Insights into the complexity of crustal differentiation: K2O‐poor leucosomes within metasedimentary migmatites from the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt,South Africa

Differentiation of the continental crust is the result of complex interactions between a large number of processes, which govern partial melting of the deep crust, magma formation and segregation, and magma ascent to significantly higher crustal levels. The anatectic metasedimentary rocks exposed in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt represent an unusually well‐exposed natural laboratory where the portion of these processes that operate in the deep crust can be directly investigated in the field. The formation of these migmatites occurred via absent incongruent melting reactions involving biotite, which produced cm‐ to m‐scale, K₂O‐poor garnet‐bearing stromatic leucosomes, with high Ca/Na ratios relative to their source rocks. Field investigation combined with geochemical analyses, and phase equilibrium modelling designed to investigate some aspects of disequilibrium partial melting show that the outcrop features and compositions of the leucosomes suggest several steps in their evolution: (1) Melting of a portion of the source, with restricted plagioclase availability due to kinetic controls, to produce a magma (melt + entrained peritectic minerals in variable proportions relative to melt); (2) Segregation of the magma at near peak metamorphic conditions into melt accumulation sites (MAS), also known as future leucosome; (3a) Re‐equilibration of the magma with a portion of the bounding mafic residuum via chemical diffusion (H₂O, K₂O), which triggers the co‐precipitation of quartz and plagioclase in the MAS; (3b) Extraction of melt‐dominated magma to higher crustal levels, leaving peritectic minerals entrained from the site of the melting reaction, and the minerals precipitated in the MASs to form the leucosome in the source. The key mechanism controlling this behaviour is the kinetically induced restriction of the amount of plagioclase available to the melting reaction. This results in elevated melt H₂O and K₂O and chemical potential gradient for these components across the leucosome/mafic residuum contact. The combination of all of these processes accurately explains the composition of the K₂O‐poor leucosomes. These findings have important implications for our understanding of melt segregation in the lower crust and minimum melt residency time which, according to the chemical modelling, is <5 years. We demonstrate that in some migmatitic granulites, the leucosomes constitute a type of felsic refractory residuum, rather than evidence of failed magma extraction. This provides a new insight into the ways that source heterogeneity may control anatexis.     

LA-ICPMS U-Pb Ages of Zircon from Metaleucosomes, Olongbuluke Microcontinent, North Qaidam, and Implications on the Response to the Global Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly Event in NW China

INTRODUCTION The Olongbuluke microcontinent , which wasdisintegratedfromthe northern margin of the Qaidamblock (Lu,2002) ,is composed of a two-fold base-ment with cover strata . The lower basement is themedium- to high-grade Delingha complex and theDakendaban Group, and the upper is the low-gradeWandonggou Group. The Wandonggou Group of theupper basement experienced a Late Mesoproterozoicmetamorphic event (see Yu et al .,1994) ,consistentwith the early isotopic geochronological respo…     

The processes that control leucosome compositions in metasedimentary granulites: perspectives from the Southern Marginal Zone migmatites,Limpopo Belt,South Africa

