电离层对声重波的非线性响应(英文)

行进电离层扰动(TID),是电离层的一种大尺度低频扰动。长期以来,人们对TID进行了大量实验观测和理论探讨。现在已经确信,TID是由大气声重波在电离层中传播所引起的。以前的理论工作分析了电离层对声重波的线性响应,将TID描述成一种余弦型扰动。 我们利用DOOPER台阵对声重波和TID现象进行了多年的观测。我们发现,TID具有波动形式,但其正负半周有明显的不对称性,严重偏离余弦波的结构。这种现象,不能由以前的线性TID理论来解释,揭示了线性理论的局限性。 本文中,我们讨论电离层对声重波扰动的非线性响应。带电粒子的运动速度由两部分构成:一是大气粒子通过碰撞而引起的拖动速度,另一是带电粒子密度梯度和重力决定的扩散速度。本文只讨论电离层与声重波相互作用的动力学过程。在带电粒子的连续性方程中,保留所有的非线性项。利用级数展开的方法,讨论带电粒子的性质。主要结论如下: 1、没有声重波扰动时,电离层的垂直漂移速度基本上由风速决定。对于中纬地区,电离层垂直漂移速度可达到水平风速的量级,这同赤道地区的情况有很大的差别。在赤道上空,地磁场是水平的,电离层垂直漂移速度比水平风速低两个量级以上。 2、当声重波通过电离层传播时,带电粒子受到扰动。在一级近似下,理论分析导出电离层扰动的形式与     

星系振动的动力学研究进展

概括地介绍了盘星系的运动学边缘弯曲现象、盘星系中心的HI发射线空洞和棒旋星系中核球的长轴和棒的长轴不互相平行也不互相垂直等星系振动的问接观测证据;综述了星系振动动力学的理论研究情况,主要介绍了利用非静态维里方程和N体数值模拟得到的有关结果;展望了该领域今后的发展趋势,指出了建立引力自治的星系振动模型的必要性。     

修改引力宇宙学下的大尺度结构非线性演化

主要研究了修改引力论在非线性尺度上的表现。现在已经存在很多修改引力论的模型,如f（R）,DGP,Mond等,但是在工作中并没有使用别人已经提出的修改引力论方法,因为首先不可能去对所有的修改引力论模型都进行研究;其次重点研究的是修改引力对于宇宙中的物质分布在非线性尺度上的影响,而各种修改引力论对于物质聚集的影响是相似的,都可以通过一个参数表达出来。因此笔者提出一种修改引力论的方法,引进了一个简单参数ζ。这个参数ζ定义为G_eff/G/-φ/Ψ,这里G_eff是有效牛顿常数,G是牛顿常数,φ和Ψ则是时空度规的标量扰动方程中的两个势。这个ζ参数在广义相对论的基础上修改了物质粒子受到的加速度,加大或者减小这个参数会相应地改变物质粒子的加速度,进而会加快或者减慢大尺度结构的形成。这种对大尺度结构在线性尺度上的影响可以通过理论计算得到,但是大尺度结构的非线性增长无法通过理论计算得出,现在只有借助已经发展得比较成熟的数值模拟方法来研究这个问题。该文修改了现在已经比较成熟的数值模拟程序GADGET-2,加入了ζ参数。在进行数值模拟之前,首先检验了数值模拟的质量分辨率、模拟尺度,以及初始红移对最终物质功率谱的影响,并且证实修改后的GADGET-2程序是正确的。设定不同ζ参数的值,ζ=0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.5,这里ζ=1.0对应标准宇宙学,然后对每个ζ值运行了一组数值模拟。为了减少数值效应对最终结果的影响,并且突出显示修改引力论在非线性尺度上的表现,没有简单直接地使用不同ζ值物质功率谱来做比较,而是精巧地设置不同ζ值的输出红移,使不同ζ值在其对应的输出红移处有相同的线性功率谱,并且最终使用了ξ=ζ≠1.0/ζ=1.0这个比值参数来研究修改引力论在非线性尺度上的表现。通过宇宙学尺度上的数值模拟和高精度的小波物质功率谱方法,我们研究了ζ参数对物质在非线性尺度上增长的影响。通过ξ这个参数,在线性功率谱相同的时候,比较了不同ζ参数的功率谱在非线性尺度上相对于标准宇宙学模型的偏离。得到重大的发现:大尺度结构在非线性上的增长并不是想象的那样,较大的ζ参数加大了物质粒子的加速度,进而在线性和非线性尺度上都加快了结构形成,反而是在线性功率谱相同的时候,较大值的ζ给出了较小的非线性功率谱。这个发现也证明HKLM假定的不正确,从而证明基于这个假定的功率谱拟合公式（PD96,Smith2003）不适用于修改引力论,直接将这些功率谱拟合公式推广到修改引力论是不正确的。基于这个ζ参数的修改引力论模型,利用一系列的数值模拟的结果,为修改引力论提出了一个新的拟合公式。这个新的拟合公式不是对现有的这些拟合公式做推广,而是借助于标准宇宙学下的非线性功率谱,通过几个简单的参数就可以得到对应不同ζ值的非线性功率谱,而且其精度保证在5%以内。利用这套数值模拟的结果,我们进而研究ζ修改引力论下的本动速度场的功率谱、暗晕的质量方程,以及暗晕的性质。这些工作为我们从观测上区分修改引力论和广义相对论提供了理论指导。     

