阿拉善雅布赖风沙区不同水分条件下白刺叶片的水分生理特征

对雅布赖风沙口固定沙丘(阳坡和阴坡)、丘间低地和对照(人工加水)4种生境中白刺的叶片水势(Ψs)、含水量(LWC)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Cs)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:各生境下白刺叶片白刺叶片渗透势值分别为-3.11MPa,-2.02MPa,-1.34MPa和-1.21MPa;白刺叶片水势随生境土壤水势(Ψsoil)升高而增加,变化趋势为:固定沙丘丘间低地对照(p0.01).叶片含水量随生活型及生境的变化与渗透势相似,而叶片渗透势与含水量呈显著正相关(p0.01),与气孔导度呈显著的指数关系(p0.01).0～2500μmol·m-2·s-1光强范围内,白刺的净光合速率随土壤含水量的增大而增大,蒸腾速率随光强的增高不断增大.白刺叶片平均水分利用效率在丘间低地土壤含水量为6.9%时达到最大值,因此,白刺的光能利用效率和水分利用效率都比较好的土壤含水量应该为7%左右.     

低温对厚皮甜瓜幼苗光合特性的影响

在人工控制条件下研究了低温对厚皮甜瓜幼苗光合特性的影响.结果表明:低温(昼15℃/夜5℃)胁迫导致甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量和叶片光能捕捉下降,可利用光强范围变窄,对CO2的利用效率降低,光合作用的瞬时水分利用效率显著降低.在亚适宜温度(昼20℃/夜10℃)下,制约甜瓜光合作用的主导因素为气孔限制,在胁迫低温下则以非气孔因素为主.气孔限制在降低植物碳同化速率的同时,也提高了水分利用效率.低温条件下,伊丽莎白较黄河蜜具有更高的光合色素含量、更大的光能和CO2利用效率、更强的弱光和低浓度CO2利用能力.甜瓜温室型品种伊丽莎白对低温的适应性优于露地品种黄河蜜.     

祁连圆柏和青海云杉幼苗生理生态特征对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

以青藏高原东北部亚高山生态系统中的两种不同生境优势树种祁连圆柏和青海云杉3 a生实生苗为研究对象, 研究了它们的幼苗在适宜水分(田间持水量的80%)、轻度干旱(60%)、中度干旱(40%)、重度干旱(20%)生理生态特征差异. 结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫的加剧, 青海云杉和祁连圆柏的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度 (G_s)、蒸腾速率(E) 逐渐下降, 叶片碳稳定同位素含量 (δ¹³C)、氮素利用效率(NUE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_i)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增加, 但根冠比(R:S)响应不一致, 青海云杉响应逐渐降低, 而祁连圆柏响应逐渐升高. 二者对干旱胁迫的响应有显著差异, 青海云杉在所测定的生理生态指标中受干旱胁迫影响更大, 说明青海云杉对干旱胁迫更为敏感, 而祁连圆柏具有更强的耐旱性.     

模拟酸雨对东北地区农作物生长、生理及品质的影响

通过模拟试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨胁迫对农作物(小白菜)生长、生理及品质的影响,量化不同pH酸雨对小白菜的影响程度。试验结果表明:小白菜植株受害与pH密切相关,酸性越强,胁迫影响越显著,受害程度越重。随着酸雨酸性增强,小白菜生长受抑,生物量、株高等明显降低,食部鲜质量、干质量受影响程度比根部鲜质量、干质量大。在酸雨胁迫下,小白菜游离氨基酸总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和维生素C含量均出现不同程度的降低,且酸性越强,受影响幅度越大,弱酸条件下可在一定程度上促进营养物质的合成。酸雨可抑制叶绿素类与类胡萝卜素合成,影响光合作用,最终导致产量降低、品质下降。     