Anatexis of metapelitic rocks at the Bandelierkop Quarry (BQ) locality in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt occurred via muscovite and biotite breakdown reactions which, in order of increasing temperature, can be modelled as: (1) Muscovite + quartz + plagioclase = sillimanite + melt; (2) Biotite + sillimanite + quartz + plagioclase = garnet + melt; (3) Biotite + quartz + plagioclase = orthopyroxene ± cordierite ± garnet + melt. Reactions 1 and 2 produced stromatic leucosomes, which underwent solid‐state deformation before the formation of undeformed nebulitic leucosomes by reaction 3. The zircon U–Pb ages for both leucosomes are within error identical. Thus, the melt or magma formed by the first two reactions segregated and formed mechanically solid stromatic veins whilst temperature was increasing. As might be predicted from the deformational history and sequence of melting reactions, the compositions of the stromatic leucosomes depart markedly from those of melts from metapelitic sources. Despite having similar Si contents to melts, the leucosomes are strongly K‐depleted, have Ca:Na ratios similar to the residua from which their magmas segregated and are characterized by a strong positive Eu anomaly, whilst the associated residua has no pronounced Eu anomaly. In addition, within the leucosomes and their wall rocks, peritectic garnet and orthopyroxene are very well preserved. This collective evidence suggests that melt loss from the stromatic leucosome structures whilst the rocks were still undergoing heating is the dominant process that shaped the chemistry of these leucosomes and produced solid leucosomes. Two alternative scenarios are evaluated as generalized petrogenetic models for producing Si‐rich, yet markedly K‐depleted and Ca‐enriched leucosomes from metapelitic sources. The first process involves the mechanical concentration of entrained peritectic plagioclase and garnet in the leucosomes. In this scenario, the volume of quartz in the leucosome must reflect the remaining melt fraction with resultant positive correlation between Si and K in the leucosomes. No such correlation exists in the BQ leucosomes and in similar leucosomes from elsewhere. Consequently, we suggest disequilibrium congruent melting of plagioclase in the source and consequential crystallization of peritectic plagioclase in the melt transfer and accumulation structures rather than at the sites of biotite melting. This induces co‐precipitation of quartz in the structures by increasing SiO₂ content of the melt. This process is characterized by an absence of plagioclase‐induced fractionation of Eu on melting, and the formation of Eu‐enriched, quartz + plagioclase + garnet leucosomes. From these findings, we argue that melt leaves the source rapidly and that the leucosomes form incrementally as melt or magma leaving the source dumps its disequilibrium Ca load, as well as quartz and entrained ferromagnesian peritectic minerals, in sites of magma accumulation and escape. This is consistent with evidence from S‐type granites suggesting rapid magma transfer from source to high level plutons. These findings also suggest that leucosomes of this type should be regarded as constituting part of the residuum from partial melting.     

胶南新元古代花岗片麻岩中淡色脉体的锆石年代学和稀土元素研究

苏鲁造山带中出露了大面积的新元古代花岗片麻岩,这些花岗片麻岩中赋存规模不等、形态各异的变质岩包体,已有资料表明它们均受到印支期高压─超高压变质作用的强烈影响。在花岗片麻岩及包体中经常可见以白色为主的长英质淡色脉体,脉体通常较窄,宽度多在1厘米以内,少数可达几个厘米,它们一般随片麻理方向延展,亦可见切穿片麻理的淡色脉,通常认为这类淡色脉体是母岩部分熔融的产物。作者等对出露于山东诸城市石河头乡新元古代花岗片麻岩中淡色脉体的锆石年代学及地球化学进行了探索性研究,取得了宝贵的地质信息。研究结果表明,淡色脉体中锆石SHRIMP法U Pb年龄为(147.6±2.5)Ma,同时锆石具有高铀、极低钍和重稀土富集等特征。文中在简略介绍地质背景的基础上,着重对淡色脉体中锆石的特征、锆石微区年龄和REE测定结果的地质意义进行了讨论。     

高喜马拉雅混合岩特征及其成因

混合岩是深熔作用的存在标志,对研究中下地壳深熔作用机制、地壳流变以及造山带演化和花岗岩的成因具有重要意义.文中对西藏林芝地区和聂拉木地区的混合岩进行了详细的岩相学、岩石学和地球化学特征的研究.岩相学特征显示,研究区的混合岩可划分为浅色体、中色体和暗色体3个基本组成部分.对三者切割分离,分别进行了主量元素和稀土元素的分析.结果表明:浅色体由迁移的熔体结晶形成;中色体可以是未发生熔融的原岩,也可以经由未发生迁移的熔体与熔融残留体反应形成;暗色体是由迁移汇集后的熔体与中色体反应形成.由于聚集的熔体可以为暗色矿物的结晶提供良好的结晶空间和物质来源,因此暗色体多数以窄条带产出于浅色体边缘.浅色体和暗色体通常具有岩浆岩的结构,矿物粒径粗大且分布不具有定向性,这是其区别于中色体的重要特征.浅色体显示出明显Eu正异常,暗示长石大量参与了部分熔融过程,并且初始熔体在近源区的冷凝过程中长石优先结晶.浅色花岗岩的Eu负异常可能与熔体在源区的长石结晶有关.退变质反应有可能使部分熔融反应形成的矿物完全消失,因此不宜将反应矿物存在与否作为发生过脱水熔融的判别标准.     

