棒对星系核区恒星形成活动的影响

利用SDSS光谱,研究了IRAS卫星亮红外源星表中的盘状星系中的恒星形成性质,并着重探讨了棒对星系核区恒星形成活动的影响.利用星族合成的方法得到了每个样本星系核区的恒星组成性质、恒星形成活动的强度等信息,并比较了星系整体和核区恒星形成性质的差异.得到的结论:除去相互作用,样本中的棒星系显示出比非棒旋星系更强的核区恒星形成活动和更多的年轻星族成分.     

棒对旋涡星系中央恒星形成的作用

使用了目前最大的棒旋星系样本之一,着重于研究旋涡星系中央的比恒星形成率(sSFR)和棒结构的关系。我们用1g sSFR=-11 a~(-1)作为星系宁静态和活跃态的分界,统计对比了棒旋星系和非棒旋星系中央的sSFR,发现相对于非棒旋星系,棒旋星系处于中央宁静态的比重更大,而在中央活跃态其恒星形成活动更剧烈。为消除星系样本恒星质量差异对星系中央sSFR统计结果的影响,获得控制样本,使棒旋星系和非棒旋星系具有相同的恒星质量分布。随后发现这两类星系在中央宁静态中的统计差异消失,而在中央活跃态棒旋星系的恒星形成活动依旧相对剧烈,尤其体现在长棒星系中。这说明棒结构对旋涡星系中央的恒星形成起到促进作用,且作用效果与棒的长短相关。     

核盘晕星系相互作用的模拟研究

用一个星系相互作用数值模拟的综合三体模型，研究椭圆星系是否由盘星系合并而成，结果表明，主要取决于星系的盘面积和星系运行轨道面的夹角，如果夹角不等于零，盘星系的相互作用是可能形成椭圆星系的，否则还是盘星系。     

室女团盘星系自转向量的分布Ⅰ.室女天区310个盘星系的表

为进一步研究室女星系团盘星系自转向量的分布,本文编制了该天区有UGC发表的方位角或直径数据的310个盘星系的表(81个S0系,229个S Irr系),其中有UGC发表的方位角的星系为245个(67个S0系,178个S Irr系)。对能证认身份的所有星系的星系云,群归属均已在表中注明。本文还讨论了表列星系的一些基本统计特征,为室女团盘系自转向量分布的研究提供了迄今为止可能是最大的,3组完整的代表性样品。     

盘星系的内禀扁度研究

盘星系的内禀扁度对计算星系的空间倾角非常重要．对从LEDA数据库中选取的14988个盘星系进行内禀扁度的统计分析．研究表明，盘星系的内禀扁度与星系的形态密切相关．整体上说，透镜星系和不规则星系的内禀扁度qo大于旋涡星系，早型旋涡星系的内禀扁度qo大于晚型旋涡星系，其中Scd星系的内禀扁度qo最小．利用所得的qo-T关系，还对16个已知倾角的亮星系进行了倾角计算，发现与其他方法估计的空间倾角符合得较好．     

具局部各向同性速度分布的旋转椭球星系的长期演化

Chandrasekhar等和Sunder等讨论了具有局部各向同性速度分布的旋转椭球星系的短期（远小于哈勃时间）演化,本文运用Laskar的频率分析方法研究这种星系的长期（大于哈勃时间）演化．得到的新结论主要有：（1）这种星系存在唯一的平衡态（球对称平衡态）,它是临界线性稳定的;（2）其半轴一般在平衡态的半径邻近作拟周期或近拟周期（这种近似在远大于哈勃时间后仍可行）振动,从而是长期稳定的;（3）存在一个半轴趋于零,另一个半轴趋于有限值的情形,且一般趋于零的是对称轴的轴长（从而星系趋于扁平）,这意味着某些盘星系可能来源于具旋转棉球构形的星系前物质．     

