祁连圆柏和青海云杉幼苗生理生态特征对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

以青藏高原东北部亚高山生态系统中的两种不同生境优势树种祁连圆柏和青海云杉3 a生实生苗为研究对象, 研究了它们的幼苗在适宜水分(田间持水量的80%)、轻度干旱(60%)、中度干旱(40%)、重度干旱(20%)生理生态特征差异. 结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫的加剧, 青海云杉和祁连圆柏的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度 (G_s)、蒸腾速率(E) 逐渐下降, 叶片碳稳定同位素含量 (δ¹³C)、氮素利用效率(NUE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_i)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增加, 但根冠比(R:S)响应不一致, 青海云杉响应逐渐降低, 而祁连圆柏响应逐渐升高. 二者对干旱胁迫的响应有显著差异, 青海云杉在所测定的生理生态指标中受干旱胁迫影响更大, 说明青海云杉对干旱胁迫更为敏感, 而祁连圆柏具有更强的耐旱性.     

广西弄拉峰丛洼地灌丛岩生优势种光合生理生态特征日变化研究

运用LI-6400测定弄拉峰丛洼地灌丛岩生优势种金银花、黄荆、红背山麻杆、裸花紫珠的光合生理生态特性,并比较它们的净光合作用速率、光合有效辐射等生理、生态指标日变化。结果表明,峰丛洼地灌丛群落生态环境因子日变化复杂,不同灌丛群落对小气候调控有差异。黄荆和红背山麻杆调控大气CO2浓度的能力最强。黄荆的平均净光合作用速率和平均蒸腾速率最大,红背山麻杆的水分利用效率和表观量子效率最高。金银花和裸花紫珠有明显的“午休”现象。生理因子受外界生态因子的制约,生态因子和蒸腾作用、气孔等生理因子共同作用影响光合生理作用,不同岩生优势种影响因子有差异。以逐步回归方式建立净光合作用速率和影响因子之间的回归方程模型,所有方程均有显著性意义和良好的预测性。      

麻疯树和枫杨幼苗对5种模拟喀斯特逆境的光合生理响应

通过测定麻疯树和枫杨幼苗在5种模拟喀斯特逆境下的光合以及δ13C值的变化,分析其光合响应特征。结果表明,第15天,麻疯树幼苗在偏碱性、干旱、低磷、高重碳酸盐和低营养下的净光合速率（Pn）分别为4.39、0.27、2.58、3.08和6.26 μmol?m-2?s-1,第25天则分别变为4.09、0.66、4.57、3.83和4.04 μmol?m-2?s-1;枫杨幼苗的Pn和水分利用效率均低于麻疯树,枫杨幼苗在第25天的Pn有所升高。干旱下枫杨幼苗的初始荧光（Fo）显著升高,光系统II原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,与麻疯树幼苗相比,其光合结构受到更为严重的损害。第25天各逆境下麻疯树幼苗的δ13C值与对照相比显得更为偏正,其对胞内HCO3-的利用能力较强。因此,在山坡缺水环境适宜种植麻疯树,而在沿溪涧河滩阴湿环境则适宜种植枫杨。      

外源脱落酸对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物幼苗生理特性的影响

以3 a生圆柏和祁连圆柏幼苗为材料, 采用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)预处理两种圆柏属幼苗, 测定-4℃低温胁迫处理第9 d叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性, 分析外源ABA对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物叶片膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质的影响, 为培育较多品种的抗冷冻常绿植物提供理论依据. 结果表明: 低温胁迫下, 一定浓度的ABA预处理能有效保护幼苗叶片膜系统的稳定性、增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性, 其中30 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 40 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高祁连圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 且在外源ABA预处理下, 祁连圆柏的抗寒性比圆柏的强. 因此, 施用适合浓度的ABA在提高圆柏属植物抗寒性方面具有较好的应用价值.     

