国家发改委正式批准“我国温室气体监测分析系统建设实施方案（一期）”立项

中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会2008年10月正式批准“我国温室气体监测分析系统建设实施方案（一期）”立项,总经费5700万。中国气象科学研究院按要求于10月底之前编制上报了2个子项目的可行性研究报告。2009年3月,中国气象局职能司召集中国气象科学研究院、台站人员在京召开研讨会,对可研报告集中补充和修订,     

近地层大气臭氧对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

近地层O3浓度增加对作物光合产生不利影响,因此,利用TE-49C型臭氧自动观测仪对常熟农田上方O3浓度进行了逐时测定,同时利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,测定了不同O3浓度对冬小麦叶片光合作用的影响.在此基础上,首次建立了O3对冬小麦光合作用影响的数值机理模式,模式分辨率达到瞬时时间尺度,空间积分采用Ross方案,具有较高分辨率和准确度.对O3浓度观测表明:O3浓度逐时值变化在0～160×10-9之间,相比之下日平均值变化较小,仅在5×10-9～60×10-9之内;长江中下游地区农田上方O3存在三种典型日变化形式:高浓度单峰型、高浓度多峰型和低浓度平缓型.数值分析表明:全晴天状况下高浓度单峰型对光合作用日总量影响最大.数值敏感分析表明:O3浓度和辐射同步变化时,随着日总辐射量的加大,臭氧浓度增加对光合作用的影响程度逐渐加强.全生育期积分表明:水肥适宜时,由于O3影响冬小麦光合总损失量约为9.22%.     

利用MODIS卫星资料反演中国地区晴空地表短波反照率及其特征分析

利用MODIS地表双向反照率产品(MOD43B1),结合地表海拔高度和地表覆盖类型资料,计算并分析了中国地区晴空反照率的时空分布,以及地表反照率与地形和地表覆盖的关系.首先,利用改则自动气象站的地基观测对MODIS地表反照率进行了对比验证.验证结果表明卫星观测可以较好地反映反照率随时间的变化,MODIS地表反照率与地表实测反照率符合较好.年平均地表反照率与海拔高度有很好的相关,反照率的高值出现在高海拔山区.冬春季节,我国高海拔山区因积雪覆盖成为反照率的高值区;夏秋季节,地表反照率主要受地表土壤湿度和植被盖度的影响,沙地和沙漠地带反照率最高.最后,计算了中国典型地表类型的反照率随时间的变化,结果表明大部分地表类型的反照率具有较大的时间变化,地表反照率在春秋季节较大,夏季反照率较小.     

2650年东亚-北印度洋热力差异与东亚夏季风变化

利用观测资料研究发现,东亚-北印度洋对流层热力差异指数（East Asian-North Indian Ocean index,IEANI）与东亚夏季风及相应的中国东部季风降水都具有密切的关系.当IEANI偏高（低）时,东亚中纬度夏季风偏强（弱）,华北地区降水偏多（少）,江南地区降水偏少（多）.为了研究东亚夏季风的长期变化特征,我们利用北京和澳大利亚塔斯曼尼亚地区的重建气温回归了BC665～AD1985年的IEANI.研究发现,在过去2000多年里,重建的IEANI总体上能够指示世纪尺度上的东亚夏季风变化和中国东部降水异常.重建的IEANI与中国东部降水的关系与现代气候所表现出来的关系非常相似,表明这种相关特征也出现在过去2000多年来的世纪尺度上.对于IEANI在更长时间尺度（数百至千年）上的变化特征及其与降水的关系,尚需利用更多类型的代用资料进一步验证.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2-D COUPLED STRATOSPHERICTROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICAL-RADIATIVE-CHEMICAL MODEL—PART Ⅱ:THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS

By using the 2-D stratospheric-tropospheric dynamic-radiative-chemical coupled model,somesensitivity experiments have been done,which are interactions among ozone,radiation andtemperature,vapor effects,as well as effects of source and sink.The result of temperatureexperiment shows that feedback interaction among ozone,radiation and temperature,mainlyoccurs in the upper and middle stratosphere,the maximum of ozone concentration decrease is 1ppm,the maximum of temperature change is 6 K,and the maximum of total ozone change is 20DU.From the experiment of water vapor,we can see that the area of the middle and high latitudesof the Northern Hemisphere is sensitive to vapor change.When the maximum difference betweenboth surface sources is in the Antarctic,the maximum of ozone change is also there.Because thecharacter of surface varies with latitude,dry deposition is different in different latitudes.Thechange of dry deposition makes ozone in boundary layer quite obvious,especially in both poles.The maximum change of total volume ozone in experiments of vapor,source and sink is more than12 DU.     

南极中山站臭氧洞期间O_3廓线的观测研究

本文主要分析了１９９５年臭氧洞期间在中山站用Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ臭氧仪通过Ｕｍｋｅｈｒ（逆转）方法观测和反演得到大气臭氧垂直高度分布的变化情况，并与Ｏ３洞闭合后及１９９５年１～３月的Ｏ３廓线测量结果进行了对比，同时还与国外测站的资料进行了对比，指出南极臭氧洞期间大气臭氧的减少主要发生在平流层下层（１４～２５ｋｍ），这说明发生在平流层气溶胶冰晶云（ＰＳＣ）表面的非均相催化反应主要发生在１４～２５ｋｍ高度。     

A GLOBAL ANNUALLY-AVERAGED CLIMATE MODEL WITH CXOUD, WATER VAPOR AND CO_2 FEEDBACKS

In consideration of the radiation transter, latent and sensiole neat exchange between oceans and atmosphere, a three-dimensional autonomous nonlinear ordinary differential equation is established by statistical parameterization method. The variables of the model are the mean ocean surface temperature Tx, mean atmospheric temperature To and atmospheric relative humidity f, and the feedbacks of clouds, water vapor and CO2 are involved. The steady state corresponding to the present-day climate can be obtained from this model. The analysis of parameter sensibility in the steady state indicates that clouds have considerable negative feedback effects and water vapor may affect the sign of CO2 feedback. The stability analysis of the steady state to small disturbance indicates that with increase of the positive feedback effect of clouds, the steady state goes through such a structural variance series as a stable node→a stable focal point→an unstable focal point→an unstable node, and when the steady state bec     

Modeling the East Asian climate during the last glacial maximum

Climatologists have been paying much attention to the global and regional climatic charac-teristics during the LGM. A lot of paleodata were obtained in East Asia during the LGM[1—5] and laid the firm foundation of reconstructing East Asian paleoclimate t…     

HLAFS显式云降水方案及其对暴雨和云的模拟(I)云降水显式方案

将三套显式云降水方案移植、耦合到国家气象中心业务有限区数值预报模式HLAFS中, 显式云降水方案包括双参数暖云方案、简化混合相云方案和双参数混合相云方案,明显地改进了原模式预报系统的湿物理过程,特别是对云降水过程的模拟能力.详细介绍了这三套云降水方案的物理过程,以及与动力框架的耦合.     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT ON CHINESE REGIONAL CLIMATE DUE TO SEASONAL VARIATION OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERS (PART Ⅱ)

The effect on climate due to seasonal variation of vegetation and roughness length wassimulated in Part Ⅰ of this essay.In Part Ⅱ,the individual effect of albedo and the joint effect of allthose factors (vegetation,roughness length and albedo) were calculated by numerical sensitivityexperiments.The results showed that:(1)There is no significant effect on precipitation if thealbedo of 4 seasons is used to replace the CRCM's climate average data,but the effect on landsurface temperature can be seen clearly.And the effect also can be seen in adjacent regions.(2)Ifall these three factors are used to replace the CRCM's climate average data at the same time,theeffect on precipitation is significant,the most variation value is 300mm.And the effect ontemperature is similar to what we can see if only one of these factors in CRCM is replaced bymonthly or seasonal data.(3)Seasonal variation of land surface parameters has important effectnot only on regional climate,but also on global environment.