河南省黄淮气旋暴雨的天气特征及个例诊断

通过对1990-2001年6-8月影响河南省的18个黄淮气旋暴雨个例进行统计得知:影响河南省的黄淮气旋暴雨6月最多,7月次之,8月最少。黄淮气旋暴雨产生有两个源地,一个在河南省三花间略偏南一带,另一个在河南省南部和湖北的交界处,气旋的形成与两地向东开口的喇叭口地形有关。黄淮气旋暴雨发生前24-12 h,地面图上影响系统可分为西路冷空气影响型和倒槽顶部发展型两种;高空图上,河南多受高压脊控制,700 hPa影响系统有"人"字型切变和低槽型两种,但与地面影响系统没有直接对应关系。为了进一步揭示黄淮气旋暴雨的发生机理,利用NCEP再分析资料,对2007年7月12-15日黄淮气旋引发的暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:黄淮气旋暴雨的发生、发展是大气斜压性强烈发展的结果,500 hPa高空急流和700 hPa低涡的移动方向对地面气旋的移动有引导作用。     

Avalanche Climatology of the Western United States,with an Emphasis on Alta,Utah*

Climate and snowpack characteristics of avalanches vary spatially across the western United States, distinguishing three regions. The coastal mountain renges have warmer, denser snow; interior (continental) ranges have colder, less-dense snow; and intermountain ranges have intermediate characteristics. Avalanche character of Alta, Utah, is related to eastern Pacific 700-mb height anomalies for December, January, and March, but not for February. Avalanche conditions around Alta do not always relate to localized pressure gradient winds for December and February.     

High resolution velocity analysis of ocean bottom seismometer data by theτ-p method

A method of high resolution seismic velocity analysis for ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records is applied to the study of the shallow oceanic crust, especially sedimentary and basement layers. This method is based on the direct700/xxlarge964.gif" alt="tau" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-p mapping and the700/xxlarge964.gif" alt="tau" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-sum inversion. We use data obtained from a 1989 airgun-OBS experiment in the northern Yamato Basin, Japan Sea and derive P- and S-wave velocity functions that can be compared with the seismic reflection profiles. Using split-spread profile records, we obtain interface dips and true interval velocities from the OBS data. These results show good agreement with the reflection profile records, the acoustic velocities of core samples, and sonic log profiles. We also present a method for estimating errors in the derived velocity functions by calculating covariance of the derived layers' thicknesses. The estimated depth errors are about 150 m at shallow depths, which is close to the seismic wavelength used. The high resolution of this method relies on accurate determination of shot positions by GPS, spatially dense seismic observations, and the use of unsaturated reflected waves arriving after the direct water wave that are observed on low-gain component records.     

A study of the empirical functions of the height fields over India and their relation with the rainfall

The empirical orthogonal functions have been obtained for the individual summer monsoon (June through September) months using the grid point values of monthly 700 mb geopotential heights over Indian region. The data for 21 summer monsoon months for the years 1958 to 1978 have been used in the present computation. The major variance reduction is due to the first three dominant functions accounting over 80% of the total variance in each month. The variance reduction only due to the first function ranges from 45 to 65%. The first function has in-pbase oscillation throughout the area indicating that the area under study is homogeneous and the centre of the oscillation lies over northwest India. The amplitudes of the first function also show generally quasipers stence in their sign within a season. The second function has two centres of action over the region of monsoon trough which are in phase. The third function has also two centres oriented in the east-west direction but they are in the opposite phase. Fairly large values of correlation coefficients between the patterns of the different monsoon months suggest that the patterns for these months corresponding to the first and the second functions respectively are quite similar. The patterns for these months also evolve with time in a related way. The spectrum analysis to the time series of amplitudes indicates the presence of the quasi-periodicity of 3 years during these monsoon months. The amplitudes corresponding to the dominant functions are found to be significantly related with the rainfall of central and western parts of India     

浙江省２月份连续降雹过程诊断

利用NCEP再分析资料、MICAPS常规资料、雷达产品等资料对浙江省2009年2月23—26日连续降雹天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次连续降雹过程降雹区均出现在高低空急流轴交叉点南侧约1个纬度,底层辐合区;850 hPa较强的水汽辐合和湿舌为此次降对流过程提供了充沛的水汽条件,上干下湿结构使对流性不稳定增强,逆温层存在使大量不稳定能量储积起来,底层冷空气渗透触发强对流发生;Ic500-700指数对此次降雹过程有较好指示意义;2月份冰雹雷达回波特征有别于春、夏季冰雹回波特征,冬末春初冷空气势力仍较强,对流强度偏弱,回波顶高偏低,其三体散射特征不明显,VIL值较小。     

低空急流在一次持续性暴雨过程中的作用

本文利用常规高空观测、地面加密自动站和NCEP再分析资料,对2012年8月30日～9月1日发生在四川盆地东部的一次持续性暴雨过程进行了分析.结果表明,过程期间低层西南风风速和雨强具有明显的日变化特征,低层西南风风速变化表明西南低空急流具有日变化特征;低空急流的日变化使得其对暴雨区的水汽、热力和动力条件的输送也具有日变化,从而造成暴雨过程期间雨强在夜间增强白天减弱;低空急流及其输送的水汽、热力和动力条件主要位于700hPa层附近.     

