一种适合快速可视化的3维表面数据模型

回顾了3D GIS 中现有的3维实体的数据模型,以节点、线段、三角形为基本描述单元,研究了一种适合快速可视化的3维表面数据模型。以建筑物模型为研究实例,建立了实验区内的建筑物的3维模型并给出了相应的实验结果,在存储空间方面比较了该模型与其他模型的不同。实验证明该模型在存储空间、模型重建可视化效果方面能够取得较好的结果。     

基于面向对象的空间目标3维交互式建模的设计

3维数据模型的建立是实现真3维GIS的一个核心问题。在充分分析现有3维数据模型的基础上，比较了传统模型的优缺点。针对空间目标建模的特点，设计了一种面向对象的3维数据模型。考虑到软件的实用性和可扩展性，着重论述了3维交互式设计及数据管理。     

基于面向对象的空间目标3维交互式建模的设计

3维数据模型的建立是实现真3维GIS的一个核心问题.在充分分析现有3维数据模型的基础上,比较了传统模型的优缺点.针对空间目标建模的特点,设计了一种面向对象的3维数据模型.考虑到软件的实用性和可扩展性,着重论述了3维交互式设计及数据管理.     

3维模型及其在珠海城市道路横断面设计中的应用

作为GIS重要发展特征之一的3维模型,已成为地学研究的重要工具和手段。从空间信息表达与传输的角度,阐述3D GIS中3维模型的可视化机理,包括3维空间数据模型、视觉变量和动态变量等内容;并借助图形实现语言Java 3D,实现3维模型在珠海城市道路横断面设计中的具体应用。此研究对于利用3维模型进行工程实践应用具有一定的借鉴意义。     

应用Supernatural GIS进行3维城市数据分区管理的方法研究

探讨了3维城市数据管理的有关问题,基于3维GIS软件Supernatural GIS研究了3维城市模型大场景海量数据的分区管理、动态调度和快速显示问题,提出了应用Supernatural GIS实现城市3维可视化及大范围城市景观动态漫游的解决方案。     

城市大区域3维建模初探

在对已有3维数据模型分析的基础上，引用制图综合思想，着重探讨快速构建城市大区域建筑物的数据模型，提出一种箱式分割数据模型来构造建筑物。其中的分割是对建筑物实体的分割，这样可以在3维GIS中直接实现对建筑物的每一层或每一用户的图形属性互查及各种分析。最后，在此模型的基础上提出一种城市大区域快速3维建模思路。     

基于ArcGIS 10的3维地理信息系统应用

随着计算机技术和3维数据获取技术、海量数据动态可视化技术的迅速发展,3维GIS逐步从视觉表现的应用范畴走向专题应用。3维GIS已成为当前GIS界的研究发展方向,应用前景广阔。鉴于此,本文探讨了以ArcGIS 10为基础建立的3维地理信息系统平台的关键技术、系统架构、数据建模,以及实现方法。     

解决3维地理信息系统中可视化问题的新方案

首先分析了传统的3维地理信息系统中的可视化技术方案的不足，然后介绍了进行3维可视化研究的新技术VRML；在此基础上提出了基于VRML的VRML－GIS，并进一步给出了VRML－GIS进行3维地理信息系统开发的可行性方案，以及该方案的一个应用实例。     

基于拓扑的房屋3维建模研究

在分析目前3维地理信息系统中房屋建模的一般流程、研究现状及房屋3维建模软件局限性的基础上，提出一个基于拓扑的房屋3维数据模型，并通过实验论证数据采集软件与模型建立软件集成的可行性。     

3维地籍实体数据模型设计的新方法

3维地籍管理模式是现代地籍管理的必然趋势,能够适应新形势下城市空间立体开发的需要。本文回顾了地籍管理发展的历程,探讨了3维地籍管理的必要性,总结了3维空间数据模型的研究成果,对OO3D模型进行扩展,提出了一种面向地籍对象的3维数据模型CO3D,最后给出了CO3D模型结构与数据组织方式。     

中国大陆岩石GPS平台Geo TransGIS的设计与实现

在中国大陆岩石圈地理信息系统研究过程中，提出了一种工具型二维地理信息系统和二三维地理信息系统地功能模块的设计思路，探讨了了面向对象方法，面向对象数据模型，面向对象数据库、无缝集成、开放式数据库互联技术在理信息系统研制中的运用；并用实例证明了此设计方法的可行性和实用性。     

3D GIS技术研究发展综述

回顾了3DGIS的发展进程,从三维空间数据获取,三维数据模型,三维空间数据管理和分析以及三维可视化技术4个方面综述了3DGIS技术的发展。探讨了目前研究3DGIS的4个热点问题:①数据源集成快速获取数据的方法;②不同数据模型的集成;③支持空间分析的面向对象的数据模型;④城市三维模型。     

基于表面剖分的3DCM空间数据模型研究

３维城市模型（３ＤＣＭ）的研究近年来得到了飞速发展,但目前所开发的３ＤＣＭ系统大多属于３维可视化系统,所提供的空间分析与操作功能极为有限,究其原因,主要是缺乏能有效表达城市３维实体及其空间关系的３ＤＣＭ空间数据模型。尽管在３ＤＧＩＳ数据模型的研究方面,许多学者提出了很有价值的模型,但这些模型均难以灌足城市３维建模的要求。针对这一问题,本文首先分析了城市３维实体的几何特征及３ＤＣＭ系统要求,提出用外     

The Phoenix Algorithm for Three Dimensional Data Capture

The graphical representation and interactive manipulation of accurate three dimensional (3D) models of reality is rapidly becoming an inescapable necessity for many applications of geographical information systems (GIS). There are many problems and difficulties that must be overcome in order to facilitate such 3D models. Can accurate measurements, at sufficient resolution and using affordable resources, be obtained? Will application software usefully process, in all aspects, models of the real world, held in full 3D? Can a topology of containment, adjacency and contiguity in 3D be integrated into the conventional procedural and recording functionality of two dimensional (2D) GIS and still provide workable spatial analysis tools? A 3D GIS applied to an urban environment should maintain a model that would typically consist of solid representations of individual buildings, roads and utilities, providing both external and internal detail, all assigned to a suitable digital terrain model (DTM). The particular 3D application considered here addresses the need for accurate reconstruction of historical urban buildings. The creation, manipulation and exploration of such models is often referred to as “virtual heritage”. Much of this paper describes an effective methodology, called the Phoenix algorithm, requiring only a single image of an urban object, for the construction of 3D models of buildings at high resolution. The development of this algorithm is discussed and the results obtained from it are compared with those obtained using traditional 3D capture techniques. An outline of further potential GIS applications is presented.     

A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space

A hybrid system that integrates two-dimensional (2D) GIS and three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been developed to provide unique solutions to application domains where traditional 2D GIS and 3D visualization cannot alone provide a solution. In this paper, we focus on three key issues in realizing such an integrated system, including large-scale terrain rendering, 2D and 3D combination display (for example, rendering 2D GIS layers in 3D space), expanding traditional 2D GIS analysis functions into a 3D environment, and visualizing 3D geographical data. A generic framework is developed to integrate 3D visualization with various types of 2D GIS, such as commercial GIS software, open source GIS software and spatial databases. A prototype 2D and 3D hybrid system that seamlessly integrates 2D GIS (developed with ArcEngine) and 3D rendering engine (developed with DirectX) is then developed based on the framework. In this hybrid system, 2D and 3D data are viewed within the same scene. Multiple 2D GIS layers are overlaid on the base terrain using a Level of Detail (LOD) model. Advanced query functions, data accessing, data