Comparison of single- and dual-permeability models in simulating the unsaturated hydro-mechanical behavior in a rainfall-triggered landslide

Landslide-prone slopes in earthquake-affected areas commonly feature heterogeneity and high permeability due to the presence of cracks and fissures that were caused by ground shaking. Landslide reactivation in heterogeneous slope may be affected by preferential flow that was commonly occurred under heavy rainfall. Current hydro-mechanical models that are based on a single-permeability model consider soil as a homogeneous continuum, which, however, cannot explicitly represent the hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soil. The present study adopted a dual-permeability model, using two Darcy-Richards equations to simulate the infiltration processes in both matrix and preferential flow domains. The hydrological results were integrated with an infinite slope stability approach, attempting to investigate the hydro-mechanical behavior. A coarse-textured unstable slope in an earthquake-affected area was chosen for conducting artificial rainfall experiment, and in the experiment slope, failure was triggered several times under heavy rainfall. The simulated hydro-mechanical results of both single- and dual-permeability model were compared with the measurements, including soil moisture content, pore water pressure, and slope stability conditions. Under high-intensity rainfall, the measured soil moisture and pore water pressure at 1-m depth showed faster hydrological response than its simulations, which can be regarded as a typical evidence of preferential flow. We found the dual-permeability model substantially improved the quantification of hydro-mechanical processes. Such improvement could assist in obtaining more reliable landslide-triggering predication. In the light of the implementation of a dual-permeability model for slope stability analysis, a more flexible and robust early warning system for shallow landslides hazard in coarse-textured slopes could be provided.     

Study of late-Mesozoic magmatic rocks and their related copper-gold-polymetallic deposits in the Guichi ore-cluster district,Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt,East China

ABSTRACT

The Guichi ore-cluster district in the Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt hosts extensive Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits including the Tongshan Cu–Mo, Paodaoling Au, Matou Cu–Mo, Anzishan Cu–Mo, Guilinzheng Mo and Zhaceqiao Au deposits, mostly associated with the late Mesozoic magmatic rocks, which has been drawn to attention of study and exploration. However, the metallogenic relationship between magmatic rocks and the Cu–Au-polymetallic deposits is not well constrained. In this study, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic, and geochemical data for the ore-bearing intrusions of Guichi region. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for the Anzishan quartz diorite porphyrite is 143.9 ± 1.0 Ma. Integrated with previous geochronological data, these late Mesozoic magmatic rocks can be subdivided into two stages of magmatic activities. The first stage (150–132 Ma) is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline intrusions closely associated with Cu–Au polymetallic ore deposits. Whereas, the second stage (130–125 Ma) produced granites and syenites and is mainly characterized by shoshonite series that are related to Mo–Cu mineralization. The first stage of magmatic rocks is considered to be formed by partial melting of subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate, assimilated with Yangtze lower crust and remelting Meso-Neoproterozoic crust/sediments. The second stage of magmatism is originated from partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic crust, mixed with juvenile crustal materials. The depression cross to the uplift zone of the Jiangnan Ancient Continent forms a gradual transition relation, and the hydrothermal mineralization composite with two stages have certain characteristics along the regional fault (Gaotan Fault). Guichi region results from two episodes of magmatism probably related to tectonic transition from subduction of Palaeo-Pacific Plate to back-arc extensional setting between 150 and 125 Ma, which lead to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in southeast China.     

Rapid forecasting of urban flood inundation using multiple machine learning models

Natural Hazards - Urban flood inundation is worsening as the number of short-duration rainstorms increases, and it is difficult to accurately predict urban flood inundation over a long lead time;...     

华南上泥盆统法门阶哲杜斯贝动物群的埋藏学和居群动力学特征*

哲杜斯贝是一种以高丰度和低物种分异度为显著特征、在全球广泛独立分布的小嘴贝类。笔者对华南台地相和台间盆地相5个含哲杜斯贝类上泥盆统剖面进行沉积环境和埋藏特征研究,确定华南哲杜斯贝类的原生沉积环境为台地的正常浅水,这与美国和摩洛哥生长在冷泉环境中的哲杜斯贝不同,表明其既可在浅海环境中生长,也可以在冷泉环境中生长,具有较强的生态可塑性。台地相(原地埋藏)的3个哲杜斯贝种群具有以下特征:(1)均呈现出壳体呈层状紧密堆积、集群生长特点,丰度极高,并且有相当数量的个体呈现出由于拥挤生长而导致的壳体生长畸形现象;(2)缺乏其他底栖后生生物,显示了极低的生物多样性;(3)壳体大小—频率分布和生存曲线揭示了3个哲杜斯贝种群都具有非常低的幼年期死亡率特点,同时同一介壳层内哲杜斯贝个体大小均一,表明绝大多数的个体能够达到或接近自然寿命后死亡。上述证据表明,哲杜斯贝具有密集群居生活的习性,其生活在一个独特的、不适合其他后生底栖生物生存的环境。     

