精准水稻种植信息系统的分析与设计

精准农业(Precision Farming)是美国20世纪80年代初提出的农业经营概念,它的最大特点是充分考虑农田特征的空间变异,根据农田性质的空间差异对农作物实行不同的管理措施,如变量施肥、变量灌溉等,其目标是获得最大的经济收益和最少的环境污染。水稻精准种植是精准农业思想的具体实现,在实施过程中需要使用的信息包括:GPS定位信息、农田地理信息、田间采样信息、农业气象信息、作物产量信息、作物长势信息和水稻栽培专家知识等。为管理和处理这些信息并使之为水稻种植服务,水稻精准种植信息系统应当由属性数据管理、农田空间数据管理、专家系统、遥感数据处理和管理决策等子系统构成。为便于系统的开发、完善和推广,整个系统基于组件式地理信息系统开发工具,用VB编程实现。     

基于组件GIS的精准水稻种植信息系统的开发

组件式软件开发已经成为当今软件技术的潮流之一,基于COM的组件式GIS开发技术近些年来广泛应用于GIS工程中。精准农业(PA)是GIS、GPS、RS等信息技术综合在农业生产中的典型应用,这一应用需要集成的信息处理系统软件支持。本文就上海精准农业试点中的配套软件“精准水稻种植信息处理系统”(PRC/INFOV1.0)的研制过程对组件GIS的开发与集成技术进行探讨。     

高光谱遥感精准农业示范基地研究

为跟踪国际上农业高技术的最新发展 ,在国家计委、北京市政府和北京市计委领导和支持下 ,北京市农林科学院承担了“北京精准农业示范工程项目”,率先在我国开展精准农业示范研究。精准农业是 80年代中期从事作物栽培、土壤肥力、作物病虫草害防治的专家们在进行作物生长模拟、栽培管理、测土配方施肥等专家应用系统研究中 ,为进一步了解农田内小区作物产量和生长环境条件的时空差异 ,从而实现定位、定量投入而发展起来的。迄今精准农业在美国、加拿大、法国等发达国家也不过 5～ 6年的应用试验历史。     

论精准农业建设的地理信息技术关键

 精准农业是具有超前性的农业高技术,代表了当前国际上农业发展的新趋势,同样也是我国农业发展的重要方向。本文论述了精准农业建设中涉及的地理信息技术关键,包括多维农业信息动态获取、智能化数据分析及农业电子地图快速制作等,这对我国的精准农业建设将有重要的理论意义和实践价值     

基于Sentinel-1/2动态耦合移栽期特征的水稻种植模式识别

及时准确地获取水稻种植模式变化对于有效防控“非粮化”和完成“双碳”目标具有重要意义。现有研究多基于固定时间窗口挖掘水稻生长期特征，且多使用的是单一卫星影像数据，难以应用于大范围水稻制图。本文通过Sentinel-1/2数据构建动态窗口提取移栽期光学/雷达特征，利用其耦合关系实现水稻种植模式制图。将该算法应用于湖南和江西两省水稻制图。基于1402个地面参考点位对水稻提取结果进行验证，总体精度达92.80%；在县域尺度上，湖南和江西两省水稻制图面积与农业统计数据也具有高度一致性，R²达0.85以上。相比于用固定窗口进行水稻特征提取，该方法具有较强的鲁棒性和迁移能力，为实现更大范围作物制图提取提供新的思路和参考依据。2018—2021年江西省水稻制图结果表明，水稻总种植面积减少9.47%，约3460 km²，水稻种植强度从1.62下降至1.49；在种植模式上，“双改中”趋势明显，双季稻种植面积锐减21.61%，其中约84%改种中稻。     

水稻种植环境综合适宜性评价方法研究

开展特定区域水稻种植产业布局是科学制定区域农业种植产业规划的重要内容,而水稻种植适宜性评价是水稻种植产业布局的前提。本文以中国好粮油示范县——福建省浦城县为研究区,基于层次分析模型构建土壤条件、立地条件、灌排条件、气候条件和机械耕作条件5大类共21个指标的水稻种植适宜性评价体系,利用地学模型、回归模型和空间插值等方法计算、模拟评价指标空间分布数据,形成5 m×5 m分辨率的评价指标栅格数据集,基于经验指数法建立适宜度指数模型,开展精细尺度下的水稻种植环境综合适宜性评价。利用实测样点水稻产量与水稻种植环境综合适宜度指数进行分析,发现二者呈显著正相关,验证了本研究评价工作的正确性和可行性。最后利用K-means属性聚类法识别研究区水稻种植多维环境适宜性的空间模式。结果表明：① 研究区水稻种植高度适宜、较适宜、中度适宜耕地面积占全县耕地面积的84.4%,次适宜耕地仅占15.6%,耕地整体适宜性较高;② Ⅰ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性和各类指标适宜性均较高;Ⅱ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较高,但灌排条件适宜性很低;Ⅲ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较高,但立地、土壤条件适宜性较低;Ⅳ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较低,灌排条件适宜性最低。本研究可为水稻种植适宜性评价提供方法借鉴,并为浦城县更合理科学地开展农业种植规划提供依据。     