核盘晕星系相互作用的模拟研究

用一个星系相互作用数值模拟的综合三体模型，研究椭圆星系是否由盘星系合并而成。结果表明，主要取决于星系的盘面和星系运行轨道面的夹角。如果夹角不等于零，盘星系的相互作用是可能形成椭圆星系的，否则还是盘星系。     

棒在星系恒星形成中的作用

从理论Ｎ体模拟、射电辐射、红外辐射以及统计比较等几个方面，概述了棒在星系恒星形成中的作用，并讨论了在这一问题研究中出现的互相予盾的一些结果。     

环星系的有效半径与红外总光度的相关性关系

用一个完备的带环星系样本以及它们的J,H,Ks三个波段的2MASS数据,采用考虑了多项因素的线性模型,研究带内环、外环以及伪内环这三类带环星系的共振环物理直径（D）与星系有效半径（R_e）之间的统计关系。其结果为:在带内环星系中,R_eαD^0.76±0.07;在带外环星系中,R_eαD^0.60±0.08;在伪内环星系中有R_eαD^0.75±0.08。将其与Wu在2008年得到的带环星系的星系近红外总光度(L_NIR)与D的统计关系(L_NIRαD^1.2)结合,得到带环星系L_NIR与R_e的系统关系,即L_NIRαR_e^β,对带内环、外环和伪内环的星系,β分别为1.58±0.15、2.00±0.27和1.60±0.17。这些推论和我们的直接测量结果大致相符。考虑到星系R_e与星系盘尺度（h_d）之间接近线性关系,以上结果较直接地检验了Wu在2008年得到的关于h_d与D的相关性结果,这也说明典型的带环星系的盘成分在总的动力学质量中的比例分布和盘早期温度仅有较小的系统变化。与其它关于星系的光度和尺度的经验统计关系相结合,这些结果提示带环星系的红外光度与盘尺度有与一般星系中的盘相近的统计关系。     

遥远的宇宙天体：活动星系核

我们所处的宇宙非常巨大,大得超出人们的想象能力。宇宙的基本构成单元是星系,星系的大小不同,形态各异,亮暗不一,颜色迥然。它们共同组成这个多姿多彩的宇宙。天文学家经过长期的观测和归纳,按形状将星系分为以下几类。其中一类星系看起来是一个椭圆形的弥漫天体,被称为椭圆星系（图1左上）;而有些星系是盘状结构,它们有一个明亮的核心,并从核心向外伸展出两条或多条弯曲的旋臂,看起来象一个旋涡一样,所以叫旋涡星系（图1右上）;有些旋涡星系的中心是一个明亮的棒状物,旋臂从棒的两端向外弯曲伸展出动,这类星系中棒旋星系（图1左下）。     

Galactic oscillations

A stable galaxy, if excited above its ground state, oscillates about that ground state. If it is reasonably robust, it can support oscillations of large amplitude. Normal mode oscillations, with surprisingly large amplitudes, have been seen in numerical experiments. Observational evidence shows that real galaxies also oscillate. Galaxies ring like a bell in the experiments, and ringing continues undamped long after initial transients have died out. Their total kinetic energy oscillates with an amplitude as large as 10% of the mean. A fundamental mode dominates. It is an homologous expansion/contraction of the entire galaxy (no nodes). Inward or outward velocities due to this mode are sufficiently large in the outer reaches of a galaxy to account for kinematic warps in observed velocity fields. A second spherically symmetrical mode has one node and is important near the center of the galaxy. It may be the driving force behind bulges in spiral galaxies. Two other normal modes have been identified as well. This appears to be the first experimental demonstration of normal mode oscillations within stable galaxy models.     

