冈底斯新元古代-中生代沉积盆地演化

青藏高原冈底斯地处印度河-雅鲁藏布江结合带和班公湖-双湖-怒江对接带之间, 其经历了复杂的沉积-岩浆演化史.将青藏高原冈底斯地层区划分为8个构造-地层分区, 并分时段对各个分区的沉积特征进行归纳, 总结了冈底斯从新元古代到中生代沉积盆地的发展与演化历史: 冈底斯震旦纪由陆缘裂谷开始演化; 晚古生代, 前期以稳定宽阔的碳酸盐岩沉积为主, 发育碳酸盐岩台地与台盆, 从石炭纪起, 开始转化为伸展性质的裂陷大陆边缘, 盆地类型主要为陆缘裂谷; 中生代, 班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南与雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋向北双向俯冲, 大部分区域早期处于隆升状态, 中生代末期发育大型的岩浆弧带, 盆地类型以弧间盆地和弧前盆地为主.      

新疆地区盆地—山脉构造形成机理

在侏罗纪，特提斯海洋壳沿班公错－怒江一带向昆仑山俯冲，使新疆广大地区处于弧后展构造环境，形成若干个巨大的原型伸展盆地，以准平原地貌为特征。Ａ型俯冲导致盆地的消亡和山系的形成，其动力除了直接源于两板块的碰撞挤压外，还与盆地深部地幔流向造山带下的蠕动密切相关。     

青藏高原西部班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带的基本特征与构造演化

班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带位于班公湖-怒江结合带西段,是中生代特提斯洋消亡的遗迹。根据西藏1∶25万日土县幅、喀纳幅地质填图成果,将班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带的时空结构划分为南、北两条亚带;综合分析研究认为,本区中特提斯洋的演化经历了三叠纪-早中侏罗世扩张,中晚侏罗世双向俯冲,晚侏罗世-早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和晚白垩世陆(弧)-陆碰撞等构造演化阶段。     

南羌塘盆地中-新生代逆冲推覆构造样式及构造应力场特征

新生代印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞挤压,造成南羌塘地块向南逆冲于拉萨地块之上,并在南羌塘地块内部形成了一系列的由北往南的逆冲推覆构造。然而,到目前为止,我们对这些逆冲推覆构造及夹持其间的褶皱变形的结构组成、构造样式、形成时代以及缩短量分布等问题仍存在很大的争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,对赛布错-扎加藏布断裂（SZT）,多玛-其香错断裂（DQT）,隆鄂尼褶断带（LF）及南羌塘与中央隆起带分界的肖查卡-双湖断裂（XST）进行了几何学、运动学分析,建立了精细的构造框架。我们认为这些断裂为始新世以来形成的同时期的叠瓦状逆冲推覆;并通过野外褶皱形态,结合层面、节理面、断层面滑动矢量的分析,识别出南羌塘盆地4期构造应力场：1） 代表中特提斯俯冲碰撞阶段的近S-N 向的挤压;2） 中特提斯碰撞后,随着班公湖-怒江缝合带的形成,南羌塘地区构造应力场转为S-N 向的伸展;3） 新生代印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞,青藏高原进入陆内变形阶段,南羌塘盆地内表现为NE-SW 向的挤压,形成本文提及的一系列逆冲推覆构造;4） 随着高原的持续隆升,约14 Ma南北向裂谷开始活动,应力场转为NWW-SEE 向伸展,形成双湖裂谷系。     

羌塘盆地性质及构造演化

羌塘盆地位于班公湖-怒江缝合带和西金乌兰-金沙江缝合带之间,是一沉积盆地,分为羌南坳陷、中央隆起、羌北坳陷。盆地形成演化受特提斯构造带地球动力学控制。对盆地地层格架和区内碎屑岩的主要矿物成分、化学成分、微量元素以及火成岩化学成分的分析表明,羌塘盆地系不同类型盆地叠置而成的多旋回叠合盆地。晚古生代至中生代初为克拉通裂谷盆地、晚三叠世-侏罗纪为前陆盆地、白垩纪-第四纪为挤压抬升阶段,形成山间断陷盆地。      

从尼玛地区地质新资料看中特提斯洋的构造演化

班公湖—怒江结合带南缘存在一套中、晚侏罗世稳定浅海碎屑岩沉积，属残余海盆地沉积，表明尼玛地区的俯冲消减机制在中侏罗世以后已结束。结合带南侧三叠系确哈拉群为一套半深水—深水沉积，是陆架边缘沉积序列，代表结合带打开之初的较早期沉积。确哈拉群之上不整合覆盖了一套中侏罗世钙碱性岛弧火山岩系，是班公湖—怒江结合带在早侏罗世向南俯冲对应的滞后弧火山岩。在结合带南侧80～100km范围内分布着一条东西长超过100km的中晚侏罗世后碰撞强过铝花岗岩带，属班公湖—怒江结合带向南俯冲碰撞作用的后碰撞阶段产物。综合认为，尼玛地区中特提斯洋是在三叠纪打开、中侏罗世以前向南俯冲闭合的。结合区域上该结合带闭合时间有早有晚、俯冲方向有南有北的事实，提出中特提斯是一个具有众多互不相通的、时代早晚各不相同的小洋盆共同组成的多岛洋，其间存在许多大小不一、运动方向和性质各不相同的地体。不同时期、不同方向的弧—弧碰撞、弧—陆碰撞造山(造陆)机制是解释中特提斯洋发展演化诸多问题的理想模式。     