多星数据协同的地块尺度作物分类与面积估算方法研究

为了解决多云雨地区遥感数据时空覆盖缺失的问题,以满足对地块尺度作物种植信息日益迫切的应用需求,本文在遥感图谱认知理论框架下发展了一种基于多星数据协同的地块尺度作物识别与面积估算方法。首先,基于米级高分辨率影像提取农田地块对象;其次,通过对多源中分辨率时序影像的有效化处理和指数计算,获取“碎片化”的高时空覆盖有效数据,并以地块对象为单元构建时间序列;然后,在时序分析基础上,建立多维特征空间,结合作物生长物候特征,构建决策树模型进行作物分类识别与面积计算;最后,以湖南省宁远县为研究区开展了水稻种植信息的提取实验。结果表明：本文方法可在农田地块尺度下实现不同水稻类型的准确识别及其种植面积的精细提取,早、中、晚稻的用户精度分别可达94.33%、90.76%和95.95%,总体分类精度为92.51%,Kappa系数为0.90;早、中、晚稻面积提取精度分别为93.37%、91.23%和95.42%。试验结果证明了本文方法的有效性,为其他作物种植信息的精细提取提供了借鉴。     

HJ卫星图像水稻种植面积的识别分析

 HJ-1A/1B卫星具有较高时空分辨率,是提取水稻等农作物种植面积的潜力数据源。本文以江汉平原腹地的监利县及周边相邻区域为研究区,根据水稻物候历,选取样区水稻生长关键期的多时相HJ-1A/1B卫星数据,利用水稻移栽期的水分信息和生长期的归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化信息,结合陆表水系数(LSWI)、短波红外波段的反射率(R_IRS-B2)、差归一化植被指数(DNDVI),构建了HJ卫星数据的水稻种植面积识别方法,提取了研究区2009-2011年水稻种植面积,得到面积精度和样本点精度均不小于90%,Kappa值不小于0.80的结果。     

谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡早期生长和组织器官发育的影响

在肉仔鸡基础日粮中添加谷氨酰胺进行 2 1d的试验 ,观察了其对肉仔鸡早期生长性能和组织器官发育的影响。试验表明 ,在肉仔鸡饲料中添加适宜的谷氨酰胺 ,有利于提高肉仔鸡的体重、日增重、饲料报酬和成活率 ,添加量为 0 .8%时效果最好 ,且谷氨酰胺添加量为 0 .8%时可明显提高 2 1日龄时法氏囊、脾脏、肝脏和胰腺的重量以及法氏囊指数。     

农用矿物对水稻生育性状、产量及品质的影响

一、单质农用矿物对水稻的生育性状、产量的影响 黑龙江省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所盆栽试验结果表明，单质钾长石、沸石、蛇纹石这3种农用矿物对水稻的生育状况改善和产量的提高具有明显的促进作用。在不施无机肥料的情况下，与空白对照相比，每亩施入5kg沸石粉（Si）、蛇纹石（Mg）、钾长石（K），水稻植株高度分别增加4．82cm、2．66cm和3．84cm；平均穗长分别增加0．10cm、0．03cm和0．04cm；     

A MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED STUDY OF RICE PRECISION FARMING

In terms of demands of rice farming in the southern China,the information processing system and the yield measurement system that is installed in combine harvester,are designed and completed.Now the systems have been used in demonstration site in the Experiment Base of Shanghai Precision Agriculture.Based on the idea of spa-tial-oriented,object-oriented,user-oriented,the Farm Geographic Information System for precision farming of rice was developed,which is characterized by intelligence and visualized.The Decision-making Management System is integrated with rice growth model,expert model for rice cultivation.The DGPS,RS,GIS and intelligence sensors and computer technique were adopted in building the artificial intelligence system for measuring grain yield that is installed in combine har-vester,so the combine harvester could provide the grain yield distribution map real-timely.The environmental and econom-ic assessment shows that the precision rice farming applied in the demonstration site will benfit the society,economy and ecology greatly.     

On the origin of rice agriculture in southern China and its propagation in East Asia

Based on the archaeological rice cultivation with the¹⁴C dating of about 4000–5000 a B.P. the author holds that the plain at the lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River is one origin of rice cultivation in Asia and the other is Allahabad of India. The propagation of ancient rice cultivation in China can be divided into three stages, namely 4000–3000, 2635–2420 and about 1000 a B.P. It is inferred that there were two ways for propagating rice cultivation from China to Japan. One was from lower reaches of Changjiang River to Kyushu by sea way and the other was from Shandong Peninsula to southern Korea and then to Kyushu. The age of propagating rice cultivation into Vietnam from South China is about 1000 a B.P. Being influenced by climatic changes since about 5000 a B.P. the propagation of rice cultivation was stagnated for two times at least, for example, the three warm climatic stages and the two cold stages were quite in correspondence with the propagation and stagnation stages of rice cultivation, respectively, in China. During the ancient times the development of paddy rice was directive related to the fluctuation of sea level which is in keeping with the climatic changes.     

