川西可尔因锂矿田云母矿物化学及稀有金属成矿和 找矿指示

为明确可尔因矿田岩浆演化过程中锂的迁移与富集,指明稀有金属矿床的找矿方向,文章通过野外地质观察、室内岩矿鉴定及云母LA-ICP-MS原位测试,发现随着岩浆分异程度的增强,云母由镁铁质黑云母演化为硅铝白云母,以云母Mg~#/n(Li)值作为岩体分异程度指示,显示其与亲铁元素组合(V、Cr、Co、Ni)、稀碱金属(Li、Rb、Cs)、稀有金属(Nb、Ta、Sn)及稀散元素(Ga)和指示岩浆演化的元素对(Nb/Ta、K/Rb)均存在显著的相关性。根据岩体结晶环境、源区类型及云母结晶时对应熔(流)体中的Li含量,将可尔因矿田岩浆-热液活动划分为3期次7阶段,进而指出矿田内第三期次一、二阶段岩浆热液活动为Li迁移与富集的主要阶段。该过程中深源Li成矿元素和热量持续供给、早阶段岩体黑云母分解、三叠系围岩混染和上侵流体圈闭促成了富Li熔(流)体的形成与就位,表明矿田内及外围寻找岩浆型锂矿和三叠系层控富锂矿体的潜力。结合Li和其他稀有金属的相关性,指明了Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属元素的找矿方向。     

湖南香花岭地区花岗岩中锂对成岩成矿的制约

锂（Li）是一种战略关键金属,岩浆阶段主要在花岗质岩石中得到富集和结晶。由于具有不相容和富挥发性等性质,锂对花岗岩的成岩成矿具有重要的制约。文章利用电子探针、LA-ICP-MS 等分析手段,对湖南香花岭地区癞子岭和尖峰岭花岗岩进行系统岩相学、主微量和矿物学研究,结果表明：（1）花岗质岩浆结晶分异过程中,Li 含量逐渐升高,大幅度降低了熔体粘度,增大了结晶温度区间,花岗质岩浆得到充分结晶分异,导致花岗岩的垂直分带;（2）花岗岩中Li 与稀有金属含量呈正相关关系,Li 与Ta、Nb、Sn 等稀有金属具有协同成矿作用;（3）花岗岩中云母类矿物具有向富Li 演化的趋势,以铁锂云母为主,随着铁锂云母的结晶,Nb、Ta、Sn 等稀有金属相继析出,导致晚期云母中Ta、Nb 等含量降低。熔体中H2O、F 等对花岗质岩浆的性质和结晶分异有较大影响,但不足以致使花岗岩呈垂直分带。     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及成矿时代

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田是中国近年来新发现的一处重要的花岗伟晶岩型铌、钽、锂等稀有金属矿产地,文章针对矿田含锂伟晶岩地球化学特征、成矿时代及其与花岗岩的关系,选取传梓源锂铌钽矿床内规模最大的206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉开展地球化学和白云母Ar-Ar定年工作,并与区内其他伟晶岩、花岗岩的地球化学特征、成岩时代对比分析.传梓源206号锂辉石伟晶岩属高分异稀有金属伟晶岩,形成时代为(135.4±1.4)Ma,岩石地球化学表现为高硅、高铝、低钙、相对富碱、钙碱性及过铝质特征;稀土元素总量很低,以轻稀土元素为主;微量元素富集Cs、Rb、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,相对亏损Ba、Ti,Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值低且集中.幕阜山地区稀有金属成矿可分为2期:第1期稀有金属成矿时代约145 Ma,与燕山早期岩浆活动有关;第2期稀有金属成矿时代135～125 Ma,为主成矿期,该期稀有金属伟晶岩与燕山晚期的二云母二长花岗岩存在成因联系,两者为同源岩浆连续结晶分异过程中不同阶段的产物.稀有金属富集成矿经历了岩浆-热液两阶段作用,Be、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs等稀有元素的富集多发生于岩浆结晶分异晚期,热液作用使Ta、Li、Rb、Cs再次富集.     

