall attributes versus tree count, tree biomass, and species-vegetation factors. Most of the 245 walls, with 1275 trees, were in residential areas. Moraceae dominated the 30 tree species, predominantly genus Ficus, and especially F. microcarpa. Natives formed the overwhelming majority, largely with pioneer and ruderal traits. The positive effect of adjacent built-up land use and negative effect of wall exposure indicated sheltering from wind could facilitate tree growth. Wall height was a key determinant as taller walls furnished more surfaces free from human disturbance and conducive to seed deposition by frugivorous birds and bats. Stone width offered more horizontal microsites for seeds to lodge. Stone roughness operated at the microscale to encourage nonarboreal vegetation. Joint attributes exerted strong influence on tree growth and less so on nontree affiliates. The walls-cum-vegetation, many older than 100 years, presented a precious natural-cum-cultural heritage, deserving protection as an urban ecological asset.     

CONVERSION OF RURAL LAND TO URBAN: A CANADIAN PROFILE

How do land conversion rates throughout the urban hierarchy respond to changes in economic, demographic, and physical factors? An analysis of the quantity and intensity of rural land consumed for urban development highlights certain regularities in the urban growth process as well as great variability. Population change, economic function, and soil capability show the greatest promise in explaning the provision of land for urban development. It is concluded that more systematic and sensitive measures of urban land-use requirements are needed before urban and rural land uses can be budgeted effectively.     

天津市夜间城市热岛的数值模拟

本文基于Myrap等人的工作,提出了一个能量平衡模式,并用实测的天津市夜间近地面温度场对模式进行了验证.应用这个模式,可给出天津市近地面热岛的适当预报,同时,可对天津市夜间城市热岛中各能量通量的空间变化进行讨论.     

VALIDATION OF AN ESTIMATION MODEL FOR URBAN SURFACE ALBEDO

The albedo measurements of Aida (1982), made over simulated urban surfaces constructed from arrangements of concrete blocks into canyon and grid configurations, are used to evaluate the performance of the urban canyon radiation model of Arnfield (1976a, 1982). The model is shown to be capable of producing acceptable estimates of surface albedo for city land-use zones consisting predominantly of canyons with lengths considerably greater than their width, especially for high sun (high irradiance) conditions. For the data best suited to model validation, about half the albedos were estimated to within ±5% and all were within ±10%. For grid canyon configurations, the method yields less satisfactory results but it is argued that errors will be less significant for surface geometries more realistic than those employed by Aida which possessed very short block lengths in relation to street widths. [Key words: urban climate, energy-budget climatology, albedo, radiation model.]     

农村人口流动中的“人地关系”与迁入地创业行为的影响因素

基于“人地关系”视角下的农村流动人口创业行为影响机制理论模型,并辅之以江苏省的实证研究,从“环境”和“个体”两个方面解读其对农村流动人口迁入地创业行为的影响。采用2010年江苏省城镇暂住人口的抽样调查数据,通过二元Logistic模型发现,农村流动人口的个人经济社会特征及其所处的社会、文化、城市环境均对其创业行为产生影响。特别是城市环境方面,城市总人口规模和农村流动人口规模对农村流动人口的创业行为具有反向影响;控制规模之后,在户口含金量越高的地区,农村流动人口创业的可能性越低,这反映了中国特殊的制度环境对农民工创业行为的影响。     

城乡界面动态模型研究

城乡界面在地域上处于城市和乡村交界处,在功能上起到城乡要素交流的空间载体作用,其发展对城乡协调意义重大。基于系统动力学,从要素流的角度构建城乡界面的理论框架,通过构建数量模型来刻画城乡界面动态演化机制。模型求解结果显示：① 在不同发展阶段,城乡界面受到内生动力和外生动力不同程度的影响。② 随着城乡界面的发展,其效应由负效应向正效应过渡,效应大小取决于其循环积累能力大小。③ 平衡态受城乡要素交换率、自身内生动力和循环积累能力的共同影响;城乡界面的平衡态是恒定的,但具有空间尺度效应。④ 开关模型刻画了界门对城市系统和乡村系统的作用机制。据此,分别从时间尺度和空间尺度对中国城乡系统的发展提出政策建议。     