黑洞吸积的随机扩散模型研究

基于流体力学理论对黑洞吸积构建了一个线性扩散模型,为了简化模型,假设粘滞系数ν与面密度Σ是独立的。对吸积黑洞光变建立了一个随机模型(OU过程),并证明得到这个多维OU过程是存在扰动场的扩散模型的解。将OU过程应用于光变曲线拟合,结果表明:OU过程能很好地拟合光变曲线,有助于进一步了解吸积系统中心结构以及研究光变特性。     

磁场的对流再产生和扩散

根据双尺度平均场电动力学,研究一种特定的周期对流的磁场再产生和扩散效应。数值计算运动学发电机方程,给出旋转对流元中感应电动势图象,得出无量纲磁场再产生系数α′≈-0.4～+0.4;对流扩散系数β′≈0.05.所提供的α效应能满足符合太阳活动周期的α-ω发电机模型的要求,若取对流元特征旋转速度u_1为100m/s,对流元特征长度α为1000km计算得到的对流扩散效应较发电机理论和观测的要求约小20倍。需计入脉动磁场和平均流场的相互作用,进一步研究旋转对流元的扩散效应。     

粘滞对黑洞吸积盘的截断的影响

采用吸积盘-冕模型研究了粘滞对黑洞X射线双星和低光度活动星系核(LLAGN)中吸积盘的截断以及黑洞X射线双星中高低态转变的影响.以前的分析表明,冕的结构对粘滞的大小非常敏感.因此详细计算了一系列粘滞系数情况下冕的结构.为了便于与观测比较,将数值计算结果进行解析拟合得到最大蒸发率和粘滞系数a的关系,M/MEDD≈1.08a3.35;截断半径和粘滞系数的关系,R/Rs≈36.11a-1.94.这些结果可以用来解释光谱态的高低态的转换和截断半径的变化.并将这些结果应用到几个黑洞X射线双星XTE J118 480,GX 339-4,以及活动星系核NGC 4636中.     

一种质点系统平衡态的非线性稳定性

在具各向异性速度分布的质点系统的总能量小于零时，由大量静态维里定理构造了该系统的一个旋转椭球形平衡态。讨论该平衡态的非线性稳定性。发现在上述平衡态附近旋转随球作拟周期或近拟周期运动，尽管存在混沌运动和轨道扩散行为，但是对实际的时间尺度而言，可以认为该平衡态具有非线性稳定性。有关结果在用N-体数值模拟研究恒星系统振动行为时有一定的应用价值。     

宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源

宇宙线的起源是高能天体物理的核心问题之一.一直以来,超新星爆发被认为是能谱膝区以下宇宙线的主要来源.多波段观测表明,超新星遗迹有能力加速带电粒子至亚PeV (10~(15)eV)能量.扩散激波加速被认为是最有效的天体高能粒子加速机制之一,而超新星遗迹的大尺度激波正好为这一机制提供平台.近年来,一系列较高精度的地面和空间实验极大地推动了对宇宙线以及超新星遗迹的研究.新的观测事实挑战着传统的扩散激波加速模型以及其在银河系宇宙线超新星遗迹起源学说上的应用,深化了人们对宇宙高能现象的认识.结合超新星遗迹辐射能谱的时间演化特性,构建的时间依赖的超新星遗迹粒子加速模型,不仅能够解释200 GV附近宇宙线的能谱反常,还自然地形成能谱膝区,甚至可以将超新星遗迹粒子加速对宇宙线能谱的贡献延伸至踝区.该模型预期超新星遗迹中粒子的输运行为表现为湍流扩散,这需要未来的观测以及与粒子输运相关的等离子体数值模拟工作来进一步验证.     

多层湍流大气相位屏的数值模拟

高分辨图像重建技术可以有效消除湍流大气的影响,重建目标的接近望远镜衍射极限的图像。但是当目标的视场角比较大时,大气—望远镜综合系统不再是线性空不变的,给图像重建带来新的困难,它是大气性质中的一个重要特性,对大气相位屏的模拟应该满足这一特性。提出了一种可以模拟等晕区效应的多层大气相位屏的数值模拟方法,这种方法可以应用于等晕区对高分辨统计重建方法的影响的研究中。利用该数值模拟方法模拟了5″和8″的双星的斑点图,用斑点干涉术对模拟的双星进行了重建,并与实测的双星的斑点干涉术重建结果进行了比较。比较结果表明该数值模拟方法所产生的等晕区效应与实际的等晕区效应相似。     

活动星系核的伽玛辐射和宇宙标准烛光

编辑了一个样本,其中包括71个Gev伽玛射线噪的活动星系核(14个BL Lac天体和57个平谱射电类星体),53个FRⅠ型射电星系和63个FRⅡ型射电星系。文章采用了非线性最小二乘法来拟合这个样本。当假设Mv=-23.0时,得到一个达到最佳拟合的哈勃常数,其拟合值为H0=71.5±3.8kms-1Mpc-1。该值与通过哈勃望远镜关键计划所得到的哈勃常数值H0=71.5±8kms-1Mpc-1符合得很好。其结果表明活动星系核的Gev伽玛辐射可以被用作宇宙标准烛光。     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.