In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China: Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta–Nb bearing granites

Most rare-metal granites in South China host major W deposits with few or without Ta–Nb mineralization. However, the Yashan granitic pluton, located in the Yichun area of western Jiangxi province, South China, hosts a major Nb–Ta deposit with minor W mineralization. It is thus important for understanding the diversity of W and Nb–Ta mineralization associated with rare-metal granites. The Yashan pluton consists of multi-stage intrusive units, including the protolithionite (-muscovite) granite, Li-mica granite and topaz–lepidolite granite from the early to late stages. Bulk-rock REE contents and La/Yb ratios decrease from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite, suggesting the dominant plagioclase fractionation. This variation, together with increasing Li, Rb, Cs and Ta but decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, is consistent with the magmatic evolution. In the Yashan pluton, micas are protolithionite, muscovite, Li-mica and lepidolite, and zircons show wide concentration ranges of ZrO₂, HfO₂, UO₂, ThO₂, Y₂O₃ and P₂O₅. Compositional variations of minerals, such as increasing F, Rb and Li in mica and increasing Hf, U and P in zircon are also in concert with the magmatic evolution from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite. The most evolved topaz–lepidolite granite has the highest bulk-rock Li, Rb, Cs, F and P contents, consistent with the highest contents of these elements and the lowest Nb/Ta ratio in mica and the lowest Zr/Hf ratio in zircon. Ta–Nb enrichment was closely related to the enrichment of volatile elements (i.e. Li, F and P) in the melt during magmatic evolution, which raised the proportion of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the melt. The rims of zoned micas in the Li-mica and topaz–lepidolite granites contain lower Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta and much lower F and W than the cores and/or mantles, indicating an exotic aqueous fluid during hydrothermal evolution. Some columbite-group minerals may have formed from exotic aqueous fluids which were originally depleted in F, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and W, but such fluids were not responsible for Ta–Nb enrichment in the Yashan granite. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with previously existing micas may have played an important role in leaching, concentrating and transporting W, Fe and Ti. Ta–Nb enrichment was associated with highly evolved magmas, but W mineralization is closely related to hydrothermal fluid. Thus these magmatic and hydrothermal processes explain the diversity of W and Ta–Nb mineralizations in the rare-metal granites.     

苏鲁地体南缘超高压变质带朐山二云花岗片麻岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

二云花岗片麻岩是组成苏鲁地体南缘超高压变质带朐山杂岩体的重要岩石类型,虽然经历了超高压变质作用,但仍保留了花岗岩的岩石学特征。常量元素和微量元素分析结果表明该片麻岩具有高w(K₂O)、低w(CaO)、高w(TFeO)/w(MgO)比值、铝饱和指数偏高的A型花岗岩的特征,岩石类型为高钾碱性过铝质A型花岗岩。稀土元素中轻稀土富集、分馏程度高、Eu强烈亏损,微量元素中Ba、P、Ti、Sc具有明显的负异常,w(Sr)/ w(Y)、w(La)/ w(Yb)和w(Rb)/ w(Sr)、w(Rb)/ w(Ba)较高,尤其是w(TiO₂)＜0.2％和w(Y)/ w(Nb)＞1.2的特征,以及在w(Rb)-w(Yb+Ta）和w(Rb)-w(Y+Nb）判别图解上样品投点位于板内环境区等,表明该片麻岩的原岩形成于板内与裂谷有关的非造山环境。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果揭示其侵位时代为新元古代中晚期((722±32）Ma）,与杂岩体中早期侵位的二长花岗片麻岩及杂岩体上覆地层中的变质火山岩同为Rodinia大陆裂解、扬子地块陆内裂谷形成过程中伴随的岩浆活动的产物。     