陕西金堆城花岗岩类主要造岩矿物特征及其岩石学意义

本文依据大量测试数据,对金堆城地区花岗岩类主要造岩矿物学特征同钼迁移富集成矿关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明:异常晶胞条纹长石和正长石以及富重稀土和具明显负铕异常的黑云母是含钼花岗岩类标型矿物,并且可作为花岗岩类岩石发育地区寻找隐伏钼矿体的指示性矿物。钾钠长石和斜长石的结构状态和成分不仅可以提供有关花岗岩类成因演化的信息,其矿物本身亦可成为钼的载体矿物。岩浆期后,强烈的热液蚀变作用可造成钾钠长石和斜长石分解,并且引起钼的释放,从而形成高品位钼矿石。     

内蒙古哈达庙含金侵入杂岩体稀土元素地球化学研究

本文利用哈达庙含金侵入杂岩体各主要岩石类型REE分析数据,结合野外地质产状和地球化学特征,论证了杂岩体REE贫化、富集规律与成岩岩浆结晶演化的关系.在此基础上,提出了成岩过程早期以矿物结晶分异作用为主,而晚期阶段受热重扩散效应制约的成岩模式,二种分异作用的交替进行为金矿床的形成提供了物质基础.同非金斑岩体热液蚀变岩相比,含金斑岩体的热液蚀变岩以LREE丰度明显增高为特征,其独特的分布型式和组成特点可作为该区斑岩体含金性评价的地球化学标志之一.     

内蒙古白银都西群变质火山岩的钕、锶同位素研究

白银都西群主要由斜长角闪岩、变粒岩、长英片岩和条带状混合岩组成,是白银都西-白乃庙地体的重要组成部分,主要分布在内蒙古白乃庙铜(金)矿床东北白银都西一带。长期以来,由于缺乏可信的同位素年龄数据,该套岩层的归属,构造性质和形成机理尚不清楚。笔者首次对白银都西群斜长角闪岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成进行了测定,所获Sm-Nd同位素等时年龄为1394±46Ma(23),Nd初始比值为0.511 243±8(23)和εNd(T)=+7.9±2.1(23)。~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr和~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr比值分别为0.705 79—0.709 12和0.17—0.34,两者之间不存在任何相关关系。结合野外地质证据和岩相学特征,我们认为:白银都西群基性火山活动发生在中元古代,成岩物质来自亏损地幔源,成岩以后构造变动和变质热液活动致使Rb-Sr同位素体系受到严重干扰破坏。     

内蒙古乌拉山石英－钾长石脉金矿床铅和硫同位素研究

内蒙古乌拉山金矿床是近年在我国北方发现的大型金矿床之一。矿床主要由赋存在太古界乌拉山群变质岩地层中一系列石英－钾长石脉和石英脉组成。矿区范围内晚古生代—中生代花岗岩类分布广泛并且同金矿化具密切时、空分布关系。本文对乌拉山金矿床，大桦背花岗岩体和变质岩地层的硫、铅同位素比值进行了系统测定，并解释了不同地质体硫、铅同位素变化特征。研究表明：金成矿作用发生在２４０×１０￣６ａ，成矿物质主要来自大桦背花岗岩体及有关的岩脉，乌拉山金矿床形成过程中，亦有部分非岩浆物质混入。     

试论西藏二叠纪(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系

本文通过对西藏二叠系(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的研究认为,早二叠世早期(竹蜓)类以冷温型的Monodiexodina动物群为主,属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚太陆及扬子地块的分界分别为昆仑山南坡断裂和金沙江断裂。早二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类Neoschwagerina-Polydiexodina动物群仍限于冈瓦纳北缘区,其生物区系以及扬子地块的分界与早二叠世早期相同,而冈瓦纳大陆北缘西部首先与欧亚大陆塔里木等地块接近,该动物群才越过了昆仑山北坡。晚二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类以Palaeofusulina动物群为主,与扬子地块相似属华夏—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆的界线转为班公湖—怒江断裂,而冈底斯带与喜马拉雅带至今未见Palaeofusulina,该二带仍属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区。     

地壳的Q结构与观测结果的解释

本文分析了地壳Q结构对于实测Q值结果的影响。对已发表的大部分实测数据进行分析,结果表明地震波射线路径与Q值显著相关。因此,在对实测的Q值空间分布状况进行解释的时候,不仅要考虑地震波频率的影响,还应对射线路径—距离效应进行分析和校正。本文还按照现有中国大陆地壳速度模型计算了地震射线在水平层状介质中的传播路径及震中距与射线最低点深度的函数关系,给出了华北及西南部分地区地壳Q结构。