常绿林“导度—光合”模型斜率参数优化与蒸腾估算改进

“导度—光合”模型广泛应用于植被蒸腾估算,其中气孔导度斜率是模型的核心参数,通常用一个特定于生物群系的固定值进行参数化。然而,有研究指出气孔导度斜率存在季节性变化,故常数化气孔导度斜率的方案将导致植被蒸腾估算产生较大的不确定性。因此,如何优化气孔导度斜率的参数方案是提升植被蒸腾估算精度的关键。已有研究表明,使用叶面积指数对气孔导度斜率进行动态参数化可以有效改进对落叶林植被蒸腾的估算,但目前尚不清楚该方法是否同样适用于林冠季节变化不明显的常绿林。此外,最优性原理进一步解释气孔导度斜率为温度的函数。因此,利用温度模拟气孔导度斜率的效果是否优于叶面积指数也有待研究。针对以上问题,选取6个FLUXNET常绿林站点研究气孔导度斜率与叶面积指数和气温的关系,并对比2种参数化方案的模拟结果。结果显示,气孔导度斜率在各站点都随叶面积指数和温度的变化而变化,二者均呈现显著的负相关关系,动态参数化方案结果均优于常量气孔导度斜率静态参数化方案。这表明在常绿林中利用叶面积指数对气孔导度斜率模拟仍然有效,但温度对气孔导度斜率的解释能力(R²=0.45±0.12)比叶面积指数的(R^...     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤水分安全阈值

基于盆栽试验测定了多水分梯度下黄河三角洲芦苇湿地3种生态型芦苇(淡水沼泽芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇)快速生长期叶片的光合-光响应过程,比较各生态型芦苇适宜的土壤水分条件.结果表明:在相对含水率为95.6%时,淡水沼泽芦苇最大净光合速率比渍水条件显著升高(p<0.05),而盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇这一差异并不显著(p<0.05).不同生态型芦苇净光合速率对土壤水分的变化存在不同的响应阈值.从适宜土壤水分的阈值看,淡水沼泽芦苇对水分胁迫的耐受能力高于盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇,生境盐度差异可能是造成这一差异的重要原因.     

广西弄拉峰丛洼地灌丛岩生优势种光合生理生态特征日变化研究

运用LI-6400测定弄拉峰丛洼地灌丛岩生优势种金银花、黄荆、红背山麻杆、裸花紫珠的光合生理生态特性,并比较它们的净光合作用速率、光合有效辐射等生理、生态指标日变化。结果表明,峰丛洼地灌丛群落生态环境因子日变化复杂,不同灌丛群落对小气候调控有差异。黄荆和红背山麻杆调控大气CO2浓度的能力最强。黄荆的平均净光合作用速率和平均蒸腾速率最大,红背山麻杆的水分利用效率和表观量子效率最高。金银花和裸花紫珠有明显的“午休”现象。生理因子受外界生态因子的制约,生态因子和蒸腾作用、气孔等生理因子共同作用影响光合生理作用,不同岩生优势种影响因子有差异。以逐步回归方式建立净光合作用速率和影响因子之间的回归方程模型,所有方程均有显著性意义和良好的预测性。      

大气CO2浓度增加对中国区域植被蒸腾的影响

近几十年来,人类活动带来的化石燃料燃烧和工业过程引起了全球大气CO2浓度的显著增长,带来了一系列生态和环境问题,其中对地表蒸散发的影响就是一个重要方面.地表蒸散发及其分量植被蒸腾是能量和水量平衡的重要组分,直接影响着陆气相互作用和水循环系统.由于大气CO2浓度增加可通过减小叶片气孔导度从而抑制植被蒸腾,为量化这一影响,基于碳水耦合的蒸散发模型PML-V2和CMIP6的大气CO2浓度时空序列驱动数据,分别进行了考虑和不考虑大气CO2浓度逐年增加情况下的2组植被蒸腾模拟试验.通过对比2组结果分析了2001-2014年大气CO2浓度增加对中国区域植被蒸腾的影响.研究结果显示,在季节上,夏季大气CO2浓度增加对植被蒸腾的抑制作用最小,冬季最大;在数量级上,2001-2014年大气CO2浓度引起植被蒸腾变化在0～5％;不同生态系统比较而言,森林、耕地和灌丛生态系统受CO2浓度增加引起植被蒸腾的减小量较大,14年间减小量为15～20mm/a,而草地下降最小,约5 mm/a;在空间上,我国中东部受影响最大;CO2浓度引起植被蒸腾变化最敏感的区域是我国东南部地区.     