松树岗钽铌钨锡矿床石英脉的矿物学研究——云母和黑钨矿成分对热液成矿过程的制约

矿石矿物和脉石矿物的成分演化蕴含了热液成矿过程的详细信息。本文基于岩相学观察,从云母和黑钨矿着手,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS分析技术,对赣东北松树岗Ta-Nb-W-Sn矿床的浅部热液成矿过程开展了研究。结果表明,松树岗矿床浅部的钨锡矿体的石英脉,从早到晚,由深至浅,可以划分为黑钨矿石英脉、锡石石英脉、硫化物石英脉和贫矿石英脉。4类石英脉中都含有早期的铁锂云母和晚期的白云母与铁的氧化物集合体,深部早期脉中的云母以铁锂云母为主,而浅部晚期脉中的云母以白云母为主。与早期铁锂云母相比,晚期白云母具有明显较低的Ti、Na、Rb、Cs、W、Nb、Zn、Li_2O含量和明显较高的Pb、Cu、B含量。从深部早期脉到浅部晚期脉,云母成分存在如下演化趋势:Ti、Na、W、Nb含量降低,Pb、Zn、Cu、Li_2O、B含量增高。不同深度的黑钨矿石英脉中含有两种不同成分的黑钨矿,属同一期演化早晚形成。相对于热液流体早期沉淀的黑钨矿,晚期黑钨矿具有明显较低的Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti、Sn、U、In、Sc含量和明显较高的Mo含量和Fe O/MnO值。云母和黑钨矿主微量元素成分的演化揭示了在松树岗矿床浅部的热液成矿早期以岩浆热液为主,晚期由于水岩反应的加强有较多围岩物质贡献。     

Lithium-mica composition as pathfinder and recorder of Grenvillian-age greisenization,Rondonia Tin Province,Brazil

The tin-greisens of the Rondonia Tin Province, Brazil, are related with the intrusion of a 995−975 Ma evolved rapakivi granite suite interpreted as post-collisional with respect to the Grenvillian orogeny during assembly of Rodinia. Lithium-iron mica (‘zinnwaldite’) is the main mineral in late- to post-magmatic and ore stages of such greisens, and has the potential of being a recorder of the mineralization processes. We provide bulk rock geochemistry of granite, greisen, and greisenized granite, coupled with in-situ major and trace element analyses in mica. Trace element and Li contents in mica were assessed via LA-ICP-MS analysis to avoid interference from ore-mineral inclusions. There is a large-scale zoning (hundreds of meters) of the composition of magmatic mica within the massif. Within 200 m of greisen zones, the mica composition in granite becomes similar to hydrothermal greisen mica, i.e. mica composition is suggested as a proximity indicator for greisen. Mica records the evolution of the system from magmatic to hydrothermal. Early-magmatic mica is Li, Rb and F poor and Mg, Ti and Fe rich, as opposed to greisen mica. Rare metals (e.g. Sn, Ta, W) display complex behavior, as their content in mica increases from magmatic to transitional stages, but decreases from transitional to ore (greisen and vein) stages. This can be explained by a complex interaction between enrichment of metals in the fluid, crystallization order of HFSE-bearing minerals, a decrease in the acceptance of HFSE in mica due to Ti depletion, and a change in the system from melt-dominated to fluid-dominated. Depletion of rare metals in mica can be an important factor for mineralization, since binding these metals to silicates reduces the amount of ore minerals. In granite, up to 86 % of Sn is bound to mica, while in greisen, up to 95 % of it is available to form cassiterite. Niobium behaves differently than other rare metals, likely due to its very high initial partition coefficient in mica and its lower solubility in fluids when compared to Sn and Ta. As such, changes in the Nb/Sn ratio in mica can be used as a proxy for the rock/fluid ratios. Mica pseudomorphs after feldspar in greisenized granite have anomalously high Sr contents inherited from their albite precursor.     

