城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响研究 ——以成都市和兰州市为例

借鉴国外过剩通勤理论,构建了城市空间结构对居民通勤行为影响度公式,并利用大规模问卷调查获取的通勤数据进行实证研究,定量分析了不同城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响程度。研究发现,城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响程度要小于个体社会经济属性对居民通勤的影响程度,因此,为了减少通勤,既要调整城市空间结构,更要减少个体自由选择职住区位的制度性约束;与单中心城市相比,各组团内部职住平衡度较高的多中心城市,在减少居民通勤距离,提高城市通勤效率方面具有更大的优势。     

Exploring Metropolitan Accessibility and Urban Structure

Location-based assessments of accessibility gauge the attraction of a place relative to other places. These approaches have been used extensively in models of commuting and urban structure. Even though locational accessibility measures are integral to such efforts, they may also be used to explore aspects of urban spatial structure. As such, this paper presents a GIS-based analysis of locational accessibility for a sample of U.S. metropolitan areas. Indices of accessibility based on spatial interaction models are developed for intraurban residential and employment locations. Results show that residential accessibility patterns are similar across cities, taking a concentric pattern where the central urban area is most attractive. However, employment accessibility varies more from city to city; moreover, the areas of highest employment accessibility tend to be decentralized within their respective regions. Overall, location-based accessibility indices are useful for exploring urban form, particularly with respect to issues of urban sprawl. Directions for future research are identified, including linking comparative urban accessibility measures to ongoing work on commuting, the jobs-housing balance, and urban structure.     

基于居住区比较的北京城市通勤研究

改革开放以来,伴随城市土地与住房市场化改革逐渐推进、郊区化与城市空间扩张不断加快、单位制度及单位大院的解体等,北京城市内部居住与就业的空间组织正经历着显著变化,从而导致通勤问题的产生以及城市通勤格局的显著变化。本文基于对北京市内10个典型居住区中600个家庭、842位就业居民的日常通勤行为问卷调查数据,比较城市内部不同居住地域居民通勤格局的差异性,以期折射北京市居住与就业空间重构的微观过程。研究表明:(1)城市内部不同居住区居民的通勤行为存在显著差异性;(2)不同类型单位居住区通勤格局呈现出明显的分化;(3)老城区旧居住区中相当比例的长距离逆向通勤,以及郊区新建商品房以及政策性住房居住区中较高比例的长距离内向通勤,反映城市职住分离现象的出现。     

南京市住房困难人群职住关系及影响因素分析

居住和就业的空间关系,既是城市居民日常生活的空间反映,也是评判城市空间合理性的重要准则。新就业大学生(取得专科及以上学历且工作未满3 a,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)、外来务工人员(收入低于2016年南京市人均可支配收入4166元/月,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)和中低收入人群(南京户籍,家庭人均可支配收入低于3074元/月,人均住房面积不大于20 m ²)等住房困难人群,普遍面临住房机会不平等的问题,职住关系也呈现出特殊性。论文基于南京市这3类住房困难人群的873份问卷数据,采用两步聚类法对通勤流向模式进行划分,基于多项Logistic回归模型探究通勤时间和通勤方式的影响因素,并以南京鼓楼区为案例解析住房困难人群的职住关系。结果表明：新就业大学生通勤流向主要为内部通勤,通勤时间最短,职住关系受通勤流向和工作单位影响;外来务工人员通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,通勤方式机动化程度最低,职住关系受通勤流向、工作单位和性别显著影响;中低收入人群通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,职住分离程度最高,职住关系主要受到住房类型的显著影响。以鼓楼区为例,论文进一步发现新就业大学生以交通条件为导向、外来务工人员以工作地为导向和中低收入人群以居住地为导向的职住关系。     

中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安为例

城市规划和政策若追求减少小汽车依赖,增加公共交通的吸引力和改善生活品质,职住平衡是当中不可忽视的问题、甚至是策略。既有职住平衡研究很少审视发展中的城市,尤其是中国西部城市。本文提出了影响职住平衡的6 组因素,而职住平衡影响通勤效率。6 组因素对于不同发展阶段的城市影响也不同。因此有必要辨识出影响发展中城市的具体因素以便改善其职住平衡和通勤效率。改善职住平衡和通勤效率有助于这些城市吸引人才和提高它们在交通机动性、生活品质和可持续方面的竞争力。利用2011 年西安市居民交通调查的59967个样本,研究了该市的通勤效率、职住平衡和过剩通勤,并和其它国内外城市可比指标进行比较。本文发现西安平均通勤距离较短,通勤效率较高。从交通分析小区的水平,西安职工的平均通勤距离和工作岗位/居民数量和工作岗位总数成反比。当地单位大院的职住平衡和通勤效率较好,但正在降低。     

