海尔—波普彗星的球状喷出物

１９９６年９月观测到海尔－波普彗星的一次喷发,这次喷发持续了几天,在９月１０日和１１日分别观测到慧星的二个球状喷出物,并测得其投影喷出速度约为１００ｍ／ｓ,其后喷出物演变为巨大的喷流。     

海尔—波普彗星喷出物的观测

根据上海天台1.56m反射望远镜从1996年2月至1997年5月对海尔－波普彗星跟踪观测所得到的有关喷出物的资料进行了系统的阐述。章根据喷的的不同类型介绍了不同的喷出物－－径向喷流、旋喷流和球状喷出物等的有关数据和观测特征。     

Hale—Bopp彗星喷流结构的周期变化

通过对上海天台佘山观测基地１９９７年３月３至５月 初期间所得到的Ｈale－Ｂｏｐ ｐ彗星喷流观测流观测资料的处理和分析，发现该彗星的喷流结构有周期性变化，其周期为８－９天，这种周期变化可能与彗星的自转轴在空间的进动周期有关。     

海尔—波普彗星球状喷出物的光变曲线

研究了海尔－波普彗星１９９６年９月的光变曲线,发现其在９月１０日至１１日发生了一次爆发,爆发时核Ｖ星等增亮２．１＾ｍ,相应地,在ＣＣＤ图像上也出现爆发时彗核抛出的２个球状凝聚物。     

3月9日漠河日全食和彗星观测

３月９日漠河日全食和彗星观测中国天文学会理事长，北京天文台台长李启斌队伍庞大规模空前１９９７年３月９日日全食和彗星同现，本来就是数百处一遇的罕见天象，加之这次日全食是我国在本世纪可以看到的最后一次日全食，而又有人估计海尔一波普彗星是本世纪最亮了“世纪...     

1994年4月的SL9彗星观测

１９９４年４月１２日晨，我们对Ｓ９彗星进行了成功的观测．观测使用云南天文台一米望远镜和加了缩焦器的Ⅱ号ＣＣＤ系统．照相机像素为５１２×５１２，视场约７’×７’．在近两小时的不同时刻的四张照片中，观测到了彗星２１颗碎核中的主要部份及其运动．本文介绍了此次观测情况和资料处理，并给出对ＳＬ９各彗核的位置和亮度的测量结果．     

简讯

简讯中国天文学会和黑龙江省科协联合组织３月９日日全食和彗星观测活动今年３月９日日全食和海尔一波普彗星同时出现的罕见天象，早已引起广大天文专业工作者和业余天文爱好者的关注，中国天文学会和黑龙江省科协抓住这一极好时机，正在组织“’９７中国黑龙江日全食和彗...     

1997年3月4日海尔-波普彗星的小规模分裂

１　引言彗核分裂是彗星的最重要特征之一．至１９８２年止文献记录共观测到２２个彗核分裂,３３个次核［１］．１９８６年哈雷彗星回归时观测到彗核的分裂［２］．１９９６年紫金山天文台２００ｍｍ赤道望远镜和青岛观象台同时观测到百武彗星的分裂［３］．海尔波普彗星从１９９５年８月到１０月曾爆发５次［４］．１９９６年３月至１２月不断有喷流射出,彗核活动日趋剧烈［５］．１９９７年３月４日我们观测到彗核的小规模分裂及喷流特征,３月３日我们观测到海尔波普彗星近核照片上有喷流,这可能是３月４日彗核小块分裂的前奏．３…     

Hale-BOPP彗星的壳层结构

在紫金山天文台全自动密度扫描仪（PDS）上测量了1997年3月4日（UT）拍摄的Hale-Bopp彗星的壳层结构。对测量的数据用优选法分析后给出：（1）从彗核喷发出的喷流（壳层结构的第一层亦即最靠近彗核的那一层）呈阿基米德螺线形状，喷流喷出物质的速度为1.6公里/秒；（2）壳层结构的第二，三，四层呈抛物线形状，亦与悬链线相近。     

Hale—Bopp彗星的爆发活动

１９９６年９月至１１月间,对Ｈａｌｅ－Ｂｏｐｐ彗星进行了照相和光电观测,给出观测结果包括风次爆发和可能的爆发活动。     

Globular ejecta from Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1955 O1)

This paper reports on the eruption of comet Hale-Bopp in September 1996. Two globular ejecta are observed near the nucleus of the comet on Sept. 10 and 11, 1996. We measured the projected velocity to be some 100 m/s. Subsequently the ejecta evolved into a pair of huge jets.     