山东半岛高压麻粒岩中花岗质浅色脉体的成因

山东半岛早前寒武纪变质基底部分熔融现象十分发育,常见新生的花岗质浅色脉体呈形态各异的网脉状、细脉状、不规则的透镜状、雾迷状分布于高压基性麻粒岩中。锆石中矿物包体的激光拉曼鉴定、阴极发光图像分析、锆石原位LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年以及稀土元素、微量元素分析的综合研究结果表明,山东半岛早前寒武纪变质基底在麻粒岩相变质作用的同时伴随着明显的部分熔融作用。花岗质浅色脉体中的锆石具有完好的自形晶形态,矿物包体主要为石英(Qtz)+钾长石(Kfs)+斜长石(Pl)±磷灰石(Ap),与花岗质脉体矿物组成完全一致,相应的阴极发光图像自核部到边部均显示明显的岩浆结晶环带。这些新生锆石U含量变化较大(31×10-6～779×10-6)、Th含量(0.03×10-6～1.3×10-6)和相应的Th/U比值(<0.0081)异常偏低,其稀土元素配分模式具有重稀土HREE相对平坦、中等-强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.13～0.65)和显著的正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=11～32)的特点。新生锆石的上述性质与世界典型地区混合岩中深熔锆石的特征十分相似,充分表明研究区花岗质浅色脉体中的锆石为深熔成因。野外及室内系统的岩相学观察发现,花岗质浅色脉体的寄主岩石——高压基性麻粒岩并未显示含水矿物脱水(如角闪石)熔融和长英质矿物部分熔融的证据,而其围岩如孔兹岩系则保存含水矿物(如黑云母)脱水熔融和长英质矿物部分熔融的确凿证据。此外,高压基性麻粒岩中的花岗质浅色脉体集中分布于构造变形相对较强、破碎较明显的部位。由此可见,高压麻粒岩中的花岗质浅色脉体不是寄主岩石深熔作用的产物,而更有可能来源于围岩变质表壳岩(如孔兹岩系)的部分熔融。深熔锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果表明,四十个相同性质锆石微区记录了十分一致的207Pb/206Pb年龄,集中变化于1870±11Ma至1843±20Ma(2σ)之间,加权平均年龄为1859.6±2.2Ma(MSWD=0.74),应代表研究区早前寒武纪变质基底的深熔时代。该组年龄比研究区变质杂岩峰期高压麻粒岩相变质时代(1900～1866Ma)明显偏新,而与峰后近等温减压中-低压麻粒岩相退变质时代(1855～1830Ma)大致相当,表明研究区深熔作用与碰撞造山带构造"热"抬升减压过程存在密切的成因关系。区域强烈的深熔事件是导致高压麻粒岩相岩石发生明显退变的主要控制因素之一。     

河北阜平杂岩长英质片麻岩中一些浅色体的地球化学性质及其地质意义

阜平杂岩中的浅色体主要分为2种类型,早期浅色体基本沿片麻理分布,较富钾长石（微斜长石）、石英,贫斜长石,形成于低水深熔或压溶条件下,水含量较低,局部脱水但尚未达到整体脱水的程度;晚期浅色体切割现有的片麻理,较富斜长石、石英,贫钾长石,形成于有水熔融条件下,平阳奥长花岗岩的出现即与晚期浅色体相对应。南营片麻岩、南营浅色花岗片麻岩的地球化学性质与其他片麻岩具有明显的不一致性。浅色体的稀土元素配分型式较复杂,根据对元素相对富集或亏损的分析得知,大多数浅色体的形成受围岩成分的控制,从早期浅色体向晚期浅色体发展,稀土元素含量向LREE相对亏损、HREE相对富集的方向转化,某些微量元素有明显的继承性。与地球化学特征相比,矿物组合的确定对浅色体阶段的归属判定更为重要。阜平杂岩变质演化不是简单的进变质脱水反应,其水分含量的变化十分复杂,对其深入研究有助于更好地了解该区地质和构造的演化过程。     