Trace element geochemistry by laser ablation ICP-MS of micas associated with Ta mineralization in the Tanco pegmatite,Manitoba, Canada

In the Tanco pegmatite, one of the world’s major Ta deposits, tantalum mineralization shows a complexity that reflects the complex petrogenesis of its host pegmatite. Micas are common in most of the pegmatite units and are intimately associated with the successive stages of Ta mineralization, from the wall zone to the central zones where micaceous replacement is pervasive. Different generations of micas, both primary and secondary, associated with Ta oxides, were selected for electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS investigation. Their chemical trends are used to constrain the magmatic versus hydrothermal processes that played a role in their crystallization and their associated Ta mineralization. Micas range from dioctahedral muscovite to trioctahedral lepidolite through Al↔Li substitution. Unexpectedly, the most evolved compositions (low K/Rb ratios and high Li contents) occur in the wall zone; they are interpreted to reflect nonequilibrium crystallization from an undercooled melt, with or without boundary layer effects. In the central zones, the fine-grained mica–quartz assemblage hosts some coarser-grained Li-muscovite, which has the highest Ta contents (up to 400 ppm). These Li–F–a-rich micas are interpreted to originate from a magmatic metasomatic event, which was also at the origin of the MQM-style Ta mineralization at Tanco. However, the Li–Ta-poor, muscovite end-member compositions of fine-grained alteration micas suggest crystallization from an aqueous fluid, during a metasomatic (hydrothermal) event involving late pegmatitic fluids. The low Ta concentrations (around 50 ppm) of this fine-grained muscovite suggest that this fluid transported at least small amounts of Ta.     

Nb-Ta-Ti-W-Sn-oxide minerals as indicators of a peraluminous P- and F-rich granitic system evolution: Podlesí, Czech Republic

Summary The strongly peraluminous, P- and F-rich granitic system at Podlesí in the Krušné Hory Mountains, Czech Republic, resembles the zonation of rare element pegmatites in its magmatic evolution (biotite → protolithionite → zinnwaldite granites). All granite types contain disseminated Nb-Ta-Ti-W-Sn minerals that crystallized in the following succession: rutile + cassiterite (in biotite granite), rutile + cassiterite → ferrocolumbite (in protolithionite granite) and ferrocolumbite → ixiolite → ferberite (in zinnwaldite granite). Textural features of Nb-Ta-Ti-W minerals indicate a pre-dominantly magmatic origin with only minor post-magmatic replacement phenomena. HFSE remained in the residual melt during the fractionation of the biotite granite. An effective separation of Nb + Ta into the melt and Sn into fluid took place during subsequent fractionation of the protolithionite granite, and the tin-bearing fluid escaped into the exocontact. To the contrast, W contents are similar in both protolithionite and zinnwaldite granites. Although the system was F-rich, only limited Mn-Fe and Ta-Nb fractionation appeared. Enrichment of Mn and Ta was suppressed due to foregoing crystallization of Mn-rich apatite and relatively low Li content, respectively. The content of W in columbite increases during fractionation and enrichment in P and F in the melt. Ixiolite (up to 1 apfu W) instead of columbite crystallized from the most fluxes-enriched portions of the melt (unidirectional solidification textures, late breccia).     

