从尼玛地区地质新资料看中特提斯洋的构造演化

班公湖—怒江结合带南缘存在一套中、晚侏罗世稳定浅海碎屑岩沉积，属残余海盆地沉积，表明尼玛地区的俯冲消减机制在中侏罗世以后已结束。结合带南侧三叠系确哈拉群为一套半深水—深水沉积，是陆架边缘沉积序列，代表结合带打开之初的较早期沉积。确哈拉群之上不整合覆盖了一套中侏罗世钙碱性岛弧火山岩系，是班公湖—怒江结合带在早侏罗世向南俯冲对应的滞后弧火山岩。在结合带南侧80～100km范围内分布着一条东西长超过100km的中晚侏罗世后碰撞强过铝花岗岩带，属班公湖—怒江结合带向南俯冲碰撞作用的后碰撞阶段产物。综合认为，尼玛地区中特提斯洋是在三叠纪打开、中侏罗世以前向南俯冲闭合的。结合区域上该结合带闭合时间有早有晚、俯冲方向有南有北的事实，提出中特提斯是一个具有众多互不相通的、时代早晚各不相同的小洋盆共同组成的多岛洋，其间存在许多大小不一、运动方向和性质各不相同的地体。不同时期、不同方向的弧—弧碰撞、弧—陆碰撞造山(造陆)机制是解释中特提斯洋发展演化诸多问题的理想模式。     

尼玛区幅、热布喀幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

证实测区内发育含有华夏生物群分子的上二叠统敌布错组。查明班公湖-怒江结合带内发育一套中侏罗世稳定型浅海碎屑岩沉积。发现结合带南侧存在中晚侏罗世滞后型岛弧火山岩和后碰撞型SP花岗岩带，认为班公湖-怒江结合带在测区表现为向南俯冲的构造极性，闭合时间在中侏罗世以前．根据格仁错地区推覆构造和帮勒右行斜冲挤压韧性变形带初步研究结果，提出永珠-格仁错构造带是一个具有多期活动特征的区域性构造带，并属于狮泉河-申扎-嘉黎构造带的一部分。识别出冈底斯岩浆弧存在2个相对集中又有所套叠的岩带。发现冈底斯中段存在一个矽卡岩型多金属成矿带，在冈底斯北坡古近纪盆地日贡拉组中发现砂岩型铜矿。     

尼玛区幅、热布喀幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

证实测区内发育含有华夏生物群分子的上二叠统敌布错组.查明班公湖-怒江结合带内发育一套中侏罗世稳定型浅海碎屑岩沉积.发现结合带南侧存在中晚侏罗世滞后型岛弧火山岩和后碰撞型SP花岗岩带,认为班公湖-怒江结合带在测区表现为向南俯冲的构造极性,闭合时间在中侏罗世以前.根据格仁错地区推覆构造和帮勒右行斜北冲挤压韧性变形带初步研究结果,提出永珠-格仁错构造带是一个具有多期活动特征的区域性构造带,并属于狮泉河-申扎-嘉黎构造带的一部分.识别出冈底斯岩浆弧存在2个相对集中又有所套叠的岩带.发现冈底斯中段存在一个矽卡岩型多金属成矿带,在冈底斯北坡古近纪盆地日贡拉组中发现砂岩型铜矿.     

西藏班公湖—怒江西段舍马拉沟蛇绿岩中辉长岩年龄测定——兼论班公湖—怒江蛇绿岩带形成时代

对班公湖-怒江西段舍马拉沟蛇绿岩中层状辉长岩的Sm-Nd、K-Ar同位素测定结果表明,Sm-Nd内部等时线年龄为(191 22)Ma,K-Ar年龄为(140 4．07)Ma和(152．30 3．60)Ma,结合地质资料分析,认为前者代表了洋盆张开年龄为早侏罗世,后者代表受到洋壳俯冲影响的时问;根据中段、东段蛇绿岩带已有的资料,讨论了班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的洋盆张开时代、俯冲时间及闭合时代,认为班公湖-怒江洋盆可能在早侏罗世自东向西同时张开,中侏罗世开始极性向南的俯冲,洋盆最终在早侏罗世末封闭。     

青藏高原西部班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带的基本特征与构造演化

班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带位于班公湖-怒江结合带西段,是中生代特提斯洋消亡的遗迹。根据西藏1∶25万日土县幅、喀纳幅地质填图成果,将班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带的时空结构划分为南、北两条亚带;综合分析研究认为,本区中特提斯洋的演化经历了三叠纪-早中侏罗世扩张,中晚侏罗世双向俯冲,晚侏罗世-早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和晚白垩世陆(弧)-陆碰撞等构造演化阶段。     