快速失水下5种喀斯特植物离体叶片叶绿素荧光的响应

文章设置饱水及随后失水处理自然生长的5种喀斯特植物叶片,测定其叶绿素荧光参数,分析各植物光合过程的响应特征。结果显示:盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）PSII反应中心活性及电子传递受严重失水影响,而其稳定的光能转化及光化学效率得益于叶绿素浓度的不断增加;构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和金银花（Lonicera japonica）的叶绿素浓度逐渐升高随后趋于稳定,构树PSII反应中心对失水敏感,其活性及光能转化对随后持续失水逐渐适应。金银花光合结构及PSII反应中心表现稳定;火棘（Pyracantha fortuneana）叶绿素浓度从第4小时开始增加,光合结构趋于稳定,电子传递速率及光能转化逐渐增加;杨梅（Myrica rubra）电子传递速率及光化学效率均较低。      

酸雨溶蚀碳酸盐岩的源汇效应分析——以广西典型岩溶区为例

选取广西的桂林、柳州、河池、百色、玉林、南宁、钦州7个酸雨监测点进行了为期一年（2014年5月至2015年5月）的监测,结合各站点溶蚀试片和降雨降雨量、降雨时间、pH值和电导率等,分析了试片溶蚀量的主要影响因素及酸雨的源汇效应。结果表明,试片溶蚀量与累计降雨时间,即溶蚀作用发生的时间关系密切。单场酸雨对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀过程可分为两个阶段,即:前期强酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩,释放CO2,为碳源;后期碳酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩,吸收大气CO2,为碳汇。而就整年而言,碳汇过程占绝对优势,酸雨减汇量仅占总溶蚀量的0.27%～3.52%,平均为1.96%,但酸雨减汇比例随酸雨pH值的降低而呈指数增加。酸雨对岩溶碳汇有着显著影响,在岩溶碳汇的研究中不应忽视。      

气候变化对半干旱雨养农业区春小麦生长的影响

利用甘肃省定西农业气象观测站1986—2004年的观测资料，就气候变化对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区春小麦生长的影响进行了初步探讨。结果表明，近19年来该地区气候变化呈现暖干化趋势，春小麦对气候变化的响应表现在生长季提前、生长期缩短、产量下降。相关分析也显示，降水量对春小麦生长的影响程度要高于温度。在春小麦整个生长发育过程中，其阶段生长和产量对气候变化的响应不完全一致：气候变化使该地区春小麦出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的出现时间均提前，而乳熟期出现时间推迟，导致播种—出苗期的营养生长阶段缩短、出苗—拔节期的营养生长阶段延长、拔节—抽穗期的生殖生长阶段缩短，抽穗—乳熟期的生殖生长阶段延长，乳熟—成熟期的生殖生长阶段缩短，最终造成全生长期缩短。出苗—拔节期、抽穗—乳熟期降水量减少对春小麦产量下降有显著的正效应（P<0.05），拔节—抽穗期的增温对产量有极显著的负影响（P<0.01）。预计随着未来全球气候进一步的变暖和半干旱区降水量的减少，将会更加严重影响春小麦的生长发育。     

珠江三角洲地区酸雨及酸化地下水分布特征

珠江三角洲地区是我国酸雨比较严重的地区之一,二氧化硫排放量大,酸雨频率高,pH值低,其对地下水的酸化起着主要的影响作用。经对该地区878个地下水点的pH值现场测试表明,pH值小于6的地下水约占33.4%,酸性地下水（pH值〈6.5）主要分布于西、北、东环绕的低山、丘陵地区,分布面积要占到全区面积的四分之三,地下水酸化已成为区域地下水最大的环境地质问题。     

模拟酸雨及施磷对水稻土中铅的淋溶特性影响

采用pH=3.0、pH=4.5与对照pH=5.6的3种模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究酸雨及含磷酸雨淋溶下合肥市郊水稻土中铅的释放特征与规律。结果表明:经过相当于1 980 mm降水量的淋溶后,铅释放量总体上表现为随着酸雨强度增加累积淋溶量也增加的现象。酸雨作用下,施磷量越多土壤中铅的淋失总量越大。在酸雨及施磷条件下,大兴地区黄褐土中Pb较义城地区水稻土中易于淋失。     

