浅谈技术经济评价在海洋能电站项目中的应用

海洋能电站属于新兴的能源产业,具有技术复杂、系统性强等特点,为了防止盲目投资或投资不当的现象发生,文章介绍了技术经济评价方法。以潮汐电站为例,对潮汐电站的技术水平、经济效益、社会和环境效益几个方面,运用综合模糊数学方法进行评价并得出结论,为项目可行与否做出准确的判断。文章旨在为其他海洋能电站项目的综合评价提供理论和方法参考。     

政府在我国海洋能产业发展中的角色定位

海洋能产业作为一项战略性新兴产业,其发展仍受到很多因素的制约,目前我国海洋能产业总体上仍处于发展初期,需要政府的积极引导和大力扶持。文章结合我国海洋能产业发展的现状,针对海洋能产业发展中存在的问题,明确了政府在我国海洋能产业发展中的角色地位,即战略规划的设计者、产业发展的激励者、市场环境的营造者、技术创新的推进者和生态环境的监管者。政府要扮演好自己在海洋能发展中的角色,真正促进我国海洋能产业的可持续发展。     

我国海洋能产业空间布局研究

海洋能是应对全球化石能源短缺及气候变化的重要选项之一,发展前景广阔。目前我国海洋能技术取得了一定进展,但海洋能产业总体尚处于初始发展阶段。基于我国海洋能产业发展现状及存在问题,以沿海11个省(市、区)为评价单元,以海洋能资源禀赋、研发和装备制造能力、开发利用基础、规划导向、基础设施条件为主要评价指标,运用多指标综合评价法研究提出我国海洋能产业空间布局,以期为我国海洋能产业发展及政策制定提供参考。     

海洋能开发与利用综合评价方法研究

海洋能开发与利用综合评价方法研究旨在为海洋能项目的规划、建设和海洋生态保护提供决策依据。海洋能开发与利用综合评价在遵循相关原则的基础上,从技术评价、资源评价、环境影响评价、经济评价、社会影响评价和政策评价等方面分别阐述了评价的内容和方法。运用文中提供的方法可提高海洋能开发与利用综合评价的效率和质量,其评价结果可为我国海洋能产业发展提供技术保障,对大规模开发与利用海洋能具有重要意义。     

英国海洋能开发利用分析

以英国为代表的发达海洋国家非常重视海洋能在应对全球气候变化、调整能源结构、培育新兴产业中的战略地位。在积极的海洋能政策和先进的海洋能基础设施支持下,英国海洋能技术和产业发展均处于国际领先地位,文章全方位分析了英国海洋能开发利用进展,并分析了其对我国海洋能技术产业化发展的借鉴意义,建议明确海洋能中长期发展目标,制定阶段性海洋激励政策,并提升海洋能基础设施能力。     

我国海洋能开发用海现状及发展建议

近年来,我国海洋能开发蓬勃发展,海洋能发电装置用海需求稳步增加,给我国海域管理工作带来了新的内容。如何有效规范海洋能开发用海的管理程序、解决当前海洋能项目用海审批程序复杂、海域使用金不统一等问题,建立完善海洋能开发用海政策体系,统一海洋能开发用海审批的技术方法和规范,是推动我国海洋能开发利用发展的重要环节。     

构建我国海洋能技术创新体系政策框架的思考

能源转型伴随着产业结构调整,更需要能源技术创新的支撑,能源技术进步与能源转型相互促进,正在深刻改变能源发展前景和世界能源格局。为把握海洋能技术创新方向和发展趋势,文章分析国际海洋能技术发展布局,在此基础上分析我国海洋能技术创新体系政策框架,重点研究技术创新的难点。研究结果表明：我国仍须进一步完善资源勘查、基础研究和监督管理,从而形成较成熟的海洋能产业,使海洋能技术在利基市场充分发挥优势。     

我国潮流能、波浪能研究与试验和示范工程现状分析

我国海洋可再生能源正处于快速发展时期,自2010年国家设立海洋可再生能源专项资金以来,一大批的示范工程、研究与试验项目得到大力的支持与推广,形成了一批拥有自主知识产权的技术与装备。但是作为一个全新的能源领域,在项目实施过程中难免遇到一些问题,文章对2010—2011年立项的海洋能专项项目情况进行调研分析,对研究与试验项目和示范工程进行分类总结与概括,阐述当前海洋能专项项目在实施过程中的问题和不足,并对将来海洋可再生能源专项项目的发展提出一些建议。     

关于海洋能发电装置产品研发过程管理方法的研究

文章对海洋能源产业管理现状及必要性进行了阐述,分析了海洋能发电装置产品研发流程,提出了管理框架及管理方法,旨在规范海洋能发电装置设计、制造、采购、验证、评价过程,推进我国海洋能源产品的应用和转化。     

我国海洋能研究与开发述评

综述了海洋能的各种形态及开发利用原理,总结分析了我国海洋能储量分布情况与研究开发现状,并结合海洋能开发利用中存在的主要问题,提出了我国海洋能研究开发的政策建议.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

<正>~~