近地天体望远镜配置大阵面CCD后轴外像差的校正

近地天体望远镜由SI600S (4k×4k) CCD升级为STA1600LN (10k×10k) CCD后,观测视场由4 deg~2增至9 deg~2,可用视场直径由望远镜原设计视场的3.14°增至4.28°,超出原设计36%,同时作为CCD密封窗的场镜增厚8.75 mm;两个因素导致10k CCD成像的轴外像差增大,视场外围的像质变差.依据望远镜原始设计光学参数,借助光学设计软件ZEMAX进行像质改善尝试,最终选择在10k CCD场镜前插入一个由两片球面透镜组成的场改正镜,使10k CCD的轴外像差得到校正.同时还提出了一个进一步拓展近地天体望远镜观测能力的设计方案,将望远镜的可用视场从目前的14.38 deg~2扩展至28.27 deg~2.     

吉林天文观测基地光学观测环境及相关研究进展

地基光学天文望远镜是人类探索与研究宇宙的重要手段, 对已有地基光学台址的光学观测环境进行监测分析, 可以为后期设备针对性改造以及观测者调整观测策略提供参考依据, 对提升地基光学设备的观测效能具有重要的意义. 吉林天文观测基地(简称``基地'')隶属于中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站, 位于吉林省吉林市大绥河镇小绥河村南沟约5 km处(东经126.3^\circ, 北纬43.8^\circ, 海拔高度313m). 基地大气视宁度均值范围约为1.3$''$--1.4$''$、天顶附近V波段的天光背景亮度为20.64magcdotarcsec^-2、年晴夜数最高可达270余天, 具有良好的天文观测条件. 吉林天文观测基地于2016年投入运行, 现有1.2m光电望远镜、迷你光电阵列望远镜、大视场光电望远镜阵列、新型多功能阵列结构光电探测平台等多台(套)光电望远镜设备. 利用上述设备, 主要围绕空间目标探测与识别、精密轨道确定、光电探测新方法以及变源天体的多色测光等开展相关研究工作, 与多家国内高校及科研院所保持着良好的合作关系.     

光学／红外望远镜和技术的进展

天文望远镜和技术在20世纪末取得了空前的辉煌成就,并将取得更辉煌的成就(1)大型望远镜的研制口径10m的两架Keck望远镜已分别在1994年和1996年投入工作.ESOVLT四架8m望远镜中的第一架已在1998年Firstlight,最后一架也将在今年内Firstlight.两架Gemini8m中的一架和一架Subaru8m望远镜都已完成.HET9m望远镜正在最后调试.由两个8m望远镜组成的LBT将于2004年完成,一架10m(复制的Keck)和一架9m(复制的HET)望远镜正在研制中.这些望远镜已配备或将配备先进的光学、红外CCD照相机和光谱仪,如Keck的NIRSPEC、VLT的FORS、ISAAC等.巡天计划中SDSS、2dF、2MASS和DENIS仪器已完成,都已投入观测.LAMOST正在积极研制中,VISTA即将开始研制.现在CalTech等已开始研制口径30m的极大望远镜(ELT),ESO和NOAO已开始了口径100m望远镜的预研,中国和英国也提出了很好的ELT方案.(2)探测器的改进当前CCD的量子效率QE蓝片已达70%～80%,红片已达90%,已投入使用的最大的拼接的CCD为12k×8k,几个8k×8k的CCD已用在望远镜上.当前20k×18k的拼接的CCD正在研制中.天文观测上CCD已取代了照相机底片.红外波段HgCdTe1k×1k的CCD已投入工作,2k×2k的正在研制中.(3)光干涉系统的进展多个光干涉系统已投入观测并取得了一系列天文成果,如GI2T,COAST、IOTA,NPOI,PTI、ISI、SUSI、MIRA;一些光干涉系统正在发展中,如CHARA、MRO、LBT;特别是两架Keck望远镜、四架VLT都配以一些较小的望远镜组成巨大的干涉阵,前者最长基线140m,后者200m,将在今后的数年内完成并投入观测.(4)自适应光学系统的应用许多3～4m级的望远镜已配置或正在研制相应的自适应光学系统,红外和可见光波段的衍射极限的像已在3～4m级的望远镜上获得,Keck和ESO都正在发展用于10m和8m望远镜的自适应光学系统.正在研制和预研中的30m到100m口径的望远镜也都配有自适应光学和光干涉系统.注本报告以McleanIS等执笔的IAUCommission9三年进展报告(见ReportsonAstronomy1996～1999,IAUTransaction,Vol.24A,p.316～327)为蓝本,补充扩大而成.     

Optimal Baffle Design in a Cassegrain Telescope

An exact analytical procedure is described for the optimum design of baffles for any Cassegrain telescope with conicoid type mirrors. Here, `optimum' means the least obstruction coefficient given perfect blocking of direct light by baffles. The corresponding algorithm is based on the ray-tracing formulas in a two-mirror telescope with arbitrary position of the aperture stop. The optimal configuration of baffles is unique. The dependence of the obstruction coefficient upon the telescope characteristics is studied. The optical system can be designed in such a way that the obstruction is equal to a predefined value. As examples, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Ritchey–Chretien system with the obstruction coefficient 0.25 are considered. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Investigation of Variation of Focus Action with the Length of the Inner Electrode for a Plasma Focus

A 2.3 kJ plasma focus was operated at different pressures with argon, nitrogen and air fillings. It was observed that good focusing action can be obtained by reducing the length of the inner electrode from 150 to 40 mm, when inner electrode has negative polarity. Under the present experimental conditions the optimum length was found to be 40 mm.     

斜轴式太赫兹天线的卡焦近场全息测量研究

天线反射面的面形精度直接影响天线效率, 是望远镜的关键指标之一. 近场射电全息具有测量精度高, 便捷高效的优点, 是毫米波和亚毫米波射电望远镜面形检测最为常用的方法之一, 卡焦近场全息可以完整测量望远镜光路中整体的面形误差. 斜轴式机架结构能够更好地适应太赫兹望远镜在极端台址环境下的整体保温和热控需求, 但斜轴天线特殊的转动特性会在近场全息测量过程中引入额外的系统误差. 针对斜轴式天线的卡焦近场全息测量, 分析了数据处理中需要额外考虑的参考路接收机位置和副面衍射的影响, 并在1.2m口径斜轴式太赫兹天线上开展了测量实验. 实验结果表明, 卡焦近场全息测量的重复测量精度优于2.0μm RMS (Root Mean Square), 面形误差分布与摄影测量所得结果一致, 验证了误差分析与修正的正确性.     

FAST馈源支撑系统中质量阻尼器的初步设计

500m球面射电望远镜(FAST)的馈源支撑系统存在大跨度柔性索支撑结构,馈源仓容易受到外界干扰源的激励引起振动,影响馈源舱内接收机定位和指向的性能和精度.质量阻尼器作为一种有效并且可靠的振动控制设备,得到了深入的研究和应用.本文从质量阻尼器的基本原理出发,初步设计出一种应用于FAsT馈源支撑系统的被动和主动质量阻尼器模型.数值分析和仿真实验结果表明质量阻尼器对FAST馈源仓的振动有明显的抑制效果.     

射电天文中焦面阵或多波束馈源的应用

焦面阵技术或者多波束馈源系统已经日益广泛地应用于现代射电望远镜，因为它可以充分地利用同一射电望远镜反射面所能提供的信息，在观测比射电望远镜方向瓣大得多的展源时数倍乃至数十倍地提高观测的速度；当存在大气层或电离层的起伏或不均匀影响观测成像质量时，可消除这种影响，提高观测质量；利用焦面阵各单个馈源接收到的信息的互相关，则可以实时监控射电望远镜的反射面、二次反射面、指向精度，从而降低地面上大射电望远镜或空间射电望远镜的精度要求和造价。目前焦面阵已经愈来愈广泛地配置在毫米波射电望远镜和大型射电望远镜的主要波段。对此作了一个较新和全面的评述，对焦面阵应用中的限制，包括相位误差的限制和性能价格比的考虑和可能的前景作了简要的介绍。还分析了在计划中的大型主动球反射面射电望远镜（即FAST）上，配置焦面阵的相应限制、问题和难点，提出了初步的建议，并给出经中英双方讨论后初步拟定的FAST频段、波束及低噪声放大器的配置。     

Internal Structure of the Jets from Young Stars Simulated at Plasma Focus Facilities

Astronomy Letters - The laboratory simulations of jets from young stars that have been carried out for many years at plasma focus facilities allow the internal structure of the active regions...     

Phase Analysis of Aperture Surface on Ring Focus Antenna

The ring focus antenna has special electromagnetic characteristics and application fields. The phase error of ring focus antenna is analyzed theoretically and simulatedly. The phase error caused by the position deviation of the feed and the subreflector, the compensation relationship between the main reflector and subreflector, and the optical path difference caused by the operation of the antenna in holographic measurement are derived. The results will provide theoretical basis and reference for accurate surface measurement and compensation of the ring focus antenna.     

Studies of Plasma Dynamics in a Small Plasma Focus Operating in Hydrogen-Argon Mixtures

We report on experimental observations in PFP-I, a small 3.8 kJ plasma focus, which is operated in Hydrogen-Argon mixtures to investigate the effect of parameter modifications on the overall performance of the device. An extensive array of diagnostics is been used, which includes voltage and current probes in the external circuit, a novel small magnetic probes array located along the cathode rods, filtered PIN diodes located side and end on, and filtered multi-pinhole and slit-wire X-ray camera. Extended operating range from below 0.2 Torr upwards has been achieved. Hot spot formation has been investigated as a function of H₂-Ar mixing ratio. Hot spot sizes around 150 m in the soft X-ray region, have been inferred from the slit-wire measurements. Pin-hole time integrated X-ray pictures and time resolved PIN diode measurements have been used to determine characteristic hot-spot temperatures in the 350 to 450 eV range.     

An efficient autofocus algorithm for a visible microscope on a Mars lander

The limited depth of focus of microscope optics precludes the observation of a three-dimensional surface in a single view. For an efficient operation of a planetary microscope observing a highly irregular surface, an autofocus algorithm must detect partially focused views and merge them into a completely focused image (extended depth of focus). In this paper we investigate the suitability of different algorithms for autonomous image focusing onboard a Mars lander. We show that all methods under study, except for the Variance method, produce reasonable results and that their performance depends (amongst other factors) on sample morphology. For reasons of simplicity and reduced computational requirements we favor Gradient and Roberts methods and present an efficient implementation thereof.