新疆拜城县波孜果尔碱性花岗岩体中角闪石与黑云母地球化学特征及其对成岩成矿的记录

角闪石和黑云母是含稀有稀土金属矿物的高分异碱性花岗岩中常见的暗色矿物。角闪石和黑云母对不同元素(尤其是Nb、Ta、Zr、REE等稀有稀土金属元素)的相容性特点使它们的主微量元素特征成为岩浆演化的"日志",对构建含矿岩浆的成岩成矿模型具有一定意义。本文针对新疆拜城波孜果尔碱性花岗岩体中的角闪石和黑云母,利用电子探针(EPMA)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)等分析技术,开展精细的矿物学研究,综合厘定Nb、Ta等元素在岩浆结晶过程中的富集和分配过程。波孜果尔岩体中的角闪石均为亚铁钠闪石,总体表现为较高的Na和Fe含量,而相对贫Ca(0.15 apfu)、Mg(0.06 apfu)和Ti(0.07 apfu),成分的均一性以及轻稀土元素的亏损特征暗示了角闪石较晚结晶且角闪石结晶前大量富轻稀土元素矿物结晶分离。根据共生关系黑云母可分为A、B两类,它们显示出不同的化学成分。A类黑云母具有相对较高的F含量(A类为3.81%～4.82%,B类为1.68%～3.65%)和SiO_2含量(A类为41.5%～43.3%,B类为35.9%～38.5%),相对较低的TFeO含量(A类为28.0%～31.4%,B类为32.2%～35.7%)和Al_2O_3含量(A类为6.45%～7.62%,B类为9.70%～11.00%)。黑云母与角闪石中氟的含量变化指示了氟在结晶过程中的富集、饱和过程以及氟饱和引起的稀有稀土金属矿物大量结晶现象。由于在主要矿物中的不相容性,成矿元素Nb、Ta在熔体中含量逐渐上升,但主要矿物及大部分副矿物中均高于全岩的Nb/Ta值产生了"Ta丢失"现象。结合前人研究,本文认为气热相带出与锆石的结晶分离两种机制共同作用导致Ta从熔体中分离。     

Formation,evolution of the granitic complex and its contribution to mineralization in Dongqiyishan deposit,Inner Mongolia: Chronological and geochemical evidencesSCIEI北大核心CSCD

内蒙古东七一山钨多金属矿位于北山造山带东段,是一个以钨为主,共伴生锡、钼、铷、铍、铌、钽、铁和萤石的综合型矿床。本次工作对含矿花岗质杂岩开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb及辉钼矿Re-Os年代学研究。富W-Sn-Mo花岗岩岩性为细粒似斑状二长花岗岩、中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩,结晶年龄分别为220.6±1.6Ma、220.4±1.3Ma和220.0±1.1Ma。富Rb-Be-Nb-Ta花岗岩岩性为中粗粒钠长石化似斑状二长花岗岩,结晶年龄为219.9±1.9Ma。辉钼矿Re-Os定年获得加权平均年龄为211±1Ma(MSWD=0.83),说明成岩成矿发生在晚三叠世。含矿花岗质杂岩均具有高硅、富碱、贫铁镁钙特征,为高钾钙碱性花岗岩。其中,富W-Sn-Mo花岗岩为准铝质-过铝质花岗岩;而富Rb-Be-Nb-Ta花岗岩为强过铝质花岗岩。杂岩体轻重稀土具一定分馏,呈现显著的负Eu异常,均富集Rb、K、U、Ta,强烈亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti、Zr、Hf。与富W-Sn-Mo花岗岩相比,富Rb-Be-Nb-Ta花岗岩具更低的稀土总量,更显著的Eu负异常,并显示微弱的稀土四分组效应,更高的Li、Ta含量,更低的P、Ti、Zr、Hf、W、Mo、Bi含量。时空关系和地球化学特征表明,杂岩体为同一次岩浆活动不同演化阶段的产物,均经历了较高程度的结晶分异和较强的熔体-流体相互作用。相比而言,富Rb-Be-Nb-Ta花岗岩比富W-Sn-Mo花岗岩结晶分异程度更高,熔体-流体作用更强,花岗质岩浆的高程度分离结晶和熔体-流体相互作用是形成该杂岩体并促使成矿的重要控制因素。     

Rare-metal pegmatites of Wamba,central Nigeria - their formation in relationship to late Pan-African granites

he Sn-(Nb, Ta) mineralization of the Wamba field (central Nigeria) occurs in muscovite-quartz-microcline pegmatites, which are related to the late-orogenic Pan-African (f 550 Ma) "Older Granites". The emplacement of granites and pegmatites was controlled by late Pan-African shear tectonics. The granitoid magmatism was multiphase and has produced peraluminous biotite granite, biotite-muscovite granite, and muscovite granite plutons. Sodic metasomatism has altered highly evolved granite cupolas and many of the pegmatite dikes. The pegmatitic mineralization of predominantly cassiterite is closely associated with albitization. Chemical data of granites and granitic and pegmatitic muscovites show that Rb, Cs, Sn, Nb, and Ta are enriched during both magmatic and postmagmatic evolution, with highest contents of these elements in early muscovites of the albitized and mineralized pegmatites. Trace-element chemistry of the pegmatitic muscovites reveals a chemical zonation of the pegmatite field related to the late-orogenic shear system.     