西宁城市居民家内外活动时间分配及影响因素——基于结构方程模型的分析

为深入挖掘居民不同类型活动的出行需求,进而制定更加精细化的交通政策,从活动分析法的视角出发,基于结构方程模型分析西宁城市居民家内外活动时间分配的机理及影响因素。结果表明:工作日,居民的通勤出行仍然是城市交通需要重点解决的问题。休息日,工作和通勤时间长的居民更倾向于在家内进行维持活动;而休息日不工作的居民更容易产生进行家外维持活动的出行需求。不同社会经济属性的居民对于家内外时间分配具有差异化特征。单位大院职住接近的特征对于减少居民通勤出行时间仍然具有积极作用,但维持性活动时间分配与其他类型社区居民已经没有显著差异。     

兰州市职住空间组织特征

以兰州市为实证研究对象,基于2010年兰州市内1 500份家庭调查问卷数据基础上,利用地理信息系统技术,对兰州市居民的职住空间组织特征进行实证研究。研究发现兰州市居民的居住地和就业地之间的平均距离为2.34 km,有一半居民的通勤距离在1 km内,和北京、上海、广州等东部大城市相比,兰州市的通勤距离比较短,还没有出现类似东部大城市的职住分离比较突出的现象。兰州市作为多中心、带状组团城市,各组团内部就业与居住基本平衡,居民通勤多以本组团内部的通勤行为为主,没有出现大规模的跨区通勤,各组团居民的通勤行为具有“近多远少”特点。各组团职住空间特征存在明显的差异,城关区和安宁区的平均通勤距离较短,七里河和西固区的平均通勤距离较长。职住空间组织特征与城市中居住功能和就业功能的空间差异有关。城关区属于单向外来通勤流为主的区域、七里河区属于双向通勤流比较平衡的区域、安宁区和西固区属于单向外出通勤流为主的区域。     

就业郊区化背景下郊区就业者日常活动时空间特征研究——以北京上地地区为例

个体日常活动时空间特征反映了其对城市空间利用的时空需求,是衡量社会服务、公共资源配置的新维度。基于个体行为分析郊区就业者日常生活时空间特征,有利于透视郊区就业者的空间需求以及就业郊区化带来的城市空间变革。利用2012年北京市活动出行调查数据,选取居住在北京郊区且在上地地区(郊区)工作的203个就业者样本,从非汇总角度对该群体日常活动时空间特征进行描述分析,揭示郊区就业者日常活动的时空需求。研究结果发现,郊区就业者在休息日的活动呈现较强的时间碎片化与空间分散性特征;郊区就业者对中心城区存在较强的空间依赖,很大一部分休闲购物活动需要前往中心城区发生,同时郊区大型商业设施也一定程度上吸引了郊区就业者,郊区功能趋向复合化;郊区就业空间职能较为单一,公共和商业设施供给不足,利用率较低,需进一步完善。     

GENDER,RACE, AND COMMUTING AMONG SERVICE SECTOR WORKERS*

The generality that women work closer to home and have shorter commuting times than men needs to be assessed for racial groups. Statistical analysis of commuting times for a large sample of service workers in the New York metropolitan area shows that black and hispanic women commute as far as their male counterparts and their commuting times far exceed those of white men and women. Workplace factors, such as income, occupation, and job accessibility, are important in explaining these findings.     

The Fundamental Challenge in Measuring Sprawl: Which Land Should Be Considered?*

Lack of agreement on how to define and measure sprawl has hampered development of policy related to its causes and consequences. We question previous work for two reasons: the use of study areas that overbound or underbound sprawl landscapes, and the failure to account for land unavailable for development. We formulate “extended urban areas,” based on housing density and commuting patterns and argue that they represent a preferable geographic basis for measuring sprawl. We operationalize with satellite imagery a way for measuring land unavailable for development in these areas. We then compute five measures of urban development using the National Land Cover Data Base and decennial census data to assess the extent of sprawl in the extended urban areas of Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Los Angeles, and Washington. Our sensitivity analyses reveal that the measurement of sprawl critically depends on which land area forms the basis of the analysis, and, to a lesser degree, how one accounts for land unavailable for development.     

