Size distributions and dry deposition fluxes of water-soluble inorganic nitrogen in atmospheric aerosols in Xiamen Bay,China

Size-segregated aerosol particles were collected using a high volume MOUDI sampler at a coastal urban site in Xiamen Bay, China, from March 2018 to June 2020 to examine the seasonal characteristics of aerosol and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and the dry deposition of nitrogen species. During the study period, the annual average concentrations of PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP were 14.8?±?5.6, 21.1?±?9.0, 35.4?±?14.2 μg m^?3, and 45.2?±?21.3 μg m^?3, respectively. The seasonal variations of aerosol concentrations were impacted by the monsoon with the lowest value in summer and the higher values in other seasons. For WSIIs, the annual average concentrations were 6.3?±?3.3, 2.1?±?1.2, 3.3?±?1.5, and 1.6?±?0.8 μg m^?3 in PM₁, PM_1-2.5, PM_2.5–10, and PM_>10, respectively. In addition, pronounced seasonal variations of WSIIs in PM₁ and PM_1-2.5 were observed, with the highest concentration in spring-winter and the lowest in summer. The size distribution showed that SO₄^2?, NH₄⁺ and K⁺ were consistently present in the submicron particles while Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^? mainly accumulated in the size range of 2.5–10 μm, reflecting their different dominant sources. In spring, fall and winter, a bimodal distribution of NO₃^? was observed with one peak at 2.5–10 μm and another peak at 0.44–1 μm. In summer, however, the fine mode peak disappeared, likely due to the unfavorable conditions for the formation of NH₄NO₃. For NH₄⁺ and SO₄^2?, their dominant peak at 0.25–0.44 μm in summer and fall shifted to 0.44–1 μm in spring and winter. Although the concentration of NO₃–N was lower than NH₄–N, the dry deposition flux of NO₃–N (35.77?±?24.49 μmol N m^?2 d^?1) was much higher than that of NH₄–N (10.95?±?11.89 μmol N m^?2 d^?1), mainly due to the larger deposition velocities of NO₃–N. The contribution of sea-salt particles to the total particulate inorganic N deposition was estimated to be 23.9—52.8%. Dry deposition of particulate inorganic N accounted for 0.95% of other terrestrial N influxes. The annual total N deposition can create a new productivity of 3.55 mgC m^?2 d^?1, accounting for 1.3–4.7% of the primary productivity in Xiamen Bay. In light of these results, atmospheric N deposition could have a significant influence on biogeochemistry cycle of nutrients with respect to projected increase of anthropogenic emissions from mobile sources in coastal region.

     

Shear wave splitting and polarization anomaly with deep seismic sounding data

In this paper we study the S wave basement velocity structure and S wave splitting and polarization anomalies using the three component records of deep seismic sounding in the Three Groges Dam area, and further discuss the methods to study the anisotropy of crustal medium, the direction of regional tectonic stress field, and the physical indicator of potential earthquake sources using shear wave splitting and polarization anomalies. It has been demonstrated by analyzing the DSS data in the Three Gorges Dam area that S wave splitting and polarization anomalies are reliable means for studying seismic anisotropy of crustal medium and the direction of regional tectonic stress field. At the same time, it has been shown that DSS data are very useful for widening S wave observing window and distinguishing anomalous body, because DSS data have the advantage that the source position is known prior and S wave ray path can be traced exactly. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 1–3, 1993.     

龙滩水库诱发地震三维孔隙弹性有限元数值模拟

本文以龙滩水库为例,根据库区地质构造、深部速度结构及数字地面高程,建立了库区三维有限元模型,基于孔隙弹性理论计算了水库蓄水过程中库底断层和围岩体孔隙压力、有效附加正应力、剪应力和库伦应力的动态变化,并结合水库蓄水后库区地震活动时空分布的特征,讨论了RIS时空演化与库水加卸载及渗透过程的动态响应关系及其可能的成因机制.结果表明：（1） 龙滩水库蓄水后地震活动呈现出明显的丛集性,主要分布在罗妥（丛Ⅰ）、八茂（丛Ⅱ）、拉浪（丛Ⅲ）、坝首（丛Ⅳ）和布柳河（丛Ⅴ）5个水库蓄水后淹没的深水区,这些区域也恰恰是库水加卸载及渗透过程中ΔCFS增加最明显的区域,而ΔCFS的影区几乎没有地震发生,表明水库蓄水后库区地震活动与ΔCFS的变化密切相关.（2） 在水库蓄水过程中,与水库有直接水力联系且渗透性较好的断裂成为地表水体附加水头压力向深部扩散的优势通道,沿此通道附加水头压力扩散的最大深度达13 km左右,震旦系-古生界以碳酸盐岩为主的地层成为附加水头压力扩散的主体层位,这与蓄水后库区中、小地震震源深度均小于13 km,且优势分布在5~10 km的特征相吻合,表明由于孔隙压力的存在降低了岩石的抗剪强度,同时部分抵消了围压的影响,致使该层位的岩体易于产生脆性破坏从而诱发地震活动.（3） 无论是深部还是浅部,各丛地震密集发生的时段绝大部分与相应深度ΔCFS加速升高或阶段性高值时段相重叠,可能说明在库水位快速抬升或阶段性高值时段,受外部荷载加载速率快速升高的影响,库底岩体和断层、裂隙等结构面更容易实现失稳扩展;深、浅部地震响应时间、活动频度和强度的差异可能与不同层位岩体力学性质及渗透性能的不均匀性有关.（4） 各丛地震诱发的物理力学机制有所不同.丛Ⅰ、丛Ⅱ、丛Ⅲ地震的诱发可能与库体重力荷载、孔隙压力扩散和库水浸润弱化3种作用都有关;丛Ⅳ地震的诱发主要受控于库体重力荷载作用,孔隙压力扩散和库水浸润弱化不起主导作用;丛Ⅴ地震的诱发主要受孔隙压力扩散和库水浸润弱化作用的影响,库体重力荷载作用一定程度上抑制了地震的发生.