贡嘎山东坡亚高山不同林地土壤水分特性与生态环境效应

森林土壤水分特性，包括水分的渗透与蒸发、保持与贮存等对森林生态环境都有重要意义。本文研究了长江上游贡嘎山亚高山不同森林类型土壤的水分特征及其生态环境作用，结果表明：成熟林、过熟林土壤在储水、渗透、容水、蒸发和持水特性等多数方面利于保持和改善生态环境，次生或林分单一森林类型次之，林木皆伐后最差。研究区以成熟林和过熟林为主，生态环境保护较好。尽管该区与长江上游其它地区一样同具自然地理条件差、生态环境脆弱的特征，但由于该区森林植被和环境得到了有效保护，土壤水分特性好，促进了森林生态系统的良性循环，生态环境问题得到进一步改善。     

苏北地区代表性森林土壤理化特性的比较研究

在苏北地区5种代表性森林植被下设置样地,进行植被因子调查及土壤理化特性分析。结果表明:不同植被类型林下土壤硬度的平均值变化范围在11.86(±3.59)~18.57(±10.26)kg/cm2、土壤有机质平均含量为1.89(±0.27)%~2.36(±0.08)%;常绿针叶林下土壤的平均容重、粘粒组成、田间持水量等指标均小于落叶阔叶林,并且该林下样地的土壤养分含量及pH值也低于落叶阔叶林下的土壤;常绿针叶林下土壤通透性及保肥能力较好,落叶阔叶林尤其是刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林下土壤有机质、氮、磷等养分含量相对较高,供肥能力较强。     

高频观测的土壤异养呼吸昼夜变化

正森林土壤是陆地生态系统土壤中最大的碳库,约占全球土壤碳库的3/4,在全球C循环中起至关重要作用[1]。土壤异养呼吸(Heterotrophic respiration,Rh)是森林生态系统土壤碳库损失的主要途径。土壤异养呼吸是指土壤在微生物参与下的矿化过程,主要包括根际微生物呼吸、矿质土壤呼吸(无根土壤)和枯枝落叶层呼吸,由于土壤动物呼吸量不大,因此森林生态系统的异养呼吸主要表现为矿质土壤呼吸[2-4]。土壤异养呼吸具有高度的空间变异性,在全球范围内,异养呼吸所占总呼吸的比例为7%~83%,其中在热带和温带(30%~83%)森林生态系统中所占比例高于寒带地区(7%~     

大兴安岭呼玛河流域多年冻土区森林土壤有机碳和有效氮分布特征及影响因素北大核心CSCD

多年冻土区土壤碳、氮的可变性及对深层土壤特性了解的缺乏限制了人们对气候变化响应的理解。为明确东北大兴安岭多年冻土区森林土壤有机碳、有效氮(铵态氮、硝态氮)含量分布特征,于2020年秋季(9月末)采集呼玛河流域三种类型多年冻土区(不连续多年冻土区、零星多年冻土区和岛状多年冻土区)16个1 m深的土壤剖面,基于结构方程模型探讨海拔、气候、冻土区类型和植被类型等环境变量对森林土壤有机碳和有效氮含量的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳和硝态氮含量在不连续多年冻土区高于零星多年冻土区和岛状多年冻土区,土壤铵态氮含量在零星多年冻土区高于岛状多年冻土区和不连续多年冻土区;在垂直剖面上,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机碳和有效氮含量呈降低趋势,且土壤有机碳与有效氮之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05)。结构方程模型表明,植被类型和年平均温度是土壤有机碳含量变化的主要控制因素,年均降水量对土壤有机碳含量变化的影响最弱;冻土区类型和植被类型是土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化的主要控制因素。研究结果能够为未来准确模拟和估算呼玛河流域多年冻土区森林土壤碳氮储量提供一定的数据支撑。     

帽峰山地区典型小流域主要森林类型土壤渗透性

采集帽峰山地区典型小流域主要林地类型(青冈林、毛竹林、凤尾竹林、桉树林)原状土样进行土壤剖面(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm)渗透系数及其相关因子的实验研究,结果表明:各种林地类型土壤渗透系数在剖面上均表现出从上到下递减的特点,毛竹、青冈、凤尾竹、桉树林的土壤剖面渗透系数变化范围分别为13.64~4.91、10.49~3.63、8.16~2.96、7.92~3.71 m/d。由于20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层渗透系数差异性相对较小,土壤渗透性剖面可简化为上、下两个亚层,上部亚层渗透系数是下部亚层的1.89~2.42倍。各种林地类型土壤渗透系数与孔隙度、根密度呈正相关,与干容重呈负相关,与根径关系相关性方向具有不确定性。不同林地类型土壤渗透系数与干容重、根密度、根径之间的相关程度存在较大差异,但均表现出与孔隙度之间存在良好相关性。     

Soil acidification stimulates the emission of ethylene from temperate forest soils