班公湖—怒江断裂带东段的构造特征

班公湖－怒江断裂带是青藏高原羌塘－唐古拉板块与冈底斯－念青唐古拉板块的缝合带。由韧性推覆剪切带，逆冲断裂带，断陷盆地构造带和推覆构造带，以及蛇绿岩，蛇绿混杂岩，深海复理石，古生代变质岩和燕山期花岗岩侵入体等组合而成，是复杂的断裂系统，主要经历了晚三叠世－中侏罗世洋盆的形成和扩张，晚侏我世洋壳俯冲和岛弧形成，早白垩世－晚白垩世早期弧－陆碰撞汇聚和喜马拉期断陷盆地形成，逆冲推覆构造发育的复杂演化历史过     

西藏措勤盆地北缘麦堆构造混杂岩带及变质超基性岩

麦堆构造混杂岩带位于班公湖-怒江结合带南侧、措勤盆地的北缘,由性质不同的各种构造岩片组成,岩片呈近东西向展布,之间多为构造接触,多期变形明显。其中的变质超基性岩岩片宽数米—数十米不等,经历了强烈的蛇纹石化、硅化及碳酸盐化。变质超基性岩虽然化学成分变化很大,但仍具较高的MgO、Cr、Co、Ni含量和m/f比值,属阿尔卑斯型超镁铁质岩,是残余地幔的组成部分。该带变质超基性岩及其伴生硅质岩应属蛇绿岩构造残片,是麦堆构造混杂岩的一部分,其形成与班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南的俯冲有关,是早中侏罗世弧后或弧间小洋盆环境的产物。     

西藏康托地区早—中侏罗世木嘎岗日群沉积盆地分析及构造演化研究

沿班公湖—怒江结合带中西段出露的早—中侏罗世木嘎岗日群,自创名以来,其代表的年代地层各异,岩石组合宏观上较固定,内部为总体无序局部有序的一套组成成分复杂的构造混杂地层体。通过对木嘎岗日群沉积组合、盆内沉积层序、岩石地球化学、岩相、物源区、碎屑模型、盆地分类及其构造演化分析,将沉积盆地视作一个整体进行地球动力学综合研究。康托地区中特提斯洋盆早—中侏罗世为深海—次深海沉积环境,属被动大陆边缘型弧前深水盆地复理石碎屑沉积组合。沉积构造演化可分为2个阶段:盆地扩张阶段和盆地双向俯冲阶段,包含3个活动期:扩张期、向南俯冲期与双向俯冲期,并将该地区木嘎岗日群地层划分为3个岩性组。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段中特提斯多岛弧构造演化

本文根据1∶25万地质填图成果,将班公湖-怒江结合带西段弧-盆系时空结构自北向南划分为五峰尖-拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山-岩浆弧带、班公湖蛇绿混杂岩北、南亚带和昂龙岗日-班戈白垩纪—始新世岩浆弧带等,初步认为中特提斯洋经历了三叠纪—早侏罗世扩张,中—晚侏罗世往北、南双向俯冲,晚三叠世—早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和早—晚白垩世陆-弧(陆)碰撞等演化阶段。     

Nature and evolution of the Neo-Tethys in central Tibet: synthesis of ophiolitic petrology,geochemistry, and geochronology

In this paper, we summarize results of studies on ophiolitic mélanges of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) and the Shiquanhe–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt (SYJMB) in central Tibet, and use these insights to constrain the nature and evolution of the Neo-Tethys oceanic basin in this region. The BNSZ is characterized by late Permian–Early Cretaceous ophiolitic fragments associated with thick sequences of Middle Triassic–Middle Jurassic flysch sediments. The BNSZ peridotites are similar to residual mantle related to mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) where the mantle was subsequently modified by interactions with the melt. The mafic rocks exhibit the mixing of various components, and the end-members range from MORB-types to island-arc tholeiites and ocean island basalts. The BNSZ ophiolites probably represent the main oceanic basin of the Neo-Tethys in central Tibet. The SYJMB ophiolitic sequences date from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous, and they are dismembered and in fault contact with pre-Ordovician, Permian, and Jurassic–Early Cretaceous blocks. Geochemical and stratigraphic data are consistent with an origin in a short-lived intra-oceanic back-arc basin. The Neo-Tethys Ocean in central Tibet opened in the late Permian and widened during the Triassic. Southwards subduction started in the Late Triassic in the east and propagated westwards during the Jurassic. A short-lived back-arc basin developed in the middle and western parts of the oceanic basin from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. After the late Early Jurassic, the middle and western parts of the oceanic basin were subducted beneath the Southern Qiangtang terrane, separating the Nierong microcontinent from the Southern Qiangtang terrane. The closing of the Neo-Tethys Basin began in the east during the Early Jurassic and ended in the west during the early Late Cretaceous.     