A catalogue and analysis of local galaxy ages and metallicities

We have assembled a catalogue of relative ages, metallicities and abundance ratios for about 150 local galaxies in field, group and cluster environments. The galaxies span morphological types from cD and ellipticals, to late-type spirals. Ages and metallicities were estimated from high-quality published spectral line indices using Worthey & Ottaviani (1997) single stellar population evolutionary models.
The identification of galaxy age as a fourth parameter in the fundamental plane ( Forbes, Ponman & Brown 1998 ) is confirmed by our larger sample of ages. We investigate trends between age and metallicity, and with other physical parameters of the galaxies, such as ellipticity, luminosity and kinematic anisotropy. We demonstrate the existence of a galaxy age–metallicity relation similar to that seen for local galactic disc stars, whereby young galaxies have high metallicity, while old galaxies span a large range in metallicities.
We also investigate the influence of environment and morphology on the galaxy age and metallicity, especially the predictions made by semi-analytic hierarchical clustering models (HCM). We confirm that non-cluster ellipticals are indeed younger on average than cluster ellipticals as predicted by the HCM models. However we also find a trend for the more luminous galaxies to have a higher [Mg/Fe] ratio than the lower luminosity galaxies, which is opposite to the expectation from HCM models.     

Galactic dynamo with helicity fluxes

We construct an approximation for the magnetic field of galaxies that takes into account the magnetic helicity conservation law. In our calculations, we use the fact that the galactic disk is fairly thin and, therefore, the magnetic field component perpendicular to the galactic disk can be neglected (the so-called no-z approximation). However, an averaging of the magnetic field over the entire galaxy, as was done in previous works, is not performed. Our results are compared both with the approximation that disregards the helicity flux and with the results obtained in models with helicity fluxes but without averaging. We show that, compared to the classical model, there are a number of new effects (for example, magnetic field oscillations) and, compared to the model with averaging, the behavior of the magnetic field “softens”: its stationary value is reached more slowly and the oscillation amplitude decreases. This is because the dissipative processes changing the magnetic field growth rate are taken into account in our model. In contrast to the model with averaging, here it becomes possible to construct the dependence of the magnetic field and helicity on the distance from the galactic center.     

Milgromian dynamics and dwarf galaxies in galactic voids

We use kinematic data of 103 dwarf galaxies, obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalog, to test the Milgromian dynamics (MOND) inside a galactic void. From this data, we compute the line-of-sight velocity dispersions of the dwarf galaxies in the frameworks of MOND and Newtonian dynamics without invoking any dark matter. The prediction for the line-of-sight velocity dispersions from MOND of 53 selected dwarf galaxies is compared with their measured values. For appropriate mass-to-light ratios in the range 1 to 5 for each individual dwarf galaxy, our results for the line-of-sight velocity dispersions predicted by MOND are more compatible with observations than those predicted by Newtonian dynamics.     

Evolution of massive binary black holes

Since many or most galaxies have central massive black holes (BHs), mergers of galaxies can form massive binary black holes (BBHs). In this paper we study the evolution of massive BBHs in realistic galaxy models, using a generalization of techniques used to study tidal disruption rates around massive BHs. The evolution of BBHs depends on BH mass ratio and host galaxy type. BBHs with very low mass ratios (say, ≲0.001) are hardly ever formed by mergers of galaxies, because the dynamical friction time-scale is too long for the smaller BH to sink into the galactic centre within a Hubble time. BBHs with moderate mass ratios are most likely to form and survive in spherical or nearly spherical galaxies and in high-luminosity or high-dispersion galaxies; they are most likely to have merged in low-dispersion galaxies (line-of-sight velocity dispersion ≲90 km s⁻¹) or in highly flattened or triaxial galaxies.
The semimajor axes and orbital periods of surviving BBHs are generally in the range  10^-3–10 pc  and  10–10⁵ yr;  they are also larger in high-dispersion galaxies than in low-dispersion galaxies, larger in nearly spherical galaxies than in highly flattened or triaxial galaxies, and larger for BBHs with equal masses than for BBHs with unequal masses. The orbital velocities of surviving BBHs are generally in the range  10²–10⁴ km s^-1  . The methods of detecting surviving BBHs are also discussed.
If no evidence of BBHs is found in AGNs, this may be either because gas plays a major role in BBH orbital decay or because nuclear activity switches on soon after a galaxy merger, and ends before the smaller BH has had time to spiral to the centre of the galaxy.     

