Effects of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)

Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m~2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m~2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.     

CIPW标准矿物计算法应用时存在问题的探讨

CIPW法是当今最广泛应用的岩石化学计算法之一,其目的在于提供模拟矿物成分和相对数量,为岩石正确命名提供依据.作者在应用CIPW法过程中,发现不同教科书上的计算原理及方法存在差异,给实际应用造成不便;本文就斜长石牌号的计算方法、CIPW计算原理以及钠长石分配方法等问题进行了探讨.     

WBSA-A型宽频带伺服加速度计

现代地震学和测震学的发展要求拾震器具有频带宽、动态范围大、稳定性好的性能和指标。因为地震波频谱的范围很宽:约从千分之几到几十赫甚至还高。而振幅范围也很大:从毫微米至米。为了这一需要,我们设     

Influence of stocking density on growth,body composition and energy budget of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in recirculating aquaculture systems

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were reared at four stocking densities—high density D 1(final density ~39 kg/m 3), medium densities D 2(~29 kg/m 3) and D 3(~19 kg/m 3), and low density D 4(~12 kg/m 3)—for 40 days to investigate the effect of stocking density on their growth performance, body composition and energy budgets. Stocking density did not significantly affect specific growth rate in terms of weight(SGR w) but did affect specific growth rate in terms of energy(SGR e). Stocking density significantly influenced the ration level(RL w and RL e), feed conversion ratio(FCR w and FCR e) and apparent digestibility rate(ADR). Ration level and FCR w tended to increase with increasing density. Fish at the highest density D 1 and lowest density D 4 showed lower FCR e and higher ADR than at medium densities. Stocking density significantly affected protein and energy contents of the body but did not affect its moisture, lipid, or ash contents. The expenditure of energy for metabolism in the low-density and high-density groups was lower than that in the medium-density groups. Stocking density affected energy utilization from the feces but had no effect on excretion rate. The greater energy allocation to growth at high density and low density may be attributed to reduced metabolic rate and increased apparent digestibility rate. These findings provide information that will assist selection of suitable stocking densities in the Atlantic-salmon-farming industry.     

养殖密度对循环水系统中大菱鲆生长和蛋白质代谢的影响

在工厂化循环水养殖系统中,将初始体质量为186 g±2.0 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)放养于低(9.4 kg/m~2±0.2 kg/m~2)、中(13.6 kg/m~2±0.8 kg/m~2)、高(19.1 kg/m~2±1.3 kg/m~2)3个养殖密度,以研究不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长、消化酶和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖120 d后,低、中、高试验组养殖密度分别增长至26.1 kg/m~2±1.2 kg/m~2、38.2 kg/m~2±2.5 kg/m~2、52.3 kg/m~2±3.6 kg/m~2。结果表明:低密度组和中密度组中大菱鲆增质量率、特定生长率、肥满度和蛋白质效率均显著(P0.05)高于高密度组;而饲料系数显著低于高密度组(P0.05)。低密度组和中密度组大菱鲆总蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力显著低于高密度组(P0.05);但脂肪酶活力在3个密度组之间无显著性差异。与低密度组相比,高密度组显著提高了谷氨酸脱氢酶活力,同时降低了谷草转氨酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活力(P0.05),而对谷丙转氨酶活力无任何影响。综上所述,在工厂化循环水系统中,增加养殖密度能提高养殖的产量,但过高的养殖密度会对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力以及蛋白质代谢产生不利的影响。     

Effects of feeding and stocking density on digestion of cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

The combined effects of feeding rate （0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% initial body weight/day）, feeding frequency （two, three, and four times/day） and stocking density （10, 15, and 20 kg/m3） in recirculating aquaculture systems （RAS） on growth performance, digestion and waste generation of Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar L.） were investigated in an 8-week orthogonal experiment （L9（3）3） with a constant daily water renewal at 7.50% of total volume. No mortality occurred during the experimental period. Feed conversion ratio （FCR） varied from 0.90 to 1.13 and specific growth rate （SGR） ranged from 0.48% to 0.69%/day. SGR, thermal growth coefficient （TGC） and FCR were not significantly （P〉0.05） affected by the three factors, while net protein utilization （NPU） was significantly （P〈0.05） affected. Apparent digestibility coefficients （ADC） of dry matter in the present study were in the range 66.12%-73.55%. ADC in protein, lipid and energy were statistically different among all treatments and in the range of 90.07%-93.67%, 81.54%-89.15%, and 67.55%-71.87%, respectively. The proportion of mean total ammonia nitrogen excreted ranged from 1.37% to 1.64% of feed nitrogen at steady state, and the concentration of nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds were differently correlated to the three factors. The results will provide valuable reference data for culture management decisions in the Atlantic salmon farming industry.     