The effects of petroleum-contaminated soil on photosynthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amorpha fruticosa</Emphasis> seedlings

A pot experiment was conducted to monitor the dynamic response of photosynthesis of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings to different concentrations of petroleum-contaminated soils from April to September. The results showed that the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of seedlings significantly decreased in 5–20 g kg^?1 petroleum-contaminated soil during the three given sampling period of July 31 (early), August 30 (mid-term) and September 29 (late). However, the intercellular CO₂ concentration significantly increased in 10 g kg^?1 contaminated soil, while declined in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the early sampling period as well as in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the late sampling period. The leaf relative water content of seedlings significantly increased in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the early sampling period, while it dropped dramatically in 15–20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the late sampling period. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the total chlorophyll of seedlings showed a sharp decline during the three sampling periods in contaminated soil. Comprehensively, considering the negative effects of petroleum on the photosynthesis, growth performance and remediation effect on petroleum of A. fruticosa seedlings, this plant was tolerant of petroleum-contaminated soil and was potentially useful for the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated sites in northern Shaanxi, China.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of spring ephemerals in the desert ecosystem of Dzungaria Basin,northwest China

Spring ephemerals have the highest photosynthetic rates in higher plants. Gas exchanges and related environmental factors of four typical spring ephemerals, Eremopyrum orientale, Malcolmia scorpioides, Tetracme quadricormis and Arnebia decumbens were measured in their natural environments in the Gurbantunggut Desert of the Dzungaria Basin, northwestern China. Diurnal variations in net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) were analyzed at individual leaf level for these species. P _N of E. orientale and M. scorpioides showed a bimodal diurnal pattern, whereas that of T. quadricormis and A. decumbens showed a unimodal pattern, with the maximum value occurred at noon (around 12:00). E of all four species showed a unimodal pattern. Higher WUE in the morning was related to higher P _N and lower E. The maximum value of gs appeared in early morning, and then decreased gradually during the daytime. The highest photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) occurred at 14:00, but there was a 2 h lag between the highest temperatures of air and leaf and the highest PAR. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) of the four spring ephemerals were 18.44, 32.03, 33.17, and 20.04 μmolCO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The present study revealed that the midday depression of photosynthesis of E. orientale and M. scorpioides was mainly due to non-stomatal limitation, whereas that of T. quadricormis and A. decumbens was mainly due to stomatal limitation during 14:00–16:00 followed by non-stomatal limitation after 16:00. Our results illustrated that the change of E was consistent with the diurnal fluctuation of air temperature, but the diurnal change of P _N was affected by the whole microclimate, i.e. temperature, relative humidity (RH), PAR, etc.     

Effect of simulated acid rain on soil acidification and rare earth elements leaching loss in soils of rare earth mining area in southern Jiangxi Province of China

Acid rain has long been a great concern because of environmental and ecological problems; however, the effect of acid rain on soil acidification, loss of rare earth elements (REEs) via the leaching process, and transformation are rarely reported in rare earth mining areas. Through a simulated acid rain leaching experience, the effect of acid rain was studied on soil acidification and REEs leaching loss. The results showed that the tested soil had certain buffering capacity against nearly neutral rainwater. However, simulated acid rain of low and very low pH (pH ≤ 3.5) had a greater impact on soil acidification. After eluviating by simulated acid rain of pH 3.5 for 36 h, the pH of tailings, garden soil, paddy soil, and alluvial soil decreased by 20.41, 32.03, 13.60, 16.88, and 15.83 %, respectively, from the original values. For simulated acid rain of pH 2.5, it was 31.89, 44.76, 31.26, 29.87, and 29.15 %, respectively. After simulated acid rain eluviations of low and very low pH (pH ≤ 3.5), the order of the leaching rate of REEs in the tested soil was as follows: garden soil > tailings > paddy soil > alluvial soil. For nearly neutral rainwater (pH 4.5 simulated acid rain and pH 5.6 deionized water), the order was tailings > garden soil > paddy soil > alluvial soil. For simulated acid rain of the same pH, the leaching amounts of REEs in tailings and garden soil were higher than those in paddy soil and alluvial soil. After leaching by low and very low pH-simulated acid rain (pH ≤ 3.5), the peak value of the leaching amount of REEs in all tested soil appeared at 2 h, and then gradually reduced and reached a stable leaching state 20 h after leaching. On leaching by simulated acid rain of pH 2.5, the maximum REEs contents of leachate in tailings, garden soil, paddy soil, and alluvial soil were 156.35, 145.82, 99.88, and 85.97 mg/L, respectively. For pH 3.5 of simulated acid rain, it was 130.49, 110.49, 80.57, and 62.73 mg/L, respectively. On leaching by simulated acid rain of pH 4.5, the maximum contents of REEs in the leachate were 53.46 and 29.82 mg/L, respectively, which were observed after leaching for 6 h in tailings and garden soil that became stable 12 h after leaching. The contents of leached REEs in paddy soil and alluvial soil were always in a lower and stable state. After eluviations with deionized water of pH 5.6, the contents of leached REEs in other soils were lower, except for the slight fluctuations in tailings. The maximum content in the leachate of REEs was in the water-soluble and exchangeable fraction. When bound to carbonate fractions, REEs were not detected in the leachate. REEs bound to iron-manganese (Fe–Mn) oxides fraction and to organic matter fraction in the leachate possibly came from the tested soil or from the REEs transformation during the migration process. The content of residual fraction REEs in the leachate was very low.     

