芹黄素对脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的：观察芹黄素对脑缺血再灌注损伤沙土鼠脑保护作用及炎症反应的影响。方法：采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭手术法建立脑缺血再灌注损伤沙土鼠模型,将其随机分为模型组、尼莫地平组（2 mg/kg）、芹黄素组（40 mg/kg）、假手术组,建模前1周开始腹腔注射给药,再灌注6 h内记录各组神经症状并做卒中评分,再灌注6 h后以免疫组化法测定脑组织海马CA1区核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）的表达。结果：芹黄素组和尼莫地平组脑缺血再灌注损伤沙土鼠的卒中评分、脑部海马CA1区NF-κB,与模型组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;与假手术组脑部极低的NF-κB表达相比,模型组沙土鼠海马CA1区NF-κB表达明显升高（P＜0.01）。结论：芹黄素可抑制核转录因子的激活,调控炎症因子表达,减轻脑部炎症反应,实现对脑缺血再灌注损伤沙土鼠的脑保护作用。     

基于Parkin信号通路研究加味丹参饮对缺氧复氧心肌细胞线粒体自噬的影响

目的：通过体外建立大鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧（HR）损伤模型，观察加味丹参饮（JWDS）能否通过激活Parkin蛋白介导的线粒体自噬而发挥对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用。方法：将H9C2心肌细胞传代培养后，随机分为5组，分别为正常对照组（NG）、模型组（HRG）、模型组+空白血清处理组（BSG）、模型组+加味丹参饮含药血清组（JWDSG）、模型组+加味丹参饮含药血清+Mdivi-1组（JDMG），应用免疫印迹法比较各组心肌细胞内Parkin蛋白、Beclin-1蛋白的表达情况。结果：与NG组比较，HRG、BSG、JDMG、JWDSG的Parkin、Beclin-1蛋白表达均有所升高，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与BSG、JDMG组比较，JWDSG的Parkin、Beclin-1蛋白表达升高，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；HRG、BSG、JDMG 3组之间，以上2项指标比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：加味丹参饮可能通过调控Parkin蛋白通路，激活线粒体自噬相关蛋白，发挥减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

幽门螺杆菌ICR小鼠脾胃湿热证动物模型的建立

目的：建立脾胃湿热型幽门螺杆菌（Hp）相关性胃炎小鼠模型，评价其胃黏膜病理变化。方法：选择40只ICR小鼠适应性饲养，编号后随机分为空白组10只和造模组30只，空白组正常饲养，不予接种Hp，每天仅以0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。将造模组的30只小鼠随机分为3组（M0组、M4组、M8组），M4、M8组小鼠经禁食24h后予50%乙醇0.1ml灌注于每只小鼠胃内，1h后再灌注Hp菌株0.5ml；隔天1次，共灌胃5次(灌胃前6h及灌胃后30min内禁食、禁水)。末次灌胃2h后，随机抽取2只ICR小鼠进行尿素酶试验及胃黏膜细菌培养。细菌培养镜检发现G-弧形杆菌，尿素酶试验阳性，提示Hp相关性胃炎小鼠模型造模成功。2组小鼠再予湿热环境+高脂高糖饮食多种因素综合作用，制备成脾胃湿热型Hp相关性胃炎小鼠模型，继续饲养4周(M4组)、8周（M8组），定期观察动物体质量、症状积分，分别于第4、8周每组各处死1/2动物，取鼠胃腺体组织观察胃炎程度及Hp感染程度。结果：与空白组比较，第4、8周模型组症状积分、病理积分均增加，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与空白组比较，模型组Hp感染的动物数明显增加；与M0组比较，M8组小鼠胃组织Hp感染严重程度显著增加，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论：通过灌胃给菌的方法可以成功将Hp定植于小鼠体内，并在现有条件下成功建立脾胃湿热证Hp相关性胃炎小鼠模型，其保存期有8周，且8周模型胃炎程度及Hp感染程度更深。     

疏肝健脾解毒方含药血清对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞凋亡及Bax、Bcl-2的影响

