土壤电阻率测量影响因素的试验研究

实验室测量的土壤电阻率准确性受到电极布置以及测试信号类型等影响。选取5种不同质地土壤,比较了四极法与二极法测量以及四极法测量中电压极探针渗入深度的影响,分析了直流信号与交流信号的测试差别以及电流强度及交流频率的影响。结果表明,二极法测量结果包含了土壤与电极的接触电阻,且随土壤含水率降低接触电阻不断增大;四极法可在电压极渗入深度较浅,即土壤扰动较小的情况下测量;土壤在直流电压下存在极化效应,土壤电阻率测量宜采用交流;土壤热容量有限,对电阻率在200 Ω•m以内的土壤测量的电流密度不宜超过1 mA/cm2;土壤电阻率随测量频率增加而逐渐下降。     

水文地质参数对浅层地温能的影响分析

以丘陵地区某医院水源热泵系统为例,在建立耦合数学模型的基础上,利用TOUGH2软件,讨论含水层孔隙度以及渗透系数对潜水水热运移的影响,定量评价对热泵采能区域的温度场演化影响。在该研究区特定地质及水文地质条件下,含水层有效孔隙度和渗透系数等水文地质参数对热泵采能区域的温度场演化影响较明显。从而为研究类似地区的地下水环境变化有一定的借鉴意义。     

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses. In this study, using capacitive and resistive dividers, current probes and optical fiber transmission devices, we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices (SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12, 2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site. The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA. We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes. During the return strokes, the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms (millisecond) range, and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA. Based on the observed data, simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD. The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter. The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient. The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.     

青龙泉遗址人和猪骨的C,N稳定同位素分析

尽管中国有关稻粟混作的研究已有不少报道,但混作区内稻粟农业在先民生产生活中的地位以及在家畜饲养中的作用,其发展与文化演进和传播、古环境变化间的内在联系等关键问题,依然未能很好地解决.为此,本文对位于稻粟混作区内的湖北郧县青龙泉遗址出土的人和猪骨（3000～2600 BC屈家岭文化期和2600～2200 BC石家河文化期）进行了C,N稳定同位素分析,试图在揭示他们食物结构的基础上,探讨稻粟农业在先民和猪食物结构中的地位及其演变过程,并对稻粟的种植与文化交流以及古环境间的相互关系进行初步探索.先民的δ13C值位于-16.7‰～-12.4‰之间,平均值为-14.6‰±1.3‰（n=24）,这表明先民的食物中兼具C3和C4类食物.由于遗址中同时发现了稻（C3类植物）粟（C4类植物）遗存,据此我们认为,稻粟农业均对先民的食物有所贡献,且粟作农业在先民的生活方式中占次要地位.先民的δ15N均值为9.0‰±1.2‰（n=24）,表明动物类蛋白在先民的食物中占有相当的比例,但其较大的分布范围（6.6‰～10.8‰）则表明,先民的肉食来源存在相当大的差异.猪的δ13C均值（-14.3‰±2.5‰,n=13）与先民类似,而δ15N均值（7.7‰±0.6‰,n=13）稍逊于先民,表明猪的食物来源与人相近,其食物中可能含有较多的人类食物残余.对先民和猪的δ13C值和δ15N值的相关性分析结果显示皆不具有相关性,暗示先民和猪的食物来源中含有较多的植物类食物,这很可能与当时较为发达的稻粟混作农业密切相关.通过不同文化期内先民和猪食物结构的对比分析,发现粟类食物在石家河文化期人和猪食物中所占比例皆上升10%左右,反映了粟作农业明显加强,而这种变化与古环境变迁以及南北文化间的交流密切相关.当气候温暖、降水增加、屈家岭文化北进之时,稻作盛行;而在气候变冷、降水减少、北方文化南传之际,粟作加强.