Structural,petrological and chemical analysis of syn‐kinematic migmatites: insights from the Western Gneiss Region,Norway

Evidence of melting is presented from the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) in the core of the Caledonian orogen, Western Norway and the dynamic significance of melting for the evolution of orogens is evaluated. Multiphase inclusions in garnet that comprise plagioclase, potassic feldspar and biotite are interpreted to be formed from melt trapped during garnet growth in the eclogite facies. The multiphase inclusions are associated with rocks that preserve macroscopic evidence of melting, such as segregations in mafic rocks, leucosomes and pegmatites hosted in mafic rocks and in gneisses. Based on field studies, these lithologies are found in three structural positions: (i) as zoned segregations found in high‐P (ultra)mafic bodies; (ii) as leucosomes along amphibolite facies foliation and in a variety of discordant structures in gneiss; and (iii) as undeformed pegmatites cutting the main Caledonian structures. Segregations post‐date the eclogite facies foliation and pre‐date the amphibolite facies deformation, whereas leucosomes are contemporaneous with the amphibolite facies deformation, and undeformed pegmatites are post‐kinematic and were formed at the end of the deformation history. The geochemistry of the segregations, leucosomes and pegmatites in the WGR defines two trends, which correlate with the mafic or felsic nature of the host rocks. The first trend with Ca‐poor compositions represents leucosome and pegmatite hosted in felsic gneiss, whereas the second group with K‐poor compositions corresponds to segregation hosted in (ultra)mafic rocks. These trends suggest partial melting of two separate sources: the felsic gneisses and also the included mafic eclogites. The REE patterns of the samples allow distinction between melt compositions, fractionated liquids and cumulates. Melting began at high pressure and affected most lithologies in the WGR before or during their retrogression in the amphibolite facies. During this stage, the presence of melt may have acted as a weakening mechanism that enabled decoupling of the exhuming crust around the peak pressure conditions triggering exhumation of the upward‐buoyant crust. Partial melting of both felsic and mafic sources at temperatures below 800 °C implies the presence of an H₂O‐rich fluid phase at great depth to facilitate H₂O‐present partial melting.     

Temporal and compositional differences between subsolidus and anatectic migmatite leucosomes from the Quetico metasedimentary belt, Canada

Abstract Migmatites in the Quetico Metasedimentary Belt contain two types of leucosome: (1) Layer-parallel leucosomes that grew during deformation and prograde metamorphism. These are enriched in SiO₂, Sr, and Eu, but depleted in TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MgO, Cs, Rb, REE, Sc, Th, Zr, and Hf relative to the Quetico metasediments. (2) Discordant leucosomes that formed after the regional folding events when metamorphic temperatures were at their peak. These are enriched in Rb, Ba, Sr and Eu, but display a wide range of LREE, Th, Zr, and Hf contents relative to the Quetico metasediments.
Layer-parallel leucosomes formed by a subsolidus process termed tectonic segregation. This stress-induced mass transfer process began when the Quetico sediments were deformed during burial, and continued whilst the rocks were both stressed and heterogeneous. Subsolidus leucosome compositions are consistent with the mobilization of quartz and feldspar from the host rocks by pressure solution. The discordant leucosomes formed by partial melting of the Quetico metasediments, possibly during uplift of the belt. The range of composition displayed by the anatectic leucosomes arises from crystal fractionation during leucosome emplacement. Some anatectic leucosomes preserve primary melt compositions and have smooth REE patterns, but those with negative Eu anomalies represent fractionated melts, and others with positive Eu anomalies represent accumulations of feldspar plus trapped melt.     

粤西云炉地区混合岩的成因研究

在两广交界的云开大山加里东造山带中，从广东高州新垌向云炉方向依次发育部分混合岩化岩石、条带状混合岩、眼球条带状混合岩及片麻状混合岩等混合岩带。笔者通过对混合岩进行质量平衡计算，结构系统统计分析、矿物学、地球化学及云炉地区变质前景的研究，确定该区混合岩的主要形成机制为深溶作用。在深溶作用过程中，没有显著的钾、钠、硅等外来组分的带入和钙、铁、镁等组分的带出。