基于气象要素的气溶胶吸湿增长分析:以浙江省为例

气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长对区域环境、气象与辐射收支都有巨大影响,精确的气溶胶吸湿特性观测对描述气溶胶吸湿增长特性,以及研究气溶胶对气候环境影响,拓展卫星气溶胶产品的应用有非常重要的意义。本研究提出一种基于常规气象观测（能见度、相对湿度）和空气质量观测（PM2.5浓度,即空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5 μm的颗粒物浓度）相结合的气溶胶吸湿增长估算方法,在此基础上对浙江地区气溶胶吸湿特性的时空变化影响因素进行了探讨。研究发现,沿海的温州瓯海站的吸湿增长能力最高,长三角典型城市环境的杭州和睦小学站的吸湿增长能力次之,而地处较为洁净内陆的衢州实验学校站的吸湿增长能力最低。在时间变化中,同一站点不同湿度条件的吸湿增长变化趋势相同,温州瓯海站的吸湿性变化最为剧烈,杭州和睦小学站的吸湿性变化次之,衢州实验学校站变化较为平缓。本研究表明,浙江地区的气溶胶吸湿增长特性存在较大的时空差异,基于本方法能够在较大的时空范围内描述气溶胶的吸湿增长特性,为有限的精密观测提供重要补充。     

利用位场及其高阶导数的功率谱计算岩层的深度与厚度

本文导出了利用重力与磁异常及其高阶导数的功率谱计算密度体和磁性体上顶与下底埋深的近似公式,还提供了利用垂向或水平导数谱计算深度的方法。理论模型的试验结果表明,由近似公式计算的精度可以满足实际需要。本文最后根据一条重力剖面资料,计算了密度层上、下界面。     

Charge distribution on the atmospheric aerosol over the North Atlantic and the Indian Ocean

The distribution of electric charge on the marine aerosol was determined near the sea surface of the Indian Ocean and the North Atlantic during the final stage of the Snellius II-expedition. Mean values for small ion concentrationsn ⁺=455 cm^–3 andn ^–=340 cm^–3 were found over the Atlantic, whilen ⁺=310 andn ^–=250 cm^–3 were the mean values over the Indian Ocean. The ration ⁺/n^– increased from 1.2 to 2.0 with decreasing wind velocity. At wind velocities below 5 m/s 75% of the net space charge near the ocean surface was found to be carried by small ions.     

中国东部若干地区大气气溶胶虚折射指数特征

利用直接取样和积分片方法对大气气溶胶的折射指数虚部n_i进行了大量的实际测量。根据测量结果,给出了中国东部不同类型地区气溶胶n_i的统计特征:城市地区为0.080;郊区为0.063;乡村地区为0.030;高山为0.012;南海区域为0.006。城市和郊区的n_i值,冬半年(11月至次年的5月)比夏半年(6月至10月)大,12月份的n_i为极大值。除南海外,中国东部各类地区的n_i值比国外同类地区偏大,这与把煤炭作为主要能源造成的燃煤烟尘污染有关。     

Meteorology and haze structure during AGASP-II,Part 1: Alaskan Arctic flights, 2–10 April 1986

The second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) was conducted across the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic in April 1986, to study the in situ aerosol, and the chemical and optical properties of Arctic haze. The NOAA WP-3D aircraft, with special instrumentation added, made six flights during AGASP-II. Measurements of wind, pressure, temperature, ozone, water vapor, condensation nuclei (CN) concentration, and aerosol scattering extinction (b_sp) were used to determine the location of significant haze layers. The measurements made on the first three flights, over the Arctic Ocean north of Barrow and over the Beaufort Sea north of Barter Island, Alaska are discussed in detail in this report of the first phase of AGASP II. In the Alaskan Arctic the WP-3D detected a large and persistent region of haze between 960 and 750 mb, in a thermally stable layer, on 2, 8, and 9 April 1986. At its most dense, the haze contained CN concentrations >10,000 cm^–3 and b_sp of 80×10^–6 m^–1 suggesting active SO₂ to H₂SO₄ gas-to-particle conversion. Calculations based upon observed SO₂ concentrations and ambient relative humidities suggest that 10⁴–10⁵ small H₂SO₄ droplets could have been produced in the haze layers. High concentrations of sub-micron H₂SO₄ droplets were collected in haze. Ozone concentrations were 5–10 ppb higher in the haze layers than in the surrounding troposphere. Outside the regions of haze, CN concentrations ranged from 100 to 400 cm^–3 and b_sp values were about (20–40)×10^–6 m^–1. Air mass trajectories were computed to depict the air flow upwind of regions in which haze was observed. In two cases the back trajectories and ground measurements suggested the source to be in central Europe.     

关于生命起源研究的问题及其主攻方向的探讨

本文综述和分析了近几十年来国内外关于生命起源的研究的问题及各种假说和见解，提出物质的起源是生命起源问题研究的核心，生命起源问题应是研究原始地球的非生命物质如何演变成为生命物质的，地球上分子手性的起源是生命起源问题研究的主攻方向，有机分子光学活性百发生在由化学进化转入生物进化这一过渡阶段。     

大气气溶胶中NO￣－＿3、SO￣（2－）＿4研究

根据对国内外有关文献资料的总结归纳，对气溶胶中　、　的研究现状及其在不同类型样品中的浓度量值分别进行了阐述；对雪冰层中的　和　进行了本底划分，并对这些本底的来源、组成及特征进行了分析。     

Analysis of a large extent aeromagnetic survey near the geomagnetic equator (Minas Gerais,Brazil)

A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere.Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust.It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.     

中国遥感卫星辐射校正场气溶胶光学特性观测研究

1999年6月28日~7月19日在敦煌场, 7月25日~7月31日在青海湖水面场进行了一次大规模综合野外测量试验, 其中采用3台先进的法国CIMEL太阳辐射计对两个场地大气光学特性进行了系统全面测量, 获得大量晴空天气条件下的大气光学数据。利用Langley法处理气溶胶通道数据得到气溶胶光学厚度及其光谱变化。测量结果显示550 nm波长平均气溶胶光学厚度分别为0.12、0.18, 由气溶胶光学厚度的波长变化得到气溶胶Junge参数分别为2.6、3.0, 并与几种典型气溶胶类型比较。结果表明两地在晴空天气里, 气溶胶含量较小, 符合遥感卫星传感器辐射定标的大气条件。     

Improving the accuracy of tipping-bucket rain records using disaggregation techniques

We present a methodology able to infer the influence of rainfall measurement errors on the reliability of extreme rainfall statistics. We especially focus on systematic mechanical errors affecting the most popular rain intensity measurement instrument, namely the tipping-bucket rain-gauge (TBR). Such uncertainty strongly depends on the measured rainfall intensity (RI) with systematic underestimation of high RIs, leading to a biased estimation of extreme rain rates statistics. Furthermore, since intense rain-rates are usually recorded over short intervals in time, any possible correction strongly depends on the time resolution of the recorded data sets. We propose a simple procedure for the correction of low resolution data series after disaggregation at a suitable scale, so that the assessment of the influence of systematic errors on rainfall statistics become possible. The disaggregation procedure is applied to a 40-year long rain-depth dataset recorded at hourly resolution by using the IRP (Iterated Random Pulse) algorithm. A set of extreme statistics, commonly used in urban hydrology practice, have been extracted from simulated data and compared with the ones obtained after direct correction of a 12-year high resolution (1 min) RI series. In particular, the depth–duration–frequency curves derived from the original and corrected data sets have been compared in order to quantify the impact of non-corrected rain intensity measurements on design rainfall and the related statistical parameters. Preliminary results suggest that the IRP model, due to its skill in reproducing extreme rainfall intensities at fine resolution in time, is well suited in supporting rainfall intensity correction techniques.