干旱和复水对喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓水分及光合生理的影响

研究了石生穗枝赤齿藓对喀斯特环境变迁的水分及光合生理适应,为喀斯特石漠化生态环境的恢复与治理提供依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域交织型石生穗枝赤齿藓（Erythrodontium julaceum (Schwaegr.) Par.）为材料,测定水分和光合生理等指标。结果表明:干旱胁迫下石生穗枝赤齿藓水势（Ψs）、自由水含量（Va）、组织总含水量和相对含水量（RWC）降低,束缚水（Vs）、水分饱和亏（WSD）和Vs/Va比值增大,复水后各水分生理指标均有不同程度的恢复。RWC与qN负相关,与Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、Pn呈正相关关系;叶绿素含量总体呈出先升后降再升高的趋势。轻度干旱胁迫Pn逐渐下降,重度急剧下降,光合作用受到了严重的影响;随干旱胁迫进程蒸腾速率（Tr）的变化未见显著差异。复水后各荧光参数在轻中度胁迫下能恢复到正常水平,而重度胁迫较难恢复到对照水平。喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓具有适应岩溶干湿交替的水分代谢和光合生理机制,是石漠化地区植被恢复与重建过程中的先锋物种。      

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤水分安全阈值

基于盆栽试验测定了多水分梯度下黄河三角洲芦苇湿地3种生态型芦苇(淡水沼泽芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇)快速生长期叶片的光合-光响应过程,比较各生态型芦苇适宜的土壤水分条件.结果表明:在相对含水率为95.6%时,淡水沼泽芦苇最大净光合速率比渍水条件显著升高(p<0.05),而盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇这一差异并不显著(p<0.05).不同生态型芦苇净光合速率对土壤水分的变化存在不同的响应阈值.从适宜土壤水分的阈值看,淡水沼泽芦苇对水分胁迫的耐受能力高于盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇,生境盐度差异可能是造成这一差异的重要原因.     

NaCl胁迫对甜叶菊移栽苗生理生态特性的影响

通过盆栽法, 研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对甜叶菊移栽苗生理生态特性的影响. 结果表明: NaCl对甜叶菊移栽苗生长的胁迫表现为低促高抑的效应, 即0~44 mmol·L^-1浓度下, NaCl处理对甜叶菊移栽苗光合作用和生长具有促进作用; 44~140 mmol·L^-1浓度下, 甜叶菊光合参数、干叶产量、长势等逐渐下降; 大于140 mmol·L^-1浓度下, 甜叶菊将不能存活. 低浓度NaCl胁迫下, 甜叶菊叶生长量增加, 而茎和根的生长量与其他NaCl胁迫一样, 表现为增长量降低. 甜叶菊通过增加叶生物量适应低盐胁迫, 是甜叶菊叶子的增产新机制, 为生物量的分配研究提供了新的佐证. 此外, 所确定的Na⁺影响甜叶菊生长的低促高抑的浓度范围, 为今后甜叶菊规模化和精细化栽培种植提供了理论基础.     

阿拉善雅布赖风沙区不同水分条件下白刺叶片的水分生理特征

对雅布赖风沙口固定沙丘(阳坡和阴坡)、丘间低地和对照(人工加水)4种生境中白刺的叶片水势(Ψs)、含水量(LWC)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Cs)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:各生境下白刺叶片白刺叶片渗透势值分别为-3.11MPa,-2.02MPa,-1.34MPa和-1.21MPa;白刺叶片水势随生境土壤水势(Ψsoil)升高而增加,变化趋势为:固定沙丘丘间低地对照(p0.01).叶片含水量随生活型及生境的变化与渗透势相似,而叶片渗透势与含水量呈显著正相关(p0.01),与气孔导度呈显著的指数关系(p0.01).0～2500μmol·m-2·s-1光强范围内,白刺的净光合速率随土壤含水量的增大而增大,蒸腾速率随光强的增高不断增大.白刺叶片平均水分利用效率在丘间低地土壤含水量为6.9%时达到最大值,因此,白刺的光能利用效率和水分利用效率都比较好的土壤含水量应该为7%左右.     

两种圆柏属植物叶片代谢产物季节变化与抗冻性的关系

以祁连圆柏和圆柏为材料,测定分析了圆柏属两种常绿木本植物叶片代谢产物在冷冻适应过程中的季节变化.结果表明:在生长季节(夏季),祁连圆柏和圆柏叶片总含水量、自由水和自由水/束缚水的比值均较高,而脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较低;在休眠季节(冬季)刚好相反.在低温胁迫下,圆柏属植物通过叶片渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)含量的增加和水分含量以及总含水量、自由水和自由水/束缚水的比值的下降,降低组织细胞的渗透势,提高其保水和抗胁迫能力,增强抗冻性.两种圆柏属植物叶片水分和代谢积累物的差异分析表明:祁连圆柏之所以比圆柏更能忍受极端低温冷冻环境,可能与脯氨酸的大量积累有关.因此,脯氨酸的积累可能是在极端环境条件下生长的植物的特征之一.     