目的：研究疏肝健脾解毒方含药血清对MDA-MB-231三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）细胞凋亡及相关X蛋白（Bax）、B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcl-2）蛋白表达的影响。方法：给大鼠灌胃疏肝健脾解毒方制备含药血清,设置空白对照组、含药血清低剂量组、含药血清中剂量组、含药血清高剂量组及阳性对照组,以流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western Blot测定Bcl-12、Bax蛋白表达量。结果：各给药组凋亡率及Bax、Bcl-12蛋白表达水平与空白对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;含药血清低、中、高剂量组Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平与阳性对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：疏肝健脾解毒方对MDA-MB-231 TNBC细胞具有凋亡诱导作用,其机制可能与干预Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达有关。     

羚珠散对小鼠癫痫发作的预防作用及机制探讨

目的：评价羚珠散治疗小鼠癫痫发作的预防作用及机制。方法：将25只C57BL/6小鼠随机分成3组,其中模型组和给药组每组各10只,正常组5只。采用腹腔注射戊四氮的方法制备癫痫模型,给药组每次造模前30 min灌胃羚珠散（剂量：1500 mg/kg）进行预防给药,每2 d重复一次造模和给药,共进行3次;正常组给予同体积0.9%氯化钠注射液。通过Racine评分评价造模后小鼠癫痫发作情况,于末次注射24h后分离各组小鼠大脑皮层和海马组织,通过Real-time PCR和免疫组化检测小鼠Gabbr1和Kcnt1基因蛋白表达情况。结果：Racine评分模型组显著高于正常组（P<0.0001）,给药组显著低于模型组（P<0.0001）;HE染色切片显示,药物作用后可以有效减少海马体组织细胞的损伤,与正常组接近;给药组海马组织中Gabbr1基因表达显著高于模型组（P=0.0335）,但与正常组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;Kcnt1基因表达显著高于模型组（P=0.0139）与正常组（P=0.0063）。免疫组化结果显示,给药组中,小鼠海马组织Gabbr1和Kcnt1蛋白表达程度高于模型组（PGabbr1=0.0194,PKcnt1=0.0037）与正常组（PGabbr1=0.0094,PKcnt1=0.0255）。结论：羚珠散具有预防和抗小鼠癫痫的作用,其机制可能与钾离子通道KCNT1介导的抑制作用有关。     

补阳还五汤对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经干细胞移植后凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的：探讨补阳还五汤对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经干细胞移植后凋亡相关基因Bag-1、Bcl-2表达的影响。方法：选取SD大鼠，复制局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型，按神经功能缺损评分进行分层，随机分为模型组、空白移植组、移植组、补阳传统饮片组、补阳超微饮片组，每组15只，分别于细胞移植后7、14、28d观察神经功能评分，采用补阳还五汤超微饮片与传统饮片予以干预，于相应时间点处死大鼠后采用免疫组化法检测凋亡基因Bag-1、Bcl-2的表达。结果：补阳传统饮片组、补阳超微饮片组大鼠神经功能得到明显恢复，Bag-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达上升显著，在各时间点（7、14、28d）与模型组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）；补阳超微饮片组促神经功能积分的恢复及上调Bcl-2、Bag-1蛋白表达作用优于补阳传统饮片组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。结论：补阳还五汤可促进神经功能的恢复，上调Bag-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达，且超微饮片的作用较传统饮片更加显著。     

推拿对骨骼肌损伤组织机化期TGF-β1、IL-6及TNF-α的影响

目的：研究在骨骼肌损伤组织机化期，推拿对组织中转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、白介素-6（IL-6）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量的影响，探讨推拿促进骨骼肌损伤修复的作用机制。方法：3月龄健康清洁级成年新西兰大耳白兔30只，雌雄各半，随机分为空白组（n=6）、模型组（n=12）、手法组（n=12）。空白组不进行任何处理；模型组和手法组采用自制重力锤打击右后肢股四头肌的方法制备骨骼肌损伤模型，手法组在造模后第5天（即组织机化期）开始进行推拿治疗，5min/次，2次/d，连续3d；干预结束后处死动物，切取损伤最严重处的病灶组织，使用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测组织中TGF-β1、IL-6及TNF-α的含量。结果：手法组TGF-β1水平均明显高于空白组及模型组，而炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α水平则高于空白组，低于模型组，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：推拿可通过调节TGF-β1的表达，有效减轻炎症反应，进而促进骨骼肌损伤修复，提高修复质量。     