BUILDING DENSITY AND INTERIOR BUILDING TEMPERATURES: A PHYSICAL MODELING EXPERIMENT

The effect of building density on the interior temperatures of buildings is explored using scaled physical models. The urban canopy layer is modeled as a single-cube structure surrounded by a wall that represents neighboring structures. Each physical model was constructed of plywood and consisted of a cube 200 mm in height, enclosed by a wall 200 mm in height. Four models were constructed corresponding to height/width ratios (H/W) of 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 and placed at an exposed site located at 34°N. The interior air temperature of each cube, direct and diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface, and ambient air temperature and wind velocity were measured over a period from late November 1996 to early June 1997. To extract the influence of building density, air temperatures were compared against those measured in the model representing a H/W of 1. The results show that nighttime cooling is primarily a function of building density, but that daytime heating depends on the interaction of density with changing model-sun relationships. [Key words: urban canopy layer, building air temperature, building density, physical model.]     

Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam

The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions.     

半城市化地区城乡一体化协调发展模式研究——以成都市双流县为例

随着城市化的快速推进,城市对周边地区的影响力也不断增大。城乡之间的经济联系也越来越紧密,城乡互动发展的态势日益明显。在一些经济发达的半城市化地区,可以推进城乡一体化进程,不断提升城市化的质量,促进城乡协调发展。以成都市双流县为例,在充分认识城乡一体化协调发展模式内涵的基础上,深入分析双流县目前的城乡一体化发展特征,作为制定城乡一体化协调发展模式的依据和基础。在充分把握双流县与成都市的互补关系与一体化趋向的基础上,贯彻功能区的思想,制定了推进双流县城乡一体化协调发展的发展模式。对推进中国城市化进程,实现城乡一体化提供有益的参考。     

城乡相互作用与生态经济交错区形成模式研究

在城乡相互作用前提分析的基础上,揭示了城乡相互作用的通道、方式,并指出城乡相互作用是城乡生态经济交错区形成的动力和前提。最后归纳出城乡生态经济交错区形成的一般模式。     

龙口市城镇聚落空间信息提取与动态变化研究

以胶东半岛龙口市为研究区域，利用1983年地形图、Landsat 1992.6和2002.6两个时期的TM影像，首先分析了该区域城镇聚落的影像特征，研究了城镇聚落及其背景地物的光谱特征，并探讨了它们在光谱特征上的可分性；然后分析并建立了基于光谱特征和形状特征的简单决策树模型，对研究区域城镇聚落信息进行了提取。在此基础上，简要分析了胶东半岛龙口市近20年来，城镇聚落动态变化的特点。     

基于城乡互动的衡阳市城市空间结构重组:理论与实践

地方级中心城市的市域空间结构是全面反映城乡关系特征的空间尺度,也是体现中国城乡二元结构的基本尺度。因此,地方级区域空间结构重组的主要内容就是以协调城乡关系为主线展开的,在现代城乡关系理论的指导下,通过构建新的产业关系、优化区域城镇空间关系和等级规模结构、优化城乡通道系统、理顺城乡"流"动、探索新的城乡空间结构模式等措施,从而建立起符合区域发展实际和宏观社会经济发展大背景的城乡空间结构。以衡阳市为实证,论述了基于城乡互动的市域空间结构重组的具体途径与措施。     

AN APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES AND RADIATION BUDGETS OF CITIES

The principles of radiation geometry and the Lambertian assumption are employed to construct a numerical model of the multiple reflection effects within an urban canyon of variable geometry and surface materials. The canyon model is used to estimate the reflection coefficients for the direct and diffuse short-wave and incoming longwave radiative fluxes and the longwave emissivity of an urban surface. The procedures described are applied to various land-use zones in Columbus, Ohio, for the solstices and equinoxes. The diurnal variation of shortwave reflection coefficients is illustrated; daily values generally increase from the CBD to the residential suburbs. Longwave radiative properties differ little between zones. Radiation budgets are synthesized for each land-use type, assuming negligible atmospheric pollution, and are compared with those for appropriate rural surfaces. Net longwave radiation varies little between zones but net shortwave and net radiation decrease from the CBD to the residential areas at the city periphery. Net radiation gradients in cities are shown to depend critically on the relative effects of urban atmospheric pollution on the incident fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation.