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Matthias Mauder Steven P. Oncley Roland Vogt Tamas Weidinger Luis Ribeiro Christian Bernhofer Thomas Foken Wim Kohsiek Henk A. R. De Bruin Heping Liu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):29-54
The eddy-covariance method is the primary way of measuring turbulent fluxes directly. Many investigators have found that these
flux measurements often do not satisfy a fundamental criterion—closure of the surface energy balance. This study investigates
to what extent the eddy-covariance measurement technology can be made responsible for this deficiency, in particular the effects
of instrumentation or of the post-field data processing. Therefore, current eddy-covariance sensors and several post-field
data processing methods were compared. The differences in methodology resulted in deviations of 10% for the sensible heat
flux and of 15% for the latent heat flux for an averaging time of 30 min. These disparities were mostly due to different sensor
separation corrections and a linear detrending of the data. The impact of different instrumentation on the resulting heat
flux estimates was significantly higher. Large deviations from the reference system of up to 50% were found for some sensor
combinations. However, very good measurement quality was found for a CSAT3 sonic together with a KH20 krypton hygrometer and
also for a UW sonic together with a KH20. If these systems are well calibrated and maintained, an accuracy of better than
5% can be achieved for 30-min values of sensible and latent heat flux measurements. The results from the sonic anemometers
Gill Solent-HS, ATI-K, Metek USA-1, and R.M. Young 81000 showed more or less larger deviations from the reference system.
The LI-COR LI-7500 open-path H2O/CO2 gas analyser in the test was one of the first serial numbers of this sensor type and had technical problems regarding direct
solar radiation sensitivity and signal delay. These problems are known by the manufacturer and improvements of the sensor
have since been made.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
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1990s长江流域降水趋势分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
依据国家气象局提供的实测月降水和日降水资料,运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验法验证了降水趋势,并通过空间插补法,由点扩展到面,分析了1990s长江流域降水变化特征,发现1990s长江流域降水变化以降水在时间和空间分布上的集中度的增加为主要特点:时间上,年降水的增加趋势以冬季1月和夏季6月降水的集中增加为主;一日降水量大于等于50mm的暴雨日数和暴雨量在1990s也有了较明显的增加.空间上,年降水、夏季降水、冬季降水的增加都以中下游区的增加为主,尤其以鄱阳湖水系、洞庭湖水系的降水增加为主.1990s长江流域春季和秋季降水的减少以5月和9月两个汛期月份的降水减少为主,除金沙江水系和洞庭湖水系等少数地区外,流域大部分地区降水呈减少趋势.上述1990s出现的降水趋势明显与近年来全球变暖背景下长江流域各地区不同的温度及水循环变异有关. 相似文献
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Charged particle motion in magnetoactive plasma with an axially symmetric electrostatic field has been studied. It has been indicated that a difference between drift velocities of electrons and ions leads to a magnetic field disturbance. The equations for stationary magnetic field disturbances stretched along the magnetic field, which can be magnetic ducts for propagation of whistlers, have been obtained. The possibility of formation of such ducts by electrostatic fields from thunderstorm sources, penetrating into the ionosphere, has been estimated. 相似文献
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Assessment of Planetary Boundary-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Mesoscale Model Using MATERHORN Field Data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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本文基于气象观测站的逐日气压、风速和降水量确定致灾气旋阈值,结合区域气候模式COSMO-CLM (CCLM)输出,研究中国东南沿海地区2021—2050年RCP2.6、4.5、8.5情景下致灾气旋的时空变化特征。并采用人口-发展-环境分析模型(PDE),预测共享社会经济路径SSP2下东南沿海地区人口发展趋势,揭示了致灾气旋人口暴露度演变。研究表明:(1) RCP2.6情景,东南沿海地区平均每年发生致灾气旋6.3次,风速和降水量较基准期(1986—2005年)分别增加9%和15%,72%区域致灾气旋人口暴露度有所增加。暴露在超基准期最大影响面积和最强风速下的致灾气旋人口分别增加2.1亿和0.1亿。(2) RCP4.5情景,致灾气旋年均发生7次,风速和降水量较基准期分别上升16%和32%,89%地区致灾气旋暴露人口增加。暴露在超基准期最大影响面积和最强风速下的致灾气旋人口分别增加2.6亿和0.5亿。(3) RCP8.5情景,致灾气旋年均发生5.8次,风速和降水量较基准期分别增加32%和50%,65%区域致灾气旋暴露人口度有所增加。暴露在超基准期最大影响面积和最强风速下的致灾气旋人口分别增加5.7亿和1.9亿。(4)相比RCP2.6,RCP8.5情景致灾气旋风速和降水量高出23%和35%,暴露于超基准期最大影响面积和最强风速的致灾气旋人口分别多3.6亿和1.8亿。控制温室气体浓度对降低致灾气旋的不利影响具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Steven P. Oncley Thomas Foken Roland Vogt Wim Kohsiek H. A. R. DeBruin Christian Bernhofer Andreas Christen Eva van Gorsel David Grantz Christian Feigenwinter Irene Lehner Claudia Liebethal Heping Liu Matthias Mauder Andrea Pitacco Luis Ribeiro Tamas Weidinger 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):1-28
An overview of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) is given. This experiment studied the ability of state-of-the-art
measurements to close the surface energy balance over a surface (a vegetative canopy with large evapotranspiration) where
closure has been difficult to obtain. A flood-irrigated cotton field over uniform terrain was used, though aerial imagery
and direct flux measurements showed that the surface still was inhomogeneous. All major terms of the surface energy balance
were measured at nine sites to characterize the spatial variability across the field. Included in these observations was an
estimate of heat storage in the plant canopy. The resultant imbalance still was 10%, which exceeds the estimated measurement
error. We speculate that horizontal advection in the layer between the canopy top and our flux measurement height may cause
this imbalance, though our estimates of this term using our measurements resulted in values less than what would be required
to balance the budget.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation 相似文献
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