基于网格的精准农业数据库及示范应用——以黑龙江农场双山基地为例

精准农业是指按照田间每一操作单元的具体条件,精细准确地调整各项土壤和作物管理措施,最大限度地优化使用各项农业投入(如化肥、农药、水、种子和其他方面的投入量),以获取最高产量和最大经济效益,同时减少化学物质使用,保护农业生态环境,保护土地等自然资源.本文从精准农业对数据的要求入手,提出以格网为单元的精准农业数据库的设计思...     

Spatial and temporal patterns of soil nitrogen distribution under different land uses in a watershed in the hilly area of purple soil, China

Quantification of soil spatial and temporal variability at watershed scale is important in ecological modeling, precision agriculture, and natural resources management. The spatio-temporal variations of soil nitrogen under different land uses in a small watershed (12.10 km²) in the hilly area of purple soil at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in southwestern China were investigated by using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographical information system in order to provide information for land management and control of environmental issues. A total of 552 soil samples (0 to 15 cm) from 276 sites within the watershed were collected in April and August of 2011, and analyzed for soil total nitrogen (STN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N). We compared spatial variations of STN and NO3-N under different land uses as well as the temporal variations in April (dry season) and August (rainy season). Results showed that STN contents were deeply affected by land-use types; median STN values ranged from 0.94 to 1.27 g·kg^?1, and STN contents decreased in the following order: paddy field > forestland > sloping cropland. No significant difference was found for STN contents between April and August under the same land use. However, NO3-N contents were 23.26, 10.58, and 26.19 mg·kg^?1 in April, and 1.34, 8.51, and 3.00 mg·kg^?1 in August for the paddy field, sloping cropland and forestland, respectively. Nugget ratios for STN indicated moderate spatial dependence in the paddy field and sloping cropland, and a strong spatial dependence in forestland. The processes of nitrogen movement, transformation, absorption of plant were deeply influenced by land use types; as a result, great changes of soil nitrogen levels at spatial and temporal scales were demonstrated in the studied watershed.     

A new rainwater harvesting and recycling system for transforming sloping land into terraced farmland

Transforming sloping land into terraced land is an effective approach to cope with the problems including farmland shortage and severe soil erosion.This paper introduces a new system based on rainwater harvesting and recycling technology,which may effectively improve farmland productivity rainwater use efficiency and reduce water and fertilizer inputs.The new system consists of three subsystems：1） A plough layer with the dual function of crop cultivation and rainwater harvesting; 2） A tank below the plough layer for storing water; 3） An irrigation-drainage subsystem.The plough layer and the storage tank,both treated for reducing seepage,are connected through the irrigation and drainage system.Results showed that,compared with the traditional paddy fields,rice evapotranspiration（ and crop coefficient） in the test field remained at a similar level,while the irrigation amount was reduced by 44.3% under the condition of basin irrigation,and the drainage amount decreased by 86.6%,and the non-point source pollution was reduced to 67.7%~87.9%,and the rainwater utilization efficiency increased by 30% and reached 95.4%,and crop yield of middle-season rice reached 9,975 kg/hm2,which was only 0.4% lower than that in the traditional paddy field in the terms of dry matter.The new technology sheds light on new possibilities for transformation of hilly sloping land.     

Paradigm and ecological implication of changing agricultural land-use: A case study from Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Himalaya, India

The paper scrutinizes that the changes in any sub-system(i.e.agriculture,livestock and forest) have direct impact on biophysical and social processes in village ecosystem of the central Himalayan region.In view of this,we studied the changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use and dependency of agroecosystem on forest and animal husbandry over a period of two decades.Based on data analysis it was found that the cultivation of some traditional crops has either been abandoned in the area or declined by 25%-85% due to introduction of cash crops viz.,potato,kidney bean and apple farming with acreage increased up to 51%-72% in the last three decades.Livestock population of different categories has declined drastically by 17%-75%,and has resulted shortage of farmyard manure,deterioration of soil quality and fertility which leads to un-sustainability of agriculture system.The changes in agrobiodiversity have led to the dramatic increase in soil loss and runoff from the croplands together with the increase pressure on forests.The economic evaluation of each crop showed higher monetary benefit from cash crops as compared to traditional crops.Among all the evaluated crops,the monetary output/input ratio was found highest(3.04) for kidney bean and lowest(1.26) for paddy.Changes in land use and management have improved household income but at the cost of forest degradation,less productive animal husbandry and loss of agrodiversity in the region.Therefore,there is an urgent need to bring desirable changes in agricultural policy,research,land use and efficient management of the resources for maintaining sustainability in agro and Himalayan forest ecosystem.