Estimating The Dust Particle Size Of Comet Hale–Bopp By Studying The Motion Of The Ejecta On September 10–11, 1996

We report the observation of an outburst of comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) happened on September 10–11, 1996, carried by the 1.56 m telescope of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Two ejecta were found in CCD images during the outburst. According to the positions of ejecta, we discuss the motion of the ejecta considering dust particles are subjected to the gravity and the Solar radiation pressure, and conclude that the mean radii of dust grains in the ejecta were about submicron-sized. So the observed X-ray emission are most likely produced by small size particles scattering the Solar X-ray. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Near-Nuclear Study of Comet Hale Bopp

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｍｅｔＨａｌｅ Ｂｏｐｐ(Ｈａｌｅ,1 995 )ｉｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｂｒｉｇｈｔｃｏｍｅｔ.Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃｔｉｖｅｗｈｅｎｄｉｓｃｏｖ ｅｒｙａｔ 7ＡＵｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｕｎ(Ｓｅｋａｎｉｎａ ,1 996 ) .Ｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｉｚｅｄｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｕｓｔａｎｄｇａｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｃｏｍ ｐｌｅｘｃｏｍａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｅｄａｎｄｎｕｃｌｅｕｓｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎｐｅｒｉｏｄ .Ｆｕｒ ｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ…     

Observations of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 around the Deep Impact event by the OSIRIS cameras onboard Rosetta

The OSIRIS cameras on the Rosetta spacecraft observed Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 5 days before to 10 days after it was hit by the Deep Impact projectile. The Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) monitored the cometary dust in 5 different filters. The Wide Angle Camera (WAC) observed through filters sensitive to emissions from OH, CN, Na, and OI together with the associated continuum. Before and after the impact the comet showed regular variations in intensity. The period of the brightness changes is consistent with the rotation period of Tempel 1. The overall brightness of Tempel 1 decreased by about 10% during the OSIRIS observations. The analysis of the impact ejecta shows that no new permanent coma structures were created by the impact. Most of the material moved with . Much of it left the comet in the form of icy grains which sublimated and fragmented within the first hour after the impact. The light curve of the comet after the impact and the amount of material leaving the comet ( of water ice and a presumably larger amount of dust) suggest that the impact ejecta were quickly accelerated by collisions with gas molecules. Therefore, the motion of the bulk of the ejecta cannot be described by ballistic trajectories, and the validity of determinations of the density and tensile strength of the nucleus of Tempel 1 with models using ballistic ejection of particles is uncertain.     

“Comet‐tail” ejecta streaks: A predicted cratering landform unique to Titan

Abstract— A model for an impact ejecta landform peculiar to Saturn's moon Titan is presented. Expansion of the ejecta plume from moderate‐sized craters is constrained by Titan's thick atmosphere. Much of the plume is collimated along the incoming bolide's trajectory, as was observed for plumes from impacts on Jupiter of P/Shoemaker‐Levy‐9, but is retained as a linear, diagonal ejecta cloud, unlike on Venus where the plume “blows out.” On Titan, the blowout is suppressed because the vertically‐extended atmosphere requires a long wake to reach the vacuum of space, and the modest impact velocities mean plume expansion along the wake is slow enough to allow the wake to close off. Beyond the immediate ejecta blanket around the crater, distal ejecta is released into the atmosphere from an oblique line source: this material is winnowed by the zonal wind field to form streaks, with coarse radar‐bright particles transported less far than fine radar‐dark material. Thus, the ejecta form two distinct streaks faintly reminiscent of dual comet tails, a sharply W‐E radar‐dark one, and a less swept and sometimes comma‐shaped radar‐bright one.     