广西地热水控矿因素及找矿方向初探

用现代成矿理论，结合水文地质学和地热学，对广西区内的地热水成矿特征研究发现，广西的地热水矿床在区域上的分布受深部构造的隆起区(带)和区域深大断裂控制，决定地热水矿床空间定位的主要因素是沉积盆地、断裂、褶皱、岩浆岩、地貌、盖层与热储层。划分出广西区内三种地热水储层及四种地热水成矿类型，初步建立了成矿模式，指出了区内地热水矿床的四大找矿远景区。     

Максютов杂岩中的无色蓝闪石

无色蓝闪石的首次发现是在日本(Iwasaki,1960)的红帘石—石英片岩中。描述了河地区杂岩石榴—绿帘蓝闪石和绿帘蓝闪岩中的近无色蓝闪石,正如一系列论著中所描述的那样,其特点是明亮、色淡1961;1968、1977;1970;等,1971;     

丁香酚对大西洋鲑麻醉效果的实验研究

本文首先测定了在14~15℃10min浸浴使不同规格的大西洋鲑进入麻醉状态的丁香酚质量浓度及其半致死浓度(LC50)。结果显示,使均重为99,153,375g以上的大西洋鲑进入麻醉状态的丁香酚质量浓度分别为11,10,9mg/L;10min浸浴LC50的95%置信区间为(56.5,61.6)mg/L。基于上述实验的结果,进一步研究了丁香酚质量浓度、浸浴时间、温度及实验生物规格对麻醉效果的影响。实验表明,提高丁香酚质量浓度和延长浸浴时间能有效延长大西洋鲑的复苏时间,在50mg/L丁香酚质量浓度下浸浴12min,可将其复苏时间延长至14~19min,是运输、转运过程中的理想麻醉条件。本研究对鱼类活体转运及其他处理过程中所需麻醉策略的制定具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

初论内蒙古泊江海子矿持续补水对桃—阿海子生境恢复之效益

桃力庙—阿拉善湾海子是内蒙古西部鄂尔多斯高原上一个水面曾为10 km2的荒漠咸水湖泊,因其在20世纪90年代承载了遗鸥最大繁殖群和大量迁徙过往水禽,于2002年被认定为全球第1148号国际重要湿地。随后,干旱少雨加之严重人为干扰使桃—阿海子趋于干涸,遗鸥繁殖群于2004年放弃该地点迁居他地,当地水鸟群落于2005年彻底消失。经历数年全然干涸之后,桃—阿海子干涸湖底发育起碱蓬群落。蓑羽鹤自2011年起在其间营巢繁殖,数量逐年增多,并有蓑羽鹤非繁殖群停歇与栖居。2014年秋,内蒙古银宏能源开发有限公司下属之泊江海子矿,开始将经沉淀净化处理后的矿井水通过引渠排入桃—阿海子以襄助其湿地生境之恢复。至2017年5月,桃—阿海子东半部沿旧河道生成芦苇沼泽型湿地,其面积已达2 km2,西半部低洼处出现明水面,当年桃—阿海子鼎盛时期的鸟种大部分再现,一些种类再度营巢繁殖;9月中旬,30余种水鸟聚集桃—阿海子,总量近万只,包括苍鹭、普通鸬鹚、鹗等该区域内湿地生境条件下的顶级消费者;至10月下旬,在桃—阿海子停歇的迁徙水鸟总量达2.2万~2.3万只。至此,泊江海子矿经3年之补水努力,使桃—阿海子初步恢复其作为水禽重要栖息地的生态功能。