西藏班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的特征及意义

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带北部多龙矿集区出露的增生杂岩属总体无序、局部有序的非史密斯地层,由基质和块体2个部分组成。基质为侏罗系砂泥质复理石建造,块体由大小不等的玄武岩、砂岩、硅质岩、泥质灰岩、超基性岩等组成。增生杂岩系变形强烈,发育强烈的构造置换作用,块体与基质之间由透入性挤压面理或剪切面理分隔,为典型造山带大陆增生边缘的增生杂岩。这套增生杂岩形成于侏罗纪羌塘陆块南缘的侧向增生边缘,发育于晚古生代增生杂岩系之上,与班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋壳侏罗纪时期向羌塘陆块的俯冲作用有关,侏罗纪—白垩纪羌多岩浆弧为在这套增生楔基础上发育起来的火山-岩浆弧。班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的识别为正确认识多龙超大型斑岩铜金矿床的成矿地质背景和结合带的演化提供了新的线索。     

西藏班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪 增生杂岩的特征及意义

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带北部多龙矿集区出露的增生杂岩属总体无序、局部有序的非史密斯地层,由基质和块体2个部分组成。基质为侏罗系砂泥质复理石建造,块体由大小不等的玄武岩、砂岩、硅质岩、泥质灰岩、超基性岩等组成。增生杂岩系变形强烈,发育强烈的构造置换作用,块体与基质之间由透入性挤压面理或剪切面理分隔,为典型造山带大陆增生边缘的增生杂岩。这套增生杂岩形成于侏罗纪羌塘陆块南缘的侧向增生边缘,发育于晚古生代增生杂岩系之上,与班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋壳侏罗纪时期向羌塘陆块的俯冲作用有关,侏罗纪—白垩纪羌多岩浆弧为在这套增生楔基础上发育起来的火山-岩浆弧。班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的识别为正确认识多龙超大型斑岩铜金矿床的成矿地质背景和结合带的演化提供了新的线索。     

西藏西南部达巴-休古嘎布蛇绿岩带的形成与演化

:该蛇绿岩带的岩体由地幔橄榄岩组成,主要岩石类型是方辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩,缺少典型蛇绿岩剖面中的洋壳单元.微量元素和稀土元素特征显示蛇绿岩形成于类似洋中脊的构造环境.笔者提出该区蛇绿岩来源于印度大陆北缘洋盆的洋壳碎片,这个陆缘洋盆与新特提斯洋主体的形成和演化准同步.洋盆的演化模式是:早三叠世,随着印度(冈瓦纳)大陆向南漂移,其北部边缘因引张裂解产生裂谷,于晚三叠世向东开口与新特提斯洋主体连通,洋盆初具洋壳性质,北侧形成阿依拉-仲巴微陆块.侏罗-白垩纪为洋盆洋壳演化期,处于类似洋中脊的构造环境.晚白垩世末洋盆开始闭合.在新特提斯洋板块向北俯冲消减过程中,阿依拉-仲巴微陆块、陆缘洋盆和印度大陆一起随着向北漂移,在印度大陆向北挤压作用下洋盆逐渐收缩以致最终闭合.     

西藏班公湖—怒江西段舍马拉沟蛇绿岩中辉长岩年龄测定——兼论班公湖—怒江蛇绿岩带形成时代

对班公湖-怒江西段舍马拉沟蛇绿岩中层状辉长岩的Sm-Nd、K-Ar同位素测定结果表明,Sm-Nd内部等时线年龄为(191 22)Ma,K-Ar年龄为(140 4．07)Ma和(152．30 3．60)Ma,结合地质资料分析,认为前者代表了洋盆张开年龄为早侏罗世,后者代表受到洋壳俯冲影响的时问;根据中段、东段蛇绿岩带已有的资料,讨论了班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的洋盆张开时代、俯冲时间及闭合时代,认为班公湖-怒江洋盆可能在早侏罗世自东向西同时张开,中侏罗世开始极性向南的俯冲,洋盆最终在早侏罗世末封闭。     

Geochronology of the Duguer range metamorphic rocks,Central Tibet: implications for the changing tectonic setting of the South Qiangtang subterrane