Soil acidification via acid precipitation is recognized to have detrimental impacts on forest ecosystems, which is in part associated with the function of ethylene released from the soil. However, the impacts of acidification on the cycling of ethylene in forest soils have not been fully taken into consideration in global change studies. Forest topsoils (0--5 cm) under four temperate forest stands were sampled to study the effects of a pH change on the emissions of ethylene and carbon dioxide from the soils and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released into the soils. Increasing acidification or alkalinization of forest soils could increase concentrations of DOC released into the soils under anoxic and oxic conditions. The ethylene emission from these forest topsoils could significantly increase with a decreasing pH, when the soils were acidified experimentally to a pH<4.0, and it increased with an increasing concentration of DOC released into the soils, which was different from the carbon dioxide emission from the soils. Hence, the short-term stimulating responses of ethylene emission to a decreasing pH in such forest soils resulted from the increase in the DOC concentration due to acidification rather than carbon mineralization. The results would promote one to study the effects of soil acidification on the cycling of ethylene under different forest stands, particularly under degraded forest stands with heavy acid depositions.     

南亚热带森林土壤CO_2排放的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应

应用静态箱／气象色谱法对南亚热带3种森林土壤地表CO2排放通量的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应规律进行了2年的连续观测,结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松针叶林(S L)CO2年排放总量分别为3942．2,3422．36和2163．02 gCO2．m-2·a-1,并且3种林分具有相同的季节性变化特征,排放高峰均出现在6～8月,这期间的土壤CO2排放量占全年排放总量的35．9％,38．1％和40．2％:不同森林土壤CO2排放过程对环境变化的响应有明显差异,具体体现在针叶林(PF)对温度变化的响应较阔叶林(BF)和混交林(MF)敏感,Q10值较大,而且CO2排放通量的季节变化幅度较大,表明结构单一的森林生态系统抗干扰能力较差;3种森林土壤CO2排放通量与土壤温度(Ts)、土壤含水量(Ms)和空气压力(Pa)均呈显著相关;但多元回归分析表明,空气压力对森林土壤CO2排放通量的影响并不显著;基于经验模型,以土壤5 cm处温度和土壤含水量两个指标可以分别说明阔叶林、混交林和针叶林土壤CO2排放通量变异的75．7％,77．8％和86．5％,该模型可以较好地描述受水分胁迫的土壤或干旱或半干旱土壤CO2的排放过程．     

南亚热带森林土壤CO2排放的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应

应用静态箱／气象色谱法对南亚热带3种森林土壤地表CO₂排放通量的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应规律进行了2年的连续观测,结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松针叶林(S+L)CO₂年排放总量分别为3942．2,3422．36和2163．02 gCO₂．m^-2·a^-1,并且3种林分具有相同的季节性变化特征,排放高峰均出现在6～8月,这期间的土壤CO₂排放量占全年排放总量的35．9％,38．1％和40．2％:不同森林土壤CO₂排放过程对环境变化的响应有明显差异,具体体现在针叶林(PF)对温度变化的响应较阔叶林(BF)和混交林(MF)敏感,Q10值较大,而且CO₂排放通量的季节变化幅度较大,表明结构单一的森林生态系统抗干扰能力较差;3种森林土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(Ts)、土壤含水量(Ms)和空气压力(Pa)均呈显著相关;但多元回归分析表明,空气压力对森林土壤CO₂排放通量的影响并不显著;基于经验模型,以土壤5 cm处温度和土壤含水量两个指标可以分别说明阔叶林、混交林和针叶林土壤CO₂排放通量变异的75．7％,77．8％和86．5％,该模型可以较好地描述受水分胁迫的土壤或干旱或半干旱土壤CO₂的排放过程．     

森林土壤微生物与植物碳源的磷脂脂肪酸及其单体同位素研究

森林生态系统的土壤微生物群落组成和活性,是影响生物地球化学循环、有机质代谢和土壤质量的关键因素.磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)是一类可有效表征活体微生物群落结构的生物标志物,而其单体稳定碳同位素(δ13C)水平对土壤微生物植物碳代谢具有独特的指示作用.本次研究以土壤PLFA为对象,分析了我国位处纬度梯度带上(24°N～47°N...     

Soil loss and displacement by heavy equipment in forest road subgrading projects

Forest soil is an important component of the natural environment, and is a primary medium for many biological activities. In this study, soil loss and displacement by excavator and bulldozer （heavy equipments） were measured on cut and fills slopes of forest roads located in Mazandaran province, lran. The volumes of soil losses were estimated by prismoidal analyses of cut and fill slopes deformation between two time treatments （under subgrading and two years later） in slope classes of 30-50% and 50-70%. Weights of soil losses were calculated by multiplying the volumes of soil losses （cm^3） to the general bulk density （1.3g/cm^3）. Soil displaced area by heavy equipment was evaluated according to earth working width. Results indicated that heavy equipment has significant effect on deformation of cut slope gradient and fill slope length （p〈0.0001）. During the two-year period, the cut （p〈0.0002） and fill （p〈0.0001） slope gradients were significantly deformed in different slope classes. The average soil loss by excavator and bulldozer were 160.35 t/ha·yr and 429.09 t/ha·yr, respectively. Moreover, the soil displaced area during the subgrading process by bulldozer was greater than excavator in both two slope classes （p〈0.05）. Soil loss and displacement in forest roads can be rednced by applying powerful excavators in subgrading project, especially in steep terrains.