班公湖-怒江洋形成演化新视角:兼论西藏中部古-新特提斯转换

班公湖-怒江洋的形成演化是认识班公湖-怒江成矿带成矿地质背景的关键,近几年中国地质调查局在青藏高原部署了大量1∶50000区域地质调查工作,取得了很多重要发现。对班公湖-怒江结合带两侧关键性海陆沉积地层对比研究,认为南羌塘地块与拉萨地块晚古生代-晚三叠世地层沉积特征及岩石组合基本一致,二者在班公湖-怒江中生代洋盆形成以前是一个整体,为冈瓦纳大陆北缘被动陆缘环境。班公湖-怒江洋在早中侏罗世裂解形成,至中侏罗世趋于稳定且范围最大;向北俯冲消减作用始于中晚侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世演化为残留海,早白垩世中晚期出现短暂的裂解,致使海水重新灌入;晚白垩世班公湖-怒江洋盆进入闭合后的隆升造山阶段,发生了残留盆地迁移,形成了磨拉石建造。班公湖-怒江洋类似古加勒比海(现今墨西哥湾地区)的形成机制,并与大西洋、太平洋的形成过程关系密切。对于班公湖-怒江洋的闭合和冈底斯弧的形成,本文提出了另一种可能解释,即,新特提斯洋向北俯冲下,岩浆弧逐步南迁,在弧后形成了一系列伸展性质的弧后盆地,两者组成微陆块由北向南逐渐增生形成了现今的拉萨地体,持续向北俯冲也导致了班公湖-怒江洋最终闭合。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段中特提斯多岛弧构造演化

本文根据1∶25万地质填图成果,将班公湖-怒江结合带西段弧-盆系时空结构自北向南划分为五峰尖-拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山-岩浆弧带、班公湖蛇绿混杂岩北、南亚带和昂龙岗日-班戈白垩纪—始新世岩浆弧带等,初步认为中特提斯洋经历了三叠纪—早侏罗世扩张,中—晚侏罗世往北、南双向俯冲,晚三叠世—早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和早—晚白垩世陆-弧(陆)碰撞等演化阶段。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段多岛弧盆系时空结构初步分析

笔者依据班公湖地区1：25万喀纳幅、日土县幅、羌多幅地质填图和专题研究工作取得的阶段性成果,将班公湖带的多岛弧盆系时空结构厘定为3条蛇绿混杂岩亚带。该3条亚带为盆地所隔,从北而南依次为班公湖带北亚带、班摩掌侏罗纪弧间盆地、班公湖带中亚带、日土-巴尔穷侏罗纪—早白垩世复合弧后盆地和班公湖带南亚带等。初步认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋经历了晚三叠—早侏罗世往北俯冲、中晚侏罗世早期向北、往南双向俯冲、早白垩世往南俯冲等3次俯冲消亡阶段;同时,讨论了在班公湖带研究中存在的问题及其在反演班公湖-怒江结合带西段构造演化和在找矿方面的意义,以及进一步研究方向。     

班公湖—怒江结合带南侧弧-盆系时空结构与演化特征

本文在1：25万邦多区幅、措麦区幅填图成果基础上，运用多岛弧造山模式分析了班公湖—怒江结合带南侧弧-盆系时空结构与演化特征。认为中晚侏罗世—早白垩世，伴随班公湖—怒江洋向南俯冲消亡，其南侧形成多岛弧—盆系的空间配置格局；早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世，残余海盆沉积、闭合消亡及其随后的碰撞造山，完成了班公湖—怒江带南侧弧-盆系时空演化史。     

西藏安多蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb SHRIMP年龄

西藏安多斜长花岗岩分布于安多县多普尔曲一带。在1/25万安多幅区域地质调查中,作者研究了安多一带蛇绿岩中新发现的斜长花岗岩的地质特征、岩石成因和时代。结果表明斜长花岗岩具有低钾高钠、高锶、低铷和低∑REE的大洋斜长花岗岩特征,同位素指示其为地幔源区产物。首次对斜长花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb SHRIMP测年,其结果为188.0±2.0 Ma,结合地质资料分析认为其代表了洋壳形成的年龄,时代为早侏罗世,与班公湖-怒江结合带西段蛇绿岩时代基本同时。本次研究为班公湖-怒江中段蛇绿岩提供了高精度同位素年龄依据。     