上海职住优化效应的代际差异

城市的职住关系一直为研究者广泛关注。过剩通勤概念以实际通勤与理论最短通勤的差距反映城市职住关系与通勤状态,是衡量通勤效率和优化潜力的常用指标。国内的过剩通勤研究数量有限,且鲜有从年龄视角考察。本文利用2017年9月上海市手机网格数据,分析不同年龄段居民的职住与通勤状态,采用模拟个人换居的方法测度过剩通勤,并探讨职住关系优化效应的代际差异。结果表明：上海居民的职住关系存在明显的代际差异,青年人是劣势群体,老年人是优势群体,中年人介于其间;上海全市过剩通勤率为69%,职住关系优化的潜力和效应巨大,可使得通勤距离显著减少,代际分异缓和,青年人的获得感最大,城市年龄空间结构更加均衡。提出上海的空间规划和政策应以理想的城市年龄空间结构为目标,以提高人的居住和就业空间的流动性、青年化城市中心、中老年化城市外围为途径。     

An Analysis of the Commuting and Jobs–Housing Patterns of Older Adult Workers

Many researchers have explored the relationships between land use and transportation via the jobs–housing balance concept. This type of research involves the disaggregation of commuter groups to understand variances in the relationship between land use and transportation outcomes. Disaggregation by commuter age has not been considered, however. To address this gap, we analyze spatially and temporally disaggregate census data for five areas in Florida. Using several jobs–housing balance metrics we compare and contrast the outcomes of different commuter age groups, across different geographies, and over time (2002–2011). Generally, commutes vary more by region than they do by any age category of commuter. Most of the differences in the commute metrics among the older age group tend to depend on where those commuters live. The results also suggest that there are more efficient and less sprawling commuting landscapes for older workers located near other older workers.     

手机信令数据支撑下广州市过剩通勤及其空间分异格局

利用手机信令数据构建居委会尺度下的职住联系数据库,分析广州过剩通勤及其空间分异格局。研究发现,广州市过剩通勤为76.01%,与国内和西方国家城市相比处于较高水平,说明广州市职住空间组织效率偏低。过剩通勤的空间分异特征主要表现为：功能相对单一的郊区大型工业或房地产集聚区过剩通勤率偏高;传统市中心虽然就业机会集中,但因为高居住成本也出现较高的过剩通勤率;近郊区的特定功能区域,如大学城、偏农业发展型城郊村等区域出现较低的过剩通勤率;快速轨道交通（地铁）建设因降低了居民对通勤距离的敏感度而导致过剩通勤水平的提升,高过剩通勤率空间分布与地铁沿线和地铁站点分布存在一定的空间一致性。提升大城市的职住空间组织效率除需重点考虑提升区域职住空间平衡外,优化城市功能结构、降低住房成本区域差异等也需予以重点考虑。     

Urban sprawl: neighbourhood dissatisfaction and urban preferences. Some evidence from Flanders

Early studies suggest that people living in rural neighbourhoods are more satisfied with their residential location than people living in cities. Consequently, most individuals seem to prefer low-density environments to reside in. More recent studies, however, state that rural residents are no more likely to be satisfied with their residential neighbourhood than their urban counterparts. In addition, a considerable, growing part of the population seems to have a clear preference for urban neighbourhoods. The results of our research, conducted in Flanders, Belgium, suggest that urbanites are more satisfied with their neighbourhood than rural residents are. Neighbourhood preferences differ less between urbanites and rural residents. However, there are differences indicating that urbanites have a preference for rural neighbourhoods and rural residents a preference for urban neighbourhoods. In sum, it seems that people, once they have selected their residential location, are not satisfied with the neighbourhood characteristics and tend to develop a preference for a different neighbourhood type. This mismatch can be partly explained by the strongly developed urban sprawl in Flanders, reducing the residential qualities of urban and especially rural environments. Restricting further urban sprawl, with the help of a more active spatial planning policy, seems necessary to increase neighbourhood satisfaction.     

职住分离的空间差异性及其影响因素研究

制度转型与空间重构背景下,中国大城市的居住与就业空间关系发生明显变化,职住分离 现象逐渐凸显。尽管城市地理学者逐步关注转型期城市居住与就业空间关系的变化对居民通 勤行为的影响,然而深入探讨微观个体所承受的职住分离程度的差异性及其影响因素的实证研 究仍然缺乏。基于对北京城市520 户家庭、806 个通勤样本的问卷调查数据,本文借助多元回归 模型验证了居住区类型、家庭及住房状况、以及其他社会经济属性等居民职住分离程度差异性 的影响,从而折射城市转型过程中宏观制度性及结构性因素(如土地市场化改革、住房政策、单 位制度改革、城市空间扩展等) 对个体日常生活经历差异性的影响。     