阿尔泰三号伟晶岩脉岩浆演化过程中铌,钽示踪的研究

对三号伟晶岩脉某些不相容元素的分异与演化进行了研究,结果表明,岩浆作用中不相容元素Ｎｂ,Ｔａ的不相容性在花岗伟晶岩浆演化过程中已大大减弱,Ｎｔ,Ｔａ,独立矿物如铌钽铁矿,细晶石等形成于伟晶质熔体的各个演化阶段,依据地质观察和分析数据对三号伟晶岩脉的分离结晶过程进行恢复,同时,计算了Ｎｂ,Ｔａ在熔体与白云母,微斜长石,钠长石,锂辉石等主要矿物之间的分配系数,对Ｎｂ,Ｔａ的成矿作用也进行了讨论。     

幕阜山复式花岗岩体锆石年代与微量元素对伟晶岩矿床成因的限定

江南成矿带晚侏罗世-早白垩世幕阜山复式花岗岩体内部及周缘发育多个早白垩世伟晶岩稀有金属矿床,成矿伟晶岩是否源自幕阜山复式岩体演化花岗岩浆高度分异还存在争议.幕阜山麦市等地发育含电气石、石榴石及白云母二长花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄介于130~135 Ma,在误差范围内与区内大规模成矿伟晶岩年龄相当.与早期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和白云母二长花岗岩（151~143 Ma）相比,晚期含电气石、石榴石及白云母二长花岗岩锆石具有较高的Hf、Ta、Nb、Th、U含量和较低的Th/U和Eu/Eu*比值,体现较高的演化程度,与岩石矿物组合及锆石结晶温度相一致.锆石年代与微量元素说明,幕阜山地区成矿伟晶岩可能是幕阜山复式岩体中早白垩世演化花岗岩浆进一步分异的产物.      

Magmatic control on the contrasting Sn feritility of different granite plutons in the giant Gejiu orefield.SCIEI北大核心CSCD

云南个旧锡矿是全球最大的锡多金属矿床之一,但矿区内同时代花岗岩成锡矿潜力差异显著,其控制因素仍不清楚。本文选取贫矿的龙岔河似斑状花岗岩和成锡矿的老厂-卡房(后文简称老-卡)花岗岩为研究对象,通过全岩地球化学成分和黑云母成分分析,系统研究个旧矿区不同花岗岩成锡矿潜力差异的控制因素。测试结果表明,龙岔河花岗岩和老-卡花岗岩具有相似的、以表壳物质为主的岩浆源区以及较高的初始熔融温度,表明岩浆源区和熔融条件不是控制二者成矿潜力差异的主要原因。黑云母成分显示老-卡花岗岩和龙岔河花岗岩均具有较低的氧逸度,岩浆演化过程中锡为不相容元素,有利于锡在残余熔体中富集,表明氧逸度条件也不是导致成矿潜力差异的关键因素。龙岔河花岗岩发育角闪石、榍石、黑云母,而老-卡花岗岩发育岩浆白云母,指示后者分异程度更高。此外,与龙岔河花岗岩相比,老-卡花岗岩具有富硅,贫钛、铁、镁、钙和稀土元素特征,稀土元素呈现“海鸥式”配分模式,并且具有较低的Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、K/Rb和较高的Rb/Sr比值,同样指示老-卡花岗岩具有更高的结晶分异程度。并且相比于龙岔河花岗岩为准铝质的特征,老-卡花岗岩的过铝质特征有利于锡分配进入岩浆出溶的流体相中富集成矿。因此,岩浆性质和演化程度是导致个旧地区不同花岗岩成矿潜力差异的主要原因,龙岔河花岗岩形成锡矿化的潜力较小。     

THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF TANTALUM AND NIOBIUM

Ta and Nb are associated in nature. Both are oxyphile and are related geochemically to Fe, Mn, Ti, rare earths U, Th, Zr, W, Sn, Bi, and Sb. Both accompany the alkali metals,especially Na and Li. Their close relationship explains their isomorphism in mineral-forming processes. Zr, W, and Sn entrain Ta and Nb in the crystal lattices of their minerals in limited amounts. The concentration of Ta and Nb increases in the course of magma evolution from ultrabasic to alkalic. Nb predominates over Ta in the main kinds of rocks by from 5:1 to 17:1. Only in granite pegmatites is Ta dominant. In granitic rocks Ta and Nb are associated with Fe, Mn, Bi, Sb, W, and Sn. In granosyenitic complexes they form complex minerals with Ti, rare earths of the Y subgroup, U, and Th. Concentrations of Ta and Nb in granitic and granosyenitic complexes increase toward the end of the magmatic and pegmatitic processes, and afterward diminish toward the end of the pneumatolytic-hydrothermal processes. In alkalic complexes Ta and Nb are associated with Ti, rare earths of the Ce group, and Th. Concentrations of Ta and Ni in alkalic massifs are caused by magmatic differentiation. In alkalic ultrabasic complexes, in magmatic and pegmatitic processes, Ta and Nb do not form independent minerals but enter into minerals of Ti and Fe, i. e. perovskite, titanomagnitite, and pyroxenes. --M. Russell.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001150

The Erlangmiao granite intrusion is located in the eastern part of the East Qinling Orogen.The granite contains almost 99 vol.％ felsic minerals with accessory garnet,muscovite,biotite,zircon,and Fe-Ti ...     

Trace elements and evolution of granite melt as exemplified by the Raumid Pluton,Southern Pamirs

New trace element data were obtained by ICP-MS for 58 samples representing eight intrusive phases of the Raumid granite Pluton. All of the rocks, except for one sample that was deliberately taken from a greisenized zone, were not affected by postmagmatic fluid alteration. The sequential accumulation of incompatible trace elements (Rb, Ta, Nb, Pb, U, and others) in the Raumid Pluton from the early to late phases coupled with a decrease in incompatible element contents (Sr, Eu, Ba, and others) indicates a genetic link between the granites of all phases via fractional crystallization of a granite melt. The REE distribution patterns of final granite phases are typical of rare-metal granites. The Ta content in the granites of phase 8 is only slightly lower than that of typical rare-metal granites. Greisenization disturbed the systematic variations in trace element distribution formed during the magmatic stage. The ranges of trace element contents (Rb, Sr, Ta, Nb, and others) and ratios (Rb/Sr, La/Lu, Eu/Eu*, and others) in the Raumid granite overlap almost entirely the ranges of granitic rocks of various compositions, from the least differentiated with ordinary trace element contents to rare-metal granites. This indicates that the geochemical signature of rare-metal granites can develop at the magmatic stage owing to fractional crystallization of melts, which is the case for the melt of the Raumid granite.     

Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms,microstructures, and implications for anatexis

Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K⁺–Na⁺ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H₂O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids.     

大吉山钨矿中钨铌锰矿与富钨铌锰矿的交生现象及其成因探讨

文章对大吉山钨锰矿矿石进行了电子探针分析 ,发现了一种主要元素为Nb、Ta、Fe、Mn、W的复杂氧化物矿物———钨铌锰矿。这种矿物与富钨铌锰矿交生 ,在成分上与后者呈渐变过渡。证实在自然界中黑钨矿与铌钽铁矿之间可能存在着广泛的W_Nb(Ta)类质同像置换现象。通过对其成分、形态和共生关系的研究 ,结合大吉山钨矿的形成期次 ,联系矿体与区域内两期花岗岩的内在关系 ,对大吉山钨矿的成因机制进行了探讨