2012年早春河南一次高架雷暴天气成因分析

利用常规观测、新一代天气雷达、雷电定位监测和1°×1°NCEP分析资料对2012年早春河南一次伴有多种天气现象的高架雷暴(elevated convection)成因进行了天气学分析,建立了高架雷暴天气的流型配置模型。结果表明:(1)本次高架雷暴发生在中纬度暖性低槽发展东移的环流形势下,边界层顶以上近中性条件不稳定性层结(偏向于很弱的条件不稳定)在高空槽前正涡度平流和低层暖湿平流的强迫作用下,使得700 hPa以上出现较大范围的较强上升运动,地面冷高压后部偏东气流对高架对流的产生具有冷垫作用。(2)出现高架雷暴的大气低层存在较强的逆温层,700 hPa暖温度脊前的西南暖湿低空急流为高架雷暴的产生提供了充足的水汽和能量,并使低层逆温层顶以上出现弱条件不稳定层结和较高的露点,两者结合导致弱的最不稳定对流有效位能MUCAPE,其值在10~50 J·kg~(-1)之间,高架对流是由逆温层顶附近及其以上的暖湿气块被抬升而造成的,对应1.0~3.0 m·s~(-1)的雷暴内最大上升气流。(3)此次高架雷暴发生在强斜压环境中,有较强的动力不稳定,中低层0~6 km和0~3 km垂直风切变值分别为(3.0~3.7)×10~(-3)和(5.0~5.3)×10~(-3)s~(-1)。(4)本次过程-10℃、-20℃层高度分别在5、6.5 km,弱对流云顶高度多在6~8 km或以上,超过了冻结层高度,易导致雷电发生。(5)从流型配置模型看,高空暖性低槽、中高层强烈发展的温度脊、700 hPa强西南暖湿低空急流和边界层冷中心、冷温度槽、地面冷高压等是值得关注的影响系统,当这些天气系统有利配置时,应注意低层逆温层、中层弱条件不稳定层结的建立以及高架雷暴发生的可能性。     

华东高温期的大气环流特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和地面气象站点资料,对1951—2005年华东高温日数较多（少）月和高温过程各阶段的500 hPa位势高度、850 hPa温度和相对湿度及700 hPa垂直速度的环流特征进行对比分析。结果表明：在高温日数较多月,副高西伸,850 hPa温度较高而相对湿度较低,华东中南部下沉气流明显,华东多为位势高度、温度和垂直速度正距平及相对湿度负距平;而在高温日数较少月,副高东退,850 hPa温度较低而相对湿度较高,整个华东为上升气流,并为位势高度、温度和垂直速度负距平及相对湿度正距平。与高温前期和衰退期相比,高温盛期副高北抬西进,华东850 hPa温度较高而相对湿度较低,华东南部下沉气流强盛,各要素距平值增加,多数要素距平中心移向华东或其周边。高温间断期则比盛期各要素距平减弱。大气环流要素场及其距平场的变动可以作为预报华东7—8月高温日数多寡和高温进程的参考依据。     

宁镇及宜溧地区全新世中晚期典型沉积相与5700a B.P.前后的气候突变事件

分析宁镇及宜溧地区中晚全新世典型剖面的地层划分与特征,采用R-Q型因子分析方法估算气候变化值,揭示5700a B.P.前后发生在本区的干燥降温异常气候突变事件。气候曲线与沉积相序列的对比分析表明,宝华山浅棕黄色砂土夹角砾层洪-坡积相是该突变事件背景下的产物,且该突变事件还具有全球变化区域响应的征候,林峰桥同期淤泥质层中Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺比和粘土百分含量异常值进一步印证了这一论断。     

Relationship analysis between September precipitation in western China and 700 hPa wind field in East Asia

The regional wind index influencing September precipitation in western China has been defined using the 700 hPa u and v components of NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data of 1961 to 2006. There are three regional wind field indices: southwest, southeast, and north, and these indices reflect the change of East Asian monsoon. The relationship between the indices was studied, and results show that they not only have a close relationship, but also have independence. Moreover, there is an obvious relationship between the wind indices and the autumn in particular the September precipitation in western China. The effect of wind indices on rain occurrence is most different: the influenced area of the southwest wind index is larger than that of the southeast wind index, and the southwest wind index is a controlling factor on autumn precipitation in western China. The weakening of southwest wind is the main cause resulting in reduction of autumn precipitation on the east side of the Tibetan Plateau.