失荅剌知丸及其拆方对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马区ERK1/2通路的影响

目的：探讨失荅剌知丸及其拆方对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠的作用机制及其有效配伍成分。方法：将204只大鼠随机分为空白对照组（A组），假手术组（B组），模型组（C组），失荅剌知丸组（D组），巴豆组（E组），巴豆+三药组（F组），巴豆+余药组（G组），其中C、D、E、F、G组制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，并按取材时间点不同分为1、3、7d组。各组大鼠取材前应用Garcia JH法进行神经功能评分；应用HE染色法观察大鼠各时间点脑组织病理学形态改变；免疫荧光法、Western Blot检测细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2（ERK1/2）蛋白表达水平。结果：1）神经功能评分结果。与A、B组相比，其余各组评分均降低（P＜0.01）；与C组相比，D、E、F、G组评分均增加（P＜0.01）；各给药组中，D组评分高于E、F、G组，且E、F、G组中又以F组评分最高（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；C、D、E、F、G组评分均随给药时间延长而增加。2）大鼠脑组织海马区HE染色结果。C组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞较A、B组排列松散、紊乱、模糊，胞核与胞质界限欠清晰；与C组相比，D、E、F、G组神经细胞形态改善明显，且以D组改善最为明显；E、F、G组中以F组改善明显。3）大鼠脑组织海马区免疫荧光结果。C组较A、B组大鼠脑组织海马区p-ERK1/2的阳性细胞计数增加（P＜0.01）；与C组相比，D、E、F、G组p-ERK1/2阳性细胞计数升高（P＜0.01）；各给药组中，D组计数最多，E、F、G组中以F组计数最多（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；C、D、E、F、G组p-ERK1/2的阳性细胞计数均随给药时间延长而升高。4）Western-bolt结果。与A、B组相比，其余各组大鼠脑组织海马区p-ERK1/2活化程度均升高（P＜0.01）；与C组相比，D、E、F、G组p-ERK1/2活化程度均升高（P＜0.01）；各给药组中C组p-ERK1/2活化程度均优于E、F、G组，E、F、G组中以F组p-ERK1/2的活化程度最显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；C、D、E、F组p-ERK1/2活化程度均随给药时间延长而升高。结论：D、E、F、G组均可改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的神经功能损伤，抑制神经细胞凋亡，这可能与其参与调节MAPK-ERK通路中ERK1/2的表达相关；E、F、G组中以巴豆、柴胡、黑诃子、芦荟4味药物的组方治疗效果最佳，考虑该组药物可能是失荅剌知丸能有效抑制局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的主要药物组成；巴豆可能是四味药中发挥脑保护作用的主要药物之一。     

加味丹参饮通过PTEN/PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制IRI作用的研究

目的：探讨加味丹参饮预处理通过抑瘤基因/磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B（PTEN/PI3K/Akt）信号通路对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）的保护作用及机制。方法：将75只雄性远交群（SD）大鼠随机分为5组：假手术组、模型组、加味丹参饮组、加味丹参饮+PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂（LY294002）组、LY294002组，采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30min后再灌注60min的方法制备IRI模型。采用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测各组大鼠心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）表达；取心肌梗死边缘区心肌组织，采用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法检测心肌凋亡指数，采用免疫组化法检测各组大鼠心肌组织Akt、PTEN的表达。结果：与假手术组比较，模型组cTnI水平显著升高，大鼠心肌凋亡指数增加，PTEN、Akt表达均显著升高（P<0.05）；与模型组比较，加味丹参饮组cTnI水平均显著降低，Akt表达升高，心肌凋亡指数和PETN表达降低（P<0.05）；与加味丹参饮组比较，加入抑制剂后，cTnI水平均明显降低，Akt表达降低，PTEN表达升高（P<0.05）。结论：大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时，加味丹参饮可以通过降低PTEN表达，激活PI3K/Akt信号通路，抑制大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡，从而减轻心肌损伤，保护心肌。     

解毒化瘀颗粒对D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖诱导急性肝衰竭大鼠的保护作用及机制研究