黑河流域山前绿洲灌溉农田蒸散发模拟研究

基于Penman-Monteith蒸散公式, 应用土壤-植被-大气系统水分和能量传输理论对Shuttleworth-Wallace蒸散模型的参数进行改进, 得出解析计算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发的双源模型. 对黑河流域山前绿洲农田春小麦生长期土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾以及总蒸散过程进行了模拟研究. 对模型的计算结果以田间观测和水量平衡方法进行验证, 误差目标NSE=0.98, 说明该模型用于农田蒸发和蒸腾的计算是合理的. 对影响蒸发和蒸腾的主导因子净辐射、叶面积指数、土壤含水量进行了相关性分析, 得出三者的变化对土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾的影响. 通过不同时期日蒸散发量变化特征的分析, 表明土壤、冠层两个界面对能量和水汽传输的交互影响效应显著.     

甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世阿干镇似银杏(Ginkgoites aganzhenensis Yang)的古环境意义

在甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗统窑街组发现了保存较为完整的银杏类叶片化石。对当前化石宏观特征与镜下微观构造进行研究,并将其鉴定为阿干镇似银杏（Ginkgoites aganzhenensis）。在此基础上,统计了该种下表皮的气孔参数,并利用气孔指数法和气孔比率法恢复研究区中侏罗世早期的古大气CO₂浓度,探讨这两种方法的准确性。分析结果表明,气孔指数法获得的古大气CO₂浓度为974×10-6,落在了GEOCARB Ⅲ的可信误差范围之外;气孔比率法重建的古大气CO₂浓度为1 823×10-6,处于GEOCARB Ⅲ可信误差范围之内。这说明对于当前化石而言,利用气孔比率法恢复古大气CO₂浓度更加合适,数据十分接近GEOCARB Ⅲ的最佳拟合线,表明似银杏也是恢复古大气CO₂浓度的一种理想植物。通过计算得出当时的温度比现在高7.2℃,反映了宝积山盆地中侏罗世阿林期到巴柔期为温暖潮湿的温带气候环境。     

氨基膨润土对铜镍镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究

采集土壤,加入铜、镍和镉制成重金属污染土壤。以四乙烯五胺改性膨润土和膨润土原土作为修复剂,通过模拟酸雨和混合提取剂提取有效态重金属,评价膨润土和氨基膨润土对土壤中铜、镍、镉的钝化效果。结果表明:p H=3. 5的模拟酸雨对各污染土壤中重金属离子的提取率均在0. 1%以下。混合提取剂对污染土壤中有效态金属的提取能力比模拟酸雨强很多。添加膨润土原土和氨基膨润土均能钝化土壤中的铜、镍和镉,氨基膨润土上嫁接的氨基对金属有络合作用,因而比膨润土原土对铜、镍和镉具有更强的钝化能力。综合评价表明氨基膨润土是一种对铜、镍和镉污染土壤具有应用前景的钝化修复材料。