Job Access and Commute Penalties: Balancing Work and Residence in Los Angeles

There is an ongoing debate about whether minorities and women pay a commute penalty—that is, do these groups commute farther for lower wages than White males? Research based on commuting time has suggested that minority women bear the multiple jeopardy of race and gender in their journey-to-work behavior. The present study re-examines those findings. We show that minority women who commute longer distances have higher earnings. There is a positive or in some cases neutral relationship between distance and earnings. This suggests that we treat the notion of a commute penalty with some caution. However, women still do not earn as much as men and they are relatively if not absolutely disadvantaged in the commuting process. As expected, for women as for men, skill is a major factor in earnings gains, and relying on public transportation negatively affects earnings. In the past decade it has been fashionable to focus on the negative impacts of commuting on women, but the evidence from this study suggests that the shorter commutes by women may be an expression of the way in which families balance work and residence.     

Who has long commutes to low-wage jobs? Gender,race, and access to work in the New York region

Geographies of home and work have changed as public investment has favored central and distant suburban locations and as income inequality has increased. These changes result in shifting geographies of advantage that (dis)benefit gender and racial/ethnic groups unevenly. We examine commuting differentials by gender and race/ethnicity based on combinations of wages and commute times using data for the New York region.We find that Black, Asian, and Hispanic women and men are concentrated in jobs that have long commutes and low-wages, and Black and Hispanic workers’ concentrations increased from 2000–2010.Although Asian men and women remain overrepresented in that category, their share decreased in the 2000's.The urban core has become a region of heightened advantage, as White men, and an increasing share of White women, commute short times to well-paid jobs. Disadvantage has expanded for Black and Latina women whose long commutes are not compensated by well-paid employment.     

RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE COMMUTING BEHAVIOR OF WOMEN IN BUFFALO, 1980-1990

Disagreement persists about whether or not African American workers in U.S. metropolitan areas are more distant from centers of employment opportunities than European American workers are. But few studies on employment accessibility focus on racial differences among women. Analyses of 1980 and 1990 census Public Use Microdata Samples for Erie County (Buffalo), New York show that, by 1990, African American and European American women who use private vehicles generally spend about the same time commuting. However in both years, work trips to destinations outside the central city penalize African American women relative to European American women. If employment opportunities, especially service jobs, continue to expand in suburban locations and not in central-city locations, the African American women who have to reverse commute (even when they use a car) are unlikely to enjoy the relative convenience of short commutes that characterize the journey-to-work behavior of European American women with suburban employment.     

建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响——以武汉市城中村为例

城中村作为带着农民特色和阶级混杂重塑的空间,为弱势劳动群体融入城市化体系、实现反资本而不反市场的城镇化进程提供了保障。探讨建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响机制,开展城中村建成环境改造,对于解决弱势群体通勤和就业困难意义重大。论文基于武汉市2018年LBS(Location Based Services)数据,以公共交通通勤方式选择作为二元分类因变量,采用梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)分析建成环境与城中村居民通勤方式选择的非线性关系与阈值效应,结果显示：普遍长距离通勤的城中村居民对公共交通系统依赖性强,建成环境的非线性影响和阈值效应明显,弥补了传统线性模型在可解释性上的不足;其中公交站可达性预测贡献度最大(19.89%),阈值分别在300 m和1000 m左右,在城中村改造时应尽量满足直线距离300 m公交站点可达,保证1000 m内存在公交线路,其余变量也有相似的可解释性。研究得到的建成环境影响的优先层次和最有效的空间属性范围将为提升城中村居民就业和通勤公平,实现区域包容、协调的城镇化提供参考。     

职住建成环境对郊区居民通勤方式的影响

郊区化带来的职住空间分离与机动化出行问题受到了城市地理与城市规划界的广泛关注。汽车依赖已经成为大城市郊区空间发展过程中面临的现实问题,如何减少汽车通勤比例、鼓励公共交通和非机动化通勤,已经成为城市交通可持续发展的重要目标。基于城市兴趣点数据（POI）与2017年上海市郊区居民活动日志调查数据,通过多项logit模型分析了居民居住地与工作地周边建成环境对通勤方式的影响,并建立中介效应模型探讨长距离通勤对通勤方式产生的间接效应。研究发现提升居住地的地铁站可达性、土地混合利用程度,控制居住地和工作地的设施密度等措施有利于减少汽车出行,而建成环境特征差异对通勤方式的影响要大于对通勤距离的影响。通勤距离对通勤方式选择具有显著的中介效应,对于步行和自行车通勤的影响最为明显。社区环境的提升应从增加设施多样性和公共交通可达性,营造良好的步行、骑行环境等方面来促进居民的绿色通勤行为。