祁连山青海云杉树轮δ~(13)C的时空变化及其气候意义

通过分析祁连山自东向西5个样点青海云杉年分辨率的树轮碳同位素比率(δ13 C),评价在大气CO2浓度日益增加的背景下青海云杉长期水分利用效率的变化及其对气候变化的响应.最长树轮δ13 C年表为189a,最短112a(1891-2003年).选择了5个样点的公共区间进行分析(1891-2003年).结果表明:祁连山青海云杉δ13 C序列之间显著相关,但是远离山脉主体的两条δ13 C序列与其余序列相关关系较弱.随着大气CO2浓度的持续增加,所有样点青海云杉水分利用效率均表现出显著的提高,但在祁连山腹地的青海云杉水分利用效率提高的幅度低于其它样点.以树轮碳同位素分馏(Δ13 C)和干旱指数之间的相关关系为基础,重建了研究区域1891-2003年期间的干旱历史.其中,20世纪20年代末30年代初和最近10a的两次最严重的干旱分别是由降水减少和气候变暖引起的.     

快速失水下5种喀斯特植物离体叶片叶绿素荧光的响应

文章设置饱水及随后失水处理自然生长的5种喀斯特植物叶片,测定其叶绿素荧光参数,分析各植物光合过程的响应特征。结果显示:盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）PSII反应中心活性及电子传递受严重失水影响,而其稳定的光能转化及光化学效率得益于叶绿素浓度的不断增加;构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和金银花（Lonicera japonica）的叶绿素浓度逐渐升高随后趋于稳定,构树PSII反应中心对失水敏感,其活性及光能转化对随后持续失水逐渐适应。金银花光合结构及PSII反应中心表现稳定;火棘（Pyracantha fortuneana）叶绿素浓度从第4小时开始增加,光合结构趋于稳定,电子传递速率及光能转化逐渐增加;杨梅（Myrica rubra）电子传递速率及光化学效率均较低。      

The effects of dock shading on the seagrass Halodule wrightii in Perdido Bay, Alabama

Aboveground and belowground biomass, density, blade length, and chlorophyll content of seagrass growing directly under docks were compared with adjacent unshaded sites. The amount of light reduction due to dock shading was measured using quantum spherical irradiance meters. Seagrasses were present under docks; they were shaded such that light levels were 19% and 16% of surface irradiance, at shallow and deep sites, respectively. Shoot density was 40–47% lower in shaded plots than in unshaded plots; total biomass was 30–33% lower in shaded plots than in unshaded plots. In contrast, blade length and chlorophyll content were increased at shaded plots relative to unshaded plots. Seagrasses were not found under docks at light levels less than 14% of surface irradiance. These results are in agreement with published in situ compensation irradiance estimates of 15–18% for Halodule wrightii in Texas coastal waters. Shading effects were most apparent between the hours of 1000 and 1500; therefore, the light received during the early morning and late afternoon hours may be critical for plants growing under docks. The north-south orientation of the docks in this study is likely an important factor contributing to the continued survival and growth of the seagrasses.     

增强的UV-B辐射对地木耳中抗逆性物质的影响

实验室条件下模拟兰州地区夏至臭氧层衰减12％、20％和40％时增强的UV-B辐射2.54kJ·m-2·d-1(T1)、4.25 kJ·m-2· d-1 (T2)和8.35 kJ·m-2·d-1(T3),研究了不同强度的UV-B辐射对陆生蓝藻地木耳（Nostoc commune）中的的抗逆性物质光合色素（叶绿素a、类胡...     