The Duguer area represents one of the few occurrences of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the ‘Central Uplift’ zone of the Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet. The metamorphic rocks consist mainly of orthogneiss, paragneiss, and schist. To better understand the formation of these rocks, seven samples of gneiss and schist from the Duguer area were selected for in situ zircon U–Pb analysis and Ar–Ar dating of metamorphic minerals. The results suggest two distinct metamorphic stages, during the Late Triassic (229–227 Ma) and Late Jurassic (150–149 Ma). These stages correspond to the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys oceanic crust, respectively. We suggest that the Late Triassic metamorphic rocks of the Duguer area in the central South Qiangtang subterrane provide evidence of continental collision between the North and South Qiangtang subterranes, following the subduction of oceanic crust. It is likely that deep subduction of oceanic crust occurred along the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang suture zone (LSLSZ), which would have hindered exhumation owing to the high density of oceanic crust. Subsequent break-off and delamination of the subducted oceanic slab at ~220 Ma may have resulted in exhumation of high-pressure and high-grade metamorphic rocks in the South Qiangtang subterrane. The Late Jurassic ages of metamorphism and deformation obtained in this study indicate the occurrence of an Andean-type orogenic event within the South Qiangtang subterrane. This hypothesis is further supported by an apparent age gap in magmatic activity (150–130 Ma) along the magmatic arc, and the absence of Late Jurassic sediments.     

藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合--来自岩石学和地球化学的证据

那东洋岛位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带的中西段,前人已对其进行了初步报道,但未进行详细的研究。对那东洋岛的岩石组合进行岩石学、地球化学的研究,显示那东洋岛具典型的洋岛型岩石组合,其玄武岩和辉长岩的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型OIB相似。通过对洋岛灰岩中珊瑚化石的鉴定,结合洋岛岩石组合与木嘎岗日岩组的野外接触关系,初步认为那东洋岛的时代为中侏罗世,这一时期班公湖-怒江带特提斯洋正处于大洋演化阶段。那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖-怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义。     

西藏冈底斯东段墨竹工卡地区洞中拉辉绿玢岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及意义

洞中拉地区的辉绿玢岩出露于冈底斯弧背断隆带东段,地质研究程度很低,过去一直认为形成于古生代二叠纪。为精确地限制洞中拉辉绿玢岩的形成时代,对冈底斯东段墨竹工卡县洞中拉地区的辉绿玢岩进行锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,结果显示洞中拉辉绿玢岩的年龄为117.1Ma±1.0Ma,为早白垩世中期。与冈底斯带中北部地区带状岩浆大爆发的年龄(大约110Ma)时限和冈底斯弧后裂谷拉张作用的时限(120～95Ma)相一致。洞中拉辉绿玢岩可能是冈底斯弧背断隆东段早白垩世弧间裂谷阶段岩浆侵位的产物,与班公湖-怒江特提斯洋壳向南、新特提斯洋壳向北的双向俯冲有关。     

藏北班公湖—怒江缝合带侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合——来自岩石学和地球化学的证据

那东洋岛位于班公湖—怒江板块缝合带的中西段,前人已对其进行了初步报道,但未进行详细的研究。对那东洋岛的岩石组合进行岩石学、地球化学的研究,显示那东洋岛具典型的洋岛型岩石组合,其玄武岩和辉长岩的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型OIB相似。通过对洋岛灰岩中珊瑚化石的鉴定,结合洋岛岩石组合与木嘎岗日岩组的野外接触关系,初步认为那东洋岛的时代为中侏罗世,这一时期班公湖—怒江带特提斯洋正处于大洋演化阶段。那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖—怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义。     

Tectonic and sedimentary basin evolution of the eastern Bangong–Nujiang zone (Tibet): a Reading cycle

The ophiolite-bearing Bangong-Nujiang zone (BNZ) traversing central Tibet from east to west separates the Qiangtang block in the north from the Lhasa block in the south. Their stratigraphic development indicates that both blocks once formed a continuous continental platform until the Late Triassic. Following Late Paleozoic-Triassic rifting, ocean crust formed between both blocks during the Late Triassic creating the Dongqiao-Naqu basin (DNB) among other basins (Yu et al. 1991). The analysis of the rift flank sequences reveals that rifting was dominated by transtension. The basin was shortened by post-Mid-Cretaceous transpression. Thus, the overall basin evolution represents a Reading cycle despite some active margin processes which gave this cycle a special imprint. Major basin parts were preserved despite transpressional shortening suggesting that the eastern BNZ represents a remnant basin. Our understanding of the DNB solves the prior problem of viewing the BNZ as a Mid-Late Jurassic collisional suture although typical collision-related deformation, thickening, mountain building, as well as related molasse formation are lacking. Our model also explains the scattered linear ophiolite distribution by local transpression of remnant oceanic basin floor without having to consider problematic long range ophiolite thrusting.