Simulation of Stress Distribution around Tunnels and Interaction between Tunnels Using an Elasto–plastic Model

This article presents a computer simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model. A finite element method using ANSYS software has been used for the analyses of one and two tunnels at different overburden depths with different separating distances between the tunnels. The results of numerical analyses indicate that stress distribution and stress concentration around the tunnels vary with the overburden depths. It is found that the coefficients of stress concentration for elasto-plastic medium are smaller than those for elastic one by 1.9%. Furthermore, the interaction between the two tunnels rapidly decreases with the increase of separation distance between them. In addition, for quantitatively describing the interaction between the two tunnels, a critical separation distance is introduced. The critical separation distances between the two tunnels at different overburden depths are 8 m, 12 m, and 14 m respectively. This fact is very important and essential for the design of mining tunnels and to ensure safety in tunnel engineering.     

四种浸提剂对果园与菜地土壤有效硒浸提效果的对比研究

有效硒是评价土壤中硒对植物供给能力的重要指标,我国目前尚无测试有效硒的国家标准方法。浸提剂的选择对于准确测定有效硒的含量至关重要,本文根据浸提的有效硒与硒形态的关联性来确定最优浸提剂种类。实验中选取了碳酸氢钠、磷酸二氢钾、硝酸和盐酸四种浸提剂,对天津果园和菜地的土壤进行有效硒浸提,采用原子荧光光谱法测定各形态硒的含量,并分别对浸提的有效硒与水溶态+离子交换态+碳酸盐结合态硒的最小值、25%处数据值、中位数、75%处数据值和最大值进行比较分析和差异性检验。结果表明:采用碳酸氢钠和磷酸二氢钾提取菜地土壤有效硒的平均含量均约为0.039mg/kg,高于硝酸和盐酸的提取量;采用碳酸氢钠、磷酸二氢钾、硝酸和盐酸提取果园土壤有效硒的含量依次降低。两种土壤中,磷酸二氢钾浸提有效硒的最小值、25%处数据值、中位数、75%处数据值和最大值与水溶态+离子交换态+碳酸盐结合态硒的含量最为接近,而且无显著差异性。研究认为,0.1mol/L磷酸二氢钾适合作为天津果园和菜地土壤有效硒的浸提剂。     

Effects of Rock Bolting on Stress Distribution around Tunnel Using the Elastoplastic Model

INTRODUCTIONThe stability of underground structures duringand after excavation is the most i mportant factor fordesigners because any kind of collapse may destroylarge parts of a finished tunnel,thereby causing ma-jor repairs and ti me loss.To avoid this problem,rock bolts are widely used as ani mportant support el-ement.These are economical,have a short installa-tion ti me,and provide reinforcement to maintain theintegrity of the stressed rock.The effect of the bearing capacity of rock b…     

富瑞奥砂岩的成岩作用与流体活动及矿物—水的相互作用

富瑞奥组砂岩中由埋藏成岩作用产生的胶结物分怀渗透率和流体活动有关。砂岩成岩作用与流体活动的相互关系表明了岩石改造主要是碎屑矿物，延寿矿物与孔隙中的地层水发生反应的结果。埋藏期间地层水优先流经高孔渗砂岩。     

Simulation of Stress Distribution around Tunnels and Interaction between Tunnels Using an Elasto-plastic Model

This article presents a computer simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model. A finite element method using ANSYS software has been used for the analyses of one and two tunnels at different overburden depths with different separating distances between the tunnels. The results of numerical analyses indicate that stress distribution and stress concentration around the tunnels vary with the overburden depths. It is found that the coefficients of stress concentration for elasto-plastic medium are smaller than those for elastic one by 1.9%. Furthermore, the interaction between the two tunnels rapidly decreases with the increase of separation distance between them. In addition, for quantitatively describing the interaction between the two tunnels, a critical separation distance is introduced. The critical separation distances between the two tunnels at different overburden depths are 8 m, 12 m, and 14 m respectively. This fact is very important and essential for the design of mining tunnels and to ensure safety in tunnel engineering.     

天津市西郊富硒土壤地球化学特征和成因分析

为了查明天津市西郊富硒土壤的地球化学特征和成因,开展针对土壤-大气-水体-作物的调查研究工作。结果显示:研究区土壤Se元素平均值为0.66 mg/kg,是天津市土壤背景值的2.87倍,有83%为富硒土壤。土壤Se元素被颗粒状有机物质大量固定和吸附,富集于耕层土壤。耕层土壤Se元素与粗砂粒、细砂粒、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Hg、N、P等指标显著正相关,与黏粒、粉粒、Na、K、Mg、As、CEC、pH等指标显著负相关。农民大量持续使用富含Se的有机肥是土壤Se元素显著富集的主要原因,占输入总通量的86.55%;大气沉降是次要原因,占13.35%。研究区土壤Se元素的年增加量为0.019 mg/kg,按2.77%的速度逐年增长。     

多种评价方法应用于天津核桃主产区的土壤环境质量评价

以天津市核桃主产区土壤和核桃为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Zn和Cu的含量特征,选用内梅罗指数法、地累积指数法和污染负荷指数法等3种方法评价了土壤环境质量,并分析了核桃食用安全性。结果表明:研究区土壤样品中Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别为0.19×10-6、0.06×10-6、24.1×10-6、11.9×10-6、75.5×10-6、78.9×10-6和30.6×10-6,Cd、Hg和As平均值均超过了天津市背景值,而且Cd和Cu分别有11.7%和1.7%的样品点位超过风险筛选值。根据内梅罗综合指数法可以得出,研究区土壤环境质量总体较好,但由地累积指数与污染负荷指数评价发现,研究区存在人为原因引起的土壤重金属积累情况,且污染点位均匀分布于研究区。核桃样品中Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Cr平均含量分别为0.003×10-6、0.004×10-6、0.044×10-6、0.043×10-6和0.760×10-6,均满足食品安全标准要求。