High lipid content and productivity of microalgae cultivating under elevated carbon dioxide

This study examined the cell growth rate, lipid contents, lipid productivity, chlorophyll a concentration, and carbon dioxide tolerance of Chlorella vulgaris under various cultivation conditions. The pH, concentration of carbon dioxide in media, and light intensity variables were manipulated to obtain high lipid productivity. The optimum conditions were at pH 7.0, 2,930 lux, and 30 % carbon dioxide. Biomass concentration reached 1,288, 1,130, and 1,083 mg L^?1 at 15, 30, and 50 % CO₂ after 6 days, respectively, implying that this strain has appreciable tolerance to carbon dioxide. The highest concentration of chlorophyll a occurred at 2,930 lux and decreased with increasing light intensity gradually. The maximum specific growth rate was 3.25 day^?1 based on the dry weight and 4.63 day^?1 based on the cell number. The lipid content (45.68 %) and lipid productivity (86.03 mg day^?1 L^?1) obtained in this study are higher than reported values in literatures. Hence, C. vulgaris is a good candidate for subsequent research in biodiesel production under elevated carbon dioxide concentration by microalgae.     

地表“矿物膜”中锐钛矿-β-胡萝卜素协同增强日光响应特性研究

为探究"矿物膜"中半导体矿物与光合色素间的日光响应协同作用,对采自安徽潜山市郊的"矿物膜"样品进行了矿物组成和色素组成分析。同步辐射X射线粉末衍射测定表明,样品富含锐钛矿、赤铁矿等半导体矿物;拉曼光谱证实其中存在地表广泛分布的光合色素:β-胡萝卜素。在此基础上开展锐钛矿-β-胡萝卜素协同增强日光响应模拟实验。合成锐钛矿电极并对其进行系统的矿物学表征,紫外-可见漫反射吸收谱计算其禁带宽度约为3.07 eV;莫特-肖特基计算得到的平带电位约为-0.16 V,载流子浓度约为3.25×1026 cm-3;光电化学测试结果显示其具有一定可见光光电转化能力。经β-胡萝卜素敏化处理后,锐钛矿电极平均光电流密度提升了400%,在425~550 nm间光吸收值提高,该波段位于日光辐射能量集中的波长范围内,且与β-胡萝卜素吸收范围吻合,表明二者间存在日光吸收及光电响应协同增强作用。     

Interactive effects of light and salinity stress on the growth,reproduction, and photosynthetic capabilities of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vallisneria americana</Emphasis> (wild celery)

The effects of light and salinity onVallisneria americana (wild celery) were studied in outdoor mesocosms for an entire growing season. Morphology, production, photosynthesis, and reproductive output were monitored from sprouting of winter buds to plant senescence and subsequent winter bud formation under four salinity (0, 5, 10, and 15 psu) and three light (2%, 8%, and 28% of surface irradiance) regines. Chlorophylla fluorescence was used to examine photochemical efficiency and relative electron transport rate. High salinity and low light each stunted plant growth and reproduction. Production (biomass, rosette production, and leaf area index) was affected more by salinity than by light, apparently because of morphological plasticity (increased leaf length and width), increased photosynthetic efficiency, and increased chlorophyll concentrations under low light. Relative maximum electron transport rate (ETR_max) was highest in the 28% light treatment, indicating increased photosynthetic capacity. ETR_max was not related to salinity, suggesting that the detrimental effects of salinity on production were through decreased photochemical efficiency and not decreased photosynthetic capacity. Light and salinity effects were interactive for measures of production, with negative salinity effects most apparent under high light conditions, and light effects found primarily at low salinity levels. For most production and morphology parameters, high light ameliorated salinity stress to a limited degree, but only between the 0 and 5 psu regimes. Growth was generally minimal in all of the 10 and 15 psu treatments, regardless of light level. Growth was also greatly reduced at 2% and 8% light. Flowering and winter bud production were impaired at 10 and 15 psu and at 2% and 8% light. Light requirements at 5 psu may be approximately 50% higher than at 0 psu. Because of the interaction between salinity and light requirements for growth, effective management of SAV requires that growth requirements incorporate the effects of combined stressors.     

Spatial variability of particulate matter and organic compounds in the Indian and pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean

In the Antarctic zone, integrated studies of particulate matter in surface waters and the snow-ice cover were carried out by means of geochemical (the concentrations of particulate matter, Corg, hydrocarbons, lipids, and chlorophyll a) and optical techniques. Correlations between the treated compounds were found. A regression equation was created that enabled us to evaluate immediately the amount of particulate matter using the parameter of light attenuation by seawater. New data were obtained for the processes of accumulation of particulate matter and organic compounds under ice formation.     