目的：探讨解毒化瘀颗粒对D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖诱导急性肝衰竭大鼠的保护作用及机制。方法：将30只SPF级雄性wistar大鼠随机分为治疗组、模型组、空白组，每组各10只。治疗组按10ml/kg体质量予解毒化瘀颗粒灌胃给药，每天2次，共7d；空白组及模型组给予等体积0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。于给药第6天，模型组与治疗组大鼠予腹腔注射D-半乳糖胺（600mg/kg）和脂多糖（20μg/kg）进行造模。24h后进行静脉取血，采用全自动生化仪检测血清中总胆红素（TBIL）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）及谷草转氨酶（AST）水平，血栓止血分析仪检测血清中凝血酶原时间（PT）、血浆纤维蛋白（FIB）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）及凝血酶时间（TT）。处死大鼠取肝组织制备肝组织切片，光镜下观察肝组织结构。结果：与模型组比较，治疗组血清中的ALT、AST、TBIL水平明显降低，PT、TT时间缩短，FIB水平升高，2组ALT、TBIL、FIB水平及PT时间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。模型组大鼠肝细胞正常结构被破坏程度显著高于治疗组大鼠。结论：解毒化瘀颗粒可以通过改善肝功能、纠正凝血功能异常及减轻病理损伤而保护急性肝衰竭模型大鼠，其作用机制可能为通过CD4 T下调OX40表达，抑制CD4 T活化及向Th1细胞分化，从而延缓急性肝衰竭的进一步恶化。     

Trends in the variation of the sea level in the lagoons of the Southeastern Baltic

This paper analyses the global tendency of the sea level rise (SLR) and its long term influence on the sea level upstream drainage cascade based on the example of the level’s variation in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea compared to the other lagoons and coastal regions of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. A steady positive trend in the water level variations was revealed; its magnitude varies significantly depending on the time period. In general, during the 100–150 year period, the rate of the SLR in the lagoons and coastal areas of the Baltic Sea (1.7–1.8 mm per year) is close to the SLR rate in the World Ocean. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased rate of the SLR in the lagoons and marine areas became stronger (up to 3.6 mm per year in the Vistula Lagoon and in 1959–2006 in the sea and exceeded the rate of global ocean SLR). It dramatically increased at the end of the last century both in the lagoons and in the sea (up to 10.0–15.0 mm per year). This is the response not only to the global climate warming but it is likely that it is also a response to the changes of the climate driving forces that influence the regimes of the local wind and precipitation in the catchment.     

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Besidestheprecipitationandriverdischarges,the watersinthePacificOceanandtheAtlanticOceanare thesourcesoftheArcticOceanwater.TheAtlantic waterenterstheArcticOceanviatheFramStraitand theBarentsSea.Foritsdenserfeatureduetohigh salinity,mostofitsinkstothenorthofSvaldbardand circulatesinallthedeepbasinsintheArcticOcean, formingthedeepandbottomwatersoftheArcticO- cean(Aagaardetal.,1985;Rudelsetal.,1999).The BeringStraitistheonlychannelforthePacificwater toflowintotheArcticOce…     

鄂霍茨克海北部沉积盆地的含油气层系

1 古新-下渐新统含油气层系 古新-始新统母岩形成于滨海和湖泊沉积环境中,并在大量冲积源的参与之下,促进了含分散有机质混合类型砂-黏土质陆源岩层的堆积。在中国东北诸盆地中,含工业油气的白垩-早第三纪建造形成于开阔的浅水和深水湖泊环境中。与中国的盆地类似,在下第三系下部     

Variations in the Kinematics of Deformation in the Vicinity of the Catastrophic Sumatra Earthquake

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Great Andaman–Sumatra earthquake (GASE) on December 26, 2004, with magnitude Mw of 9.2, occurred in the Indian Ocean near the northwestern...     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Causes of the bottom hypoxia in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the baltic sea

The data on the bottom concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland obtained in 1923–1939 and in 1962–1989 were analyzed. No statistically reliable differences were found between the two periods studied. It was found that, during the 20th century, the fluctuations in the oxygen concentration were caused by the interannual variability of the winter severity and water salinity. A strong oxygen deficit in the summer was recorded after cold winters, when early freezing suppressed the vertical mixing, and/or in the years of a significant inflow of salt waters from the Baltic Sea with low oxygen contents. It is likely that the long-term dynamics of the oxygen concentration near the bottom in the open parts of the bay is determined by the large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological parameters.     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution in Kenya

This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution on Kenya's marine and coastal environment. The prospect of chronic oil pollution along the Kenyan coastline and the port of Mombasa is discussed. A review of the vulnerable marine and coastal resources, commonly used indicators of effectiveness in oil pollution management and the legislation governing oil pollution is given. The author concludes by emphasising that despite having the right legislation in place, there is need for the establishment of criteria and indicators necessary for evaluation of policy effectiveness.