"7.6"川西川南暴雨天气过程分析

本文利用2006年7月5日到6日的高空资料对7月6日到7日发生在四川省西部、南部的暴雨天气过程成因进行分析,利用24小时降水实况对中尺度雨团的移动做了分析,对数值预报产品的可预报性进行了检验.分析表明:高空低值系统的相互作用、地面冷空气的入侵、中低层能量以及水汽的聚集是这次过程产生的关键.     

淇、卫河流域“96·8”致洪暴雨过程的数值模拟

应用LASGREMM模式 ,对淇、卫河流域“96·8”致洪暴雨过程进行了模拟预报分析。结果表明 ,LAS GREM模式不仅能较准确地预报淇、卫河流域暴雨落区 ,而且可以进一步分析天气过程的特点及演变情况     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

现今中国大陆地壳运动与活动块体模型

通过分析中国地壳运动观测网络GPS数据特别是1999年与2001年区域网数据, 我们初步得到了中国大陆地壳运动速度场, 并用统计分析的方法从高密度台站速度场中区分出9个独立活动块体和2个广泛形变带, 求出活动块体刚体运动欧拉极和相邻块体间相互运动速率. 结果显示中国大陆形变场似可分为3类区域 第1类区包括青藏高原内部区域和天山造山带, 形变在全区域内广泛分布; 第3类区包括塔里木盆地及南北带以东地区, 形变场表现为活动块体, 内部稳定, 形变局限在狭窄的边界带内; 第2类区则处在青藏高原的边缘带, 如柴达木、祁连、西宁、川滇菱形南块体等, 这类区形变场特征处在第1, 3类区之间, 虽然还能保持一定的块体完整性, 但块体的尺度和强度已不如第3类地区. 通过分析各类区域岩石圈结构以及形变模式我们可以得出初步推断 中国大陆地壳形变模式主要由地壳结构所控制. 中国大陆东部和塔里木盆地地区地壳介质有相当强度, 形变表现为刚性块体的相互运动. 而印度板块的北向挤压造成青藏高原和天山的隆起并产生巨厚地壳, 壳内温度上升, 下地壳低速高导层发育, 介质呈较强黏塑性, 地壳脆性层在下地壳塑性流变场作用下产生各种类型的、多层次的形变, 且分布广泛而不局限于少量块体边界地区. 青藏高原边缘的第2类地区地壳结构为第1, 3类地区之间的过渡区, 其形变特征也介于第1, 3类地区之间, 为强度较低的较小活动块体在边界作用力下的运动与变形.     

中国大陆活动地块的运动与应变状态

从地壳运动与应变的角度给出了活动地块的定义,根据中国大陆及周边地区最近几年GPS观测得到的由1598个GPS站速度组成的统一速度场,估计了各个活动地块的运动与应变参数,分析了各个活动地块的运动与应变状态。中国大陆各地块存在一致的向东运动分量,但其南北分量是不一致的。西部地块存在一致的向北运动分量,东部地块存在一致的向南运动分量。在90°E以东,从喜马拉雅地块向NE方向,各地块的运动方向按顺时针方向旋转,各地块的运动速率是不相同的。从总体上看是西部大、东部小,南部大、北部小,西部大约是东部的3～4倍。各地块主压应变方向的空间分布是不相同的。在90°E以西各地块的主应变方向基本上为SN向,在青藏高原的东北部各地块的主压应变方向基本为NE向,在青藏高原东南部各地块的主压应变方向绕喜马拉雅构造东端顺时针方向旋转。各地块的主应变与剪应变率也是不同的,其中喜马拉雅、天山地块的主压和最大剪应变率最高,其次是拉萨、羌塘、滇西南、祁连与川滇地块。东部各地块的应变率较小。根据应变状态推测,喜马拉雅地块南北向的缩短速率为(15.2±1.5)mm/a,仍然是现今构造活动最强烈的地区,其次是天山地块,天山地块南北向的缩短速率为(10.1±0.9)mm/a。这两个地块目前仍处于隆升状态,从面应变看,面膨胀在中国大陆占优势,东部基本都是膨胀区,在西部面压缩与面膨胀从南向北相间分布。中国大陆的大多数东西向或近东西向断裂两侧的相对运动都是左旋或类似左旋走滑型的,大多数南北向断裂两侧的相对运动都是右旋或类似右旋走滑型的。GPS测定的阿尔金断裂中部的左旋走滑速为(4.8±1.3)mm/a,鲜水河断裂的左旋走滑速为(9.8±2.2)mm/a。地块边界断裂带的运动为地块运动创造了条件,地块及其边界的运动是协调一致的统一的,各个地块的活动程度是不相同的,统计检验结果表明,大多数地块之间的相对运动是显著的与非常显著的,这证明活动地块是客观存在的,喜马拉雅、拉萨、天山、羌塘和滇西南是活动最强烈的地块,中蒙、中朝西、阿拉善和华南是较稳定的地块,印度、太平洋、菲律宾板块与欧亚板块的互相作用力是中国大陆地块运动的主要驱动力。青藏高原地壳物质在印度板块NNE向的强烈推挤下,向NNE和NE方向运动,由于受到北部、东北部和东部地块的阻挡,经高原的东南部向印度洋方向运移,     

淇、卫河流域"96·8"致洪暴雨过程的数值模拟

应用LASGREMM模式,对淇、卫河流域"96*8"致洪暴雨过程进行了模拟预报分析.结果表明,LASGREM模式不仅能较准确地预报淇、卫河流域暴雨落区,而且可以进一步分析天气过程的特点及演变情况.     

卤水提锂的萃取体系概述

介绍了国内外萃取法在含锂溶液,尤其在卤水中提取锂的部分研究进展情况,重点对各种萃取体系的机理和特点进行了说明,并对今后我国盐湖卤水萃取法提锂研究的方向进行了总结。     

Microthermometric measurement of fluid inclusions and its constraints on genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series, southern China

Systematic microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic deposits hosted in the Lower Cambrian black rock series in southern China were performed, and the results suggest: (1) there exist two types of fluid inclusions. TypeⅠis of NaCl-H2O system with low-medium salinity, and its homogenization temperatures (Th) and salinities are 106.9- 286.4℃ and ( 0.8- 21.8) wt%NaCl eq. respectively; TypeⅡ is of CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system with medium-high salinities, and its homogenization temperatures and salinities range from 120.1℃ to 269.6℃ and ( 11.4- 31.4) wt%NaCl eq., respectively. The typeⅡ fluid inclusions have been discovered for the first time in this kind of deposits; (2) two generations of ore-forming fluids were recognized. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic ores and carbonate-quartz stockworks in the underlying phosphorites are almost of no difference, they may represent ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenic stage. The peak value of homogenization temperature of those fluid inclusions is about 170℃, while their salinities possess a remarkable bimodal distribution pattern with two peak values of (27-31) wt%NaCl eq. and (4-6) wt%NaCl eq. On the contrary, fluid inclusions in the carbonate-quartz veins in the hanging wall may represent ore-forming fluids at the post-metallogenetic stage. The homogenization temperatures and the peak values of salinities are mostly 130-170℃ and (12-14) wt%NaCl eq., respectively; (3) nobel gas isotopic composition analyses in combination with the microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions suggest that the ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenetic stage were probably derived from mixing of basinal hot brines with the CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system and seawater with the NaCl-H2O system; (4) in the Early Cambrian, the basinal hot brines were trapped in the Caledonian basins, which were distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton, and where giant thick sediments were accumulated, and expelled and migrated laterally along the strata because of the pressure caused by overlying sediments. The basinal hot brines absorbed Ni, Mo, V, PGE from the surrounding rocks and were transformed into ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids with the CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system and medium-high salinities, then ascended along faults and mixed with seawater of the NaCl-H2O system, and finally PGE-polymetallic deposits or occurrences were formed in the black rock series.     

昆仑山口西MＳ＝8．1级地震的形变应变场研究

根据昆仑山口西8．1级地震前后GPS测点的位移速率，用弹性模型公式计算了地壳应变参数．应变参量的变化表明，震前在地震区附近以压应变为主，应变速率较大．位移速率矢量显示出震前的震中地区相对周围为活动性较弱的“稳定”地区．地壳的形变和应变揭示出孕震体在挤压状态下积累了较高的应变势能．8．1级地震的同时期由于地壳释放了巨大的应变能而应变速率变化显著．计算结果表明，地震所产生的应变达到4．5×10-6以上．发震断裂带的平均左旋走滑量是3．31m（89°E～96°E）．     

等幅侧向位移循环下柱混凝土纤维应变规律的试验研究

在已完成的包括16个构件的等位移循环加载钢筋混凝土柱的系列试验中，通过在其中3根柱的塑性铰区沿混凝土受力方向安设位移计，较准确测定了混凝土测试标距内的平均应变在一个加载循环内的变化规律及其随周数增长的变化规律；发现了单周最大压应变随周数的增长而持续增大，单周最大名义拉应变随周数增长而持续减小的重要现象；并与柱顶水平力-水平位移滞回规律实测结果相对应，结合截面受力特征对所得单周和多周应变变化规律的成因作了分析。