Hale-Bopp彗星的一次爆发观测

使用上海天文台的１．５６ｍ望远镜和Ｓｅｒｉｅｓ２００ＣＣＤ照相机发现ＨａｌｅＢｏｐｐ彗星于１９９６年４月２１日至４月２３日期间有一次爆发,４月２２日彗星星等比前一天增亮了０２等,但一天后其亮度又大致恢复原来的亮度．这段时间内,彗头的半强度处的直径也有相应的变化．     

Hubble Space Telescope observations of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact encounter

We report on the Hubble Space Telescope program to observe periodic Comet 9P/Tempel 1 in conjunction with NASA's Deep Impact Mission. Our objectives were to study the generation and evolution of the coma resulting from the impact and to obtain wide-band images of the visual outburst generated by the impact. Two observing campaigns utilizing a total of 17 HST orbits were carried out: the first occurred on 2005 June 13-14 and fortuitously recorded the appearance of a new, short-lived fan in the sunward direction on June 14. The principal campaign began two days before impact and was followed by contiguous orbits through impact plus several hours and then snapshots one, seven, and twelve days later. All of the observations were made using the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). For imaging, the ACS High Resolution Channel (HRC) provides a spatial resolution of 36 km (16 km pixel⁻¹) at the comet at the time of impact. Baseline images of the comet, made prior to impact, photometrically resolved the comet's nucleus. The derived diameter, 6.1 km, is in excellent agreement with the 6.0±0.2 km diameter derived from the spacecraft imagers. Following the impact, the HRC images illustrate the temporal and spatial evolution of the ejecta cloud and allow for a determination of its expansion velocity distribution. One day after impact the ejecta cloud had passed out of the field-of-view of the HRC.     

X-ray Ejecta,White-Light CMEs and a Coronal Shock Wave

We report on a coronal shock wave inferred from the metric type II burst of 13 January 1996. To identify the shock driver, we examined mass motions in the form of X-ray ejecta and white-light coronal mass ejections (CMEs). None of the ejections could be considered fast (> 400 km s^–1) events. In white light, two CMEs occurred in quick succession, with the first one associated with X-ray ejecta near the solar surface. The second CME started at an unusually large height in the corona and carried a dark void in it. The first CME decelerated and stalled while the second one accelerated, both in the coronagraph field of view. We identify the X-ray ejecta to be the driver of the coronal shock inferred from metric type II burst. The shock speed reported in the Solar Geophysical Data (1000–2000 km s^–1) seems to be extremely large compared to the speeds inferred from X-ray and white-light observations. We suggest that the MHD fast-mode speed in the inner corona could be low enough that the X-ray ejecta is supermagnetosonic and hence can drive a shock to produce the type II burst.     

Pre-perihelion CCD photometry of Comet 1995 01 (Hale-Bopp)

Systematic CCD photometry of Comet 1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) began in early August 1995 shortly after its discovery (IAU Circular 6187) and continued until mid-November 1996. The light curve derived from a 34″ square centered on the nucleus shows clearly and objectively how the inner regions of the comet brightened during this 15 month period. Possible connections between sudden brightenings and reported outbursts are investigated. During the interval August–December 1995, the magnitude of the comet showed strong evidence of a periodicity of 20±5 days with a full amplitude of approximately 0.20 mag. It is noteworthy that this result spans both the period of 18 days suggested by Sekanina (1995, 1996) and the “superperiod” of 22±2 days reported by Jorda et al. (1997). However, in 1996 neither this periodicity nor any other could be detected with certainty in the photometric data.     

Infrared Observations Of Dust Emission From Comet Hale-Bopp

We present infrared imaging and photometry of the bright, giant comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). The comet was observed in an extended infrared and optical observing campaign in 1996–1997. The infrared morphology of the comet was observed to change from the 6 to 8 jet “porcupine” structure in 1996 to the “pinwheel” structure seen in 1997; this has implications for the position of the rotational angular momentum vector. Long term light curves taken at 11.3 μm indicate a dust production rate that varies with heliocentric distance as ∶ r^−1.4. Short term light curves taken at perihelion indicate a rotational periodicity of 11.3 hours and a projected dust outflow speed of ∶ 0.4 km s⁻¹. The spectral energy distribution of the dust on October 31, 1996 is well modeled by a mixture of 70% silicaceous and 30% carbonaceous non-porous grains, with a small particle dominated size distribution like that seen for comet P/Halley (McDonnell et al., 1991), an overall dust production rate of 2 × 10⁵ kg s⁻¹, a dust-to-gas ratio of ∶5, and an albedo of 39%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.