Inferring dark halo structure from observed scaling laws of late-type galaxies and LSBs

We re-examine the Fall & Efstathiou scenario for galaxy formation, including the dark halo gravitational reaction to the formation of the baryon disc, as well as continuous variations in the intrinsic halo density profile. The recently published rotation curves of low surface brightness (LSB) and dwarf galaxies together with previously known scaling relations provide sufficient information on the present-day structure of late-type disc galaxies to invert the problem. By requiring that the models reproduce all the observational restrictions we can fully constrain the initial conditions of galaxy formation, with a minimum of assumptions, in particular without the need to specify a cold dark matter (CDM) halo profile. This allows one to solve for all the initial conditions, in terms of the halo density profile, the baryon fraction and the total angular momentum. We find that a unique initial halo shape is sufficient to accurately reproduce the rotation curves of both LSB and normal late-type spiral galaxies. This unique halo profile differs substantially from that found in standard CDM models. A galactic baryon fraction of 0.065 is found. The initial value of the dimensionless angular momentum is seen to be the principal discriminator between the galaxy classes we examine. The present-day scalings between structural parameters are seen to originate in the initial conditions.     

Oscillations In Galaxies

Oscillations in galaxies have been investigated by numerical simulations. The various models used have density distributions corresponding to that of polytrope of index n in the range 0 ≤ n ≤ 4 and their evolution has been followed for more than 70 crossing times. The kinetic energy shows regular and smooth oscillations for models with n = 0, 1 and 2 whereas in other models it shows noisy oscillation. The oscillation in kinetic energy is observed to have a period of 3 crossing time irrespective of the density and size of the galaxy. The amplitude of oscillation is seen to decrease as the central density of the galaxy increases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Numerical studies on the structure of the cosmic ray electron halo in starburst galaxies

The structure of the cosmic ray electron halo of a starburst galaxy depends strongly on the nature of galactic wind and the configuration of the magnetic field. We have investigated these dependencies by solving numerically the propagation of electrons originating in starburst galaxies, most likely in supernova remnants. The calculations are made for several models for the galactic winds and for the configuration of the magnetic fields for comparison with observations. Our simulation of a quasi-radio halo reproduces both the extended structure of ∼9 kpc and the subtle hollow structure near the polar region of the radio halo that are observed in the starburst galaxy NGC 253. These findings suggest the existence of strong galactic wind in NGC 253.      

Galactic models in the light of collision dynamics

A simple and flexible model of a spiral galaxy is developed in the light of the study of the dynamics of colliding galaxies. As such interactions are strongly characterised by the binding energy distributions of the systems involved; hence, the main criterion used in constructing the model is its compatibility with the observed shapes and intensity distribution of light of spirals. The model basically consists of thick exponential disk component and a spherical polytropic bulge component. The relevant quantities pertaining to the model, significant for dynamical studies, are computed and analysed.The study of the dynamics of colliding galaxies require galactic models with and without halos, depending upon the problem under study and the effects to be accessed. Consequently, we have preferred to tackle the problem of galactic models with massive halos separately in the next paper.     

Supermassive black holes, star formation and downsizing of elliptical galaxies

The overabundance of Mg relative to Fe, observed in the nuclei of bright ellipticals, and its increase with galactic mass, poses a serious problem for all current models of galaxy formation. Here, we improve on the one-zone chemical evolution models for elliptical galaxies by taking into account positive feedback produced in the early stages of supermassive central black hole growth. We can account for both the observed correlation and the scatter if the observed anti-hierarchical behaviour of the AGN population couples to galaxy assembly and results in an enhancement of the star formation efficiency which is proportional to galactic mass. At low and intermediate galactic masses, however, a slower mode for star formation suffices to account for the observational properties.