Occurrence and Dispersal of Magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province, Antarctica

Tholeiitic rocks of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province (FLIP) occur in a linear belt from the Theron Mountains to Horn Bluff in the Transantarctic Mountains and extend into southeastern Australasia. The FLIP was emplaced during the initial stages of Gondwana break-up from a source suggested to be in the proto-Weddell Sea region. Magma transport from its source (Weddell triple junction) was controlled by an Early Jurassic zone of extension. The FLIP comprises the Dufek intrusion, Ferrar Dolerite sills and dykes (sheet intrusions), and extrusive rocks consisting of pyroclastic strata overlain by Kirkpatrick Basalt lavas. The Dufek intrusion occurs in deformed supracrustal rocks of the foldbelt along the paleo-Pacific Gondwana margin. A few sills were emplaced in basement rocks, but the majority of the sheet intrusions occur in flat-lying Devonian to Triassic Beacon strata. Only in the central Transantarctic Mountains (CTM) and south and north Victoria Land (SVL, NVL) are extrusive rocks preserved overlying Beacon strata. The greatest cumulative thicknesses of magmatic rocks (ca. 2 km) occur in areas where lavas are preserved (CTM and SVL). Sheet intrusions have complex relationships. Dyke swarms (sensu stricto) are unknown and dykes cutting basement rocks are uncommon. Nevertheless, these dykes, including a 30-m-wide dyke in SVL, suggest that some magmas locally migrated up through basement rocks. In CTM and NVL the outcrop belt has a width of about 160 km. Sills originally extended farther toward the plate margin but have been cut out by erosion and Cenozoic faulting, most clearly in CTM; geophysical data suggest extension under the East Antarctic ice sheet for at least 100 km. Although Early Jurassic extension is documented in CTM, major rift-bounding faults have not been observed. Models for magma emplacement include transport along the axis of the Transantarctic Mountains and off-axis transport from major rift-bounding faults. Contrasts in geochemistry between lavas of NVL (MgO=67%) and CTM (MgO=24%) and the presence of massive dolerite bodies (CTM, SVL) suggest discrete episodes and locations of magma emplacement, and that there was no long range interconnection along the mountain range in supracrustal rocks.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of peraluminous granites in Tibet and their tectonic significance

The distribution of peraluminous granites in Tibet is treated on the basis of the tectonic zones in which they occur, their spatial and temporal distribution, the peak of magmatic activity and the volume of magma intruded. Magmatic activity, with the intrusion of peraluminous granites, was initiated during the Early Jurassic and culminated in the middle Miocene, especially between 20 and 10 Ma. Rock types include tourmaline, muscovite and two-mica granites. Magmatic activity in the Gangdise Belt migrated from the east to west and from the south to the north. Episodes of tectonic evolution for the lithosphere of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, deduced from peraluminous granite intrusion are: (1) Latest Triassic to Early Jurassic (208–157 Ma), representing the subduction phase of the Bangong Co–Nu Jiang oceanic zone; (2) Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (157–97 Ma), representing the subduction and collision phases of the Bangong–Nu Jiang oceanic zone; (3) Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene (97–65 Ma), representing the subduction and initial collision phases of the Yarlung Zangbo oceanic zone ; (4) Paleocene to Eocene (65–40 Ma), representing the major collisional stage of the Yarlung Zangbo Oceanic zone and the formation of crust-derived granites; and (5) Oligocene to Recent, representing an intense intracontinental convergence phase.     

班公湖—怒江构造带西段三叠纪—侏罗纪构造—沉积演化

班公湖－怒江构造带西段在大地构造位置上处于特提斯构造域东端，横跨班公湖－怒江断裂带。三叠纪－株罗纪期间，其构造－沉积演化经历了大陆初始裂谷（T）、原洋裂谷（J1）、残余弧后盆地（J2－J3）阶段。初始裂谷阶段的拉张是呈南断北超的半地堑式由东向西进行的，逐渐形成地堑式原洋裂谷盆地。中晚侏罗世，南部新特提斯洋壳开始北各俯冲,产生的区域挤压应力使原洋裂谷逐渐封闭，裂谷盆地的小洋壳表现出以南向俯冲为主的双向式腑冲，同时伴生区域热沉降，盆地具残余弧后盆地的性质。该阶段,羌南地区发育碳酸盐岩为主的稳定陆缘沉积，冈度斯－念青唐古拉板片北部则形成广泛南超的近源碎屑沉积。     