Alternation of factors limiting phytoplankton production in the Cape Fear River Estuary

Phytoplankton nutrient limitation experiments were performed from 1994 to 1996 at three stations in the Cape Fear River Estuary, a riverine system originating in the North Carolina piedmont. Nutrient addition bioassays were conducted by spiking triplicate cubitainers with various nutrient combinations and determining algal response by analyzing chlorophyll a production and ¹⁴C uptake daily for 3 d. Ambient chlorophyll a, nutrient concentration, and associated physical data were collected throughout the estuary as well. At a turbid, nutrient-rich oligohaline station, significant responses to nutrient additions were rare, with light the likely principal factor limiting phytoplankton production. During summer at a mesohaline station, phytoplankton community displayed significant nitrogen (N) limitation, while both phosphorus (P) and N were occasionally limiting in spring with some N+P co-limitation. Light was apparently limiting during fall and winter when the water was turid and nutrient-rich, as well as during other months of heavy rainfall and runoff. A polyhaline station in the lower estuary had clearer water and displayed significant responses to nutrient additions during all enrichment experiments. At this site N limitation occurred in summer and fall, and P limitation (with strong N+P co-limitation) occurred in winter and spring. The data suggest there are two patterns controlling phytoplankton productivity in the Cape Fear system: 1) a longitudinal pattern of decreasing light limitation and increasing nutrient sensitivity along the salinity gradient, and 2) a seasonal alternation of N limitation, light limitation, and P limitation in the middle-to-lower estuary. Statistical analyses indicated upper watershed precipitation events led to increased flow, turbidity, light attenuation, and nutrient loading, and decreased chlorophyll a and nutrient limitation potential in the estuary. Periods of low rainfall and river flow led to reduced estuarine turbidity, higher chlorophyll a, lower ambient nutrients, and more pronounced nutrient limitation.     

Factors Determining the Location of the Chlorophyll Maximum and the Fate of Algal Production within the Tidal Freshwater James River

Longitudinal variation in factors affecting phytoplankton production were analyzed to better understand the mechanisms that cause the formation of a chlorophyll maximum within the tidal freshwater James River. Phytoplankton production was two- to threefold higher in the region where persistent elevated chlorophyll concentrations occurred. Near this site, the morphology of the James transitions from a narrow, deep channel to a broad expanse with shallow areas adjoining the main channel. Shallower depths resulted in greater average irradiance within the water column and suggest that release from light limitation was the principal factor accounting for the location of the chlorophyll maximum. Grazing rates were low indicating that little of the algal production was directly consumed by zooplankton. Low exploitation by zooplankton was attributed to poor food quality due to high concentrations of non-algal particulate matter and potential presence of cyanobacteria. Metabolism data suggest that two thirds of net primary production was respired in the vicinity of the chlorophyll maximum and one third was exported via fluvial and tidal advection. Comparison of water column and ecosystem metabolism indicates that the bulk of respiration occurred within the sediments and that sedimentation was the dominant loss process for phytoplankton.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal and physiological response in aquatic plants under aeration conditions

To analyze the variation of physiological responses between Nymphaea tetragona Georgi. and Pontederia cordata L. and the water qualities under aeration conditions, the selected plants were cultivated in 12 purifying-tanks (aeration, non aeration), to treat heavily polluted river water. The characteristics of both plants were investigated, which included contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein, activities of peroxidase and catalase, accumulations of nitrogen and phosphorus, densities of tillers and roots, lengths of roots, culms and leaves, biomass of roots and shoots. The water qualities were analyzed correspondingly. Results indicated that aeration affected morphological and physiological characteristics of the plants and the water qualities and effects became more significant on N. tetragona than P. cordata. Biomass and length of roots, culms and leaves under the non aeration conditions exceeded that under the aeration conditions. Aeration contributed to the activities increase of peroxidase and catalase of the roots and the contents decrease of chlorophyll and soluble protein of the leaves. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the roots, culms and leaves increased under the non aeration conditions. Aeration resulted in tillers and roots densities of N. tetragona decreased, while they increased for P. cordata. Total phosphorus and soluble phosphorus removals decreased 8.42 % and 8.05 % in the tank with N. tetragona under the aeration conditions. In the tank with P. cordata, total nitrogen and NH₄+ ?N removals increased 14.44 % and 16.06 % under the aeration conditions. This work provided valuable data for optimizing the plants allocation in the ecological restoration project of the polluted water.