Mechanical response of the south flank of kilauea volcano, hawaii, to intrusive events along the rift systems

Increased earthquake activity and compression of the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, have been recognized by previous investigators to accompany rift intrusions. We further detail the temporal and spatial changes in earthquake rates and ground strain along the south flank induced by six major rift intrusions which occurred between December 1971 and January 1981. The seismic response of the south flank to individual rift intrusions is immediate; the increased rate of earthquake activity lasts from 1 to 4 weeks. Horizontal strain measurements indicate that compression of the south flank usually accompanies rift intrusions and eruptions. Emplacement of an intrusion at a depth greater than about 4 km, such as the June 1982 southwest rift intrusion, however, results in a slight extension of the subaerial portion of the south flank.Horizontal strain measurements along the south flank are used to locate the January 1983 east-rift intrusion, which resulted in eruptive activity. The intrusion is modeled as a vertical rectangular sheet with constant displacement perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. This model suggests that the intrusive body that compressed the south flank in January 1983 extended from the surface to about 2.4 km depth, and was aligned along a strike of N66°E. The intrusion is approximately 11 km in length, extended beyond the January 1983 eruptive fissures, which are 8 km in length and is contained within the 14-km-long region of shallow rift earthquakes.     

西藏改则县多龙矿集区发现岩墙岭蛇绿岩残片

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带北缘多龙矿集区是青藏高原新近发现的具有超大型远景的、典型的富金斑岩型铜矿集区,其成岩成矿地质背景是解决班公湖-怒江洋构造演化的关键问题之一。近年来的区域地质调查研究发现,多龙矿集区南侧出露岩墙岭蛇绿岩残片,应该是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分。岩墙岭蛇绿岩主要由席状岩墙群、枕状玄武岩和硅质岩组成,整体呈棱形或透镜体状断续分布于侏罗系复理石沉积内,构成典型的网结状构造。糜棱岩普遍发育在岩墙岭蛇绿岩和围岩的接触部位。综合前人研究成果,初步认为多龙矿集区早白垩世成岩成矿作用应该形成于增生楔之上伸展拉张的构造环境。岩墙岭蛇绿岩的发现和确定进一步约束了多龙矿集区成岩成矿地质背景,同时为班公湖-怒江缝合带的延伸及其构造演化的研究提供了新的线索。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

西藏东巧北尕苍见岛弧的厘定及地质意义

在班公错—怒江小洋盆内晚侏罗世存在向南的俯冲已被许多学者所证实,近期在班—怒带中部的东巧蛇绿岩带北侧发现一套晚侏罗世火山岩——尕苍见(组)火山岩,该套火山岩以内部变形微弱而明显有别于东巧蛇绿岩带,其地球化学特点反映具有岛弧性质,并具有初期为拉斑玄武质-钙碱性岩浆喷发,尔后以钙碱性火山活动为主,至晚期岛弧演化成熟,发生岛弧橄榄安粗质火山喷发活动,并伴有富Nb岛弧玄武岩产出。证明在班怒小洋盆内晚期也曾存在向北的俯冲作用。这一发现对完整重溯班—怒带构造演化和构建青藏高原大地构造格局具有重要意义。     

Geophysical constraints of shear zones and geometry of the Hiltaba Suite granites in the western Gawler Craton,Australia

The emplacement of the ca 1590–1575 Ma Hiltaba Suite granites records a large magmatic event throughout the Gawler Craton, South Australia. The Hiltaba Suite granites intrude the highly deformed Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic rocks throughout the craton nuclei. Geophysical interpretation of the poorly exposed central western Gawler Craton suggests that the region can be divided into several distinct domains that are bounded by major shear zones, exhibiting a sequence of overprinting relationships. The north‐trending Yarlbrinda Shear Zone merges into the east‐trending Yerda Shear Zone that, in turn, merges into the northeast‐trending Coorabie Shear Zone. Several poorly exposed Hiltaba Suite granite plutons occur within a wide zone of crustal shearing that is bounded to the north by the Yerda Shear Zone and to the south by the Oolabinnia Shear Zone. This wide zone of crustal shearing is interpreted as a major zone of synmagmatic dextral strike‐slip movement that facilitated the ascent of Hiltaba Suite granite intrusions to the upper crust. The aeromagnetic and gravity data reveal that the intrusions are ～15–25 km in diameter. Forward modelling of the geophysical data shows that the intrusions have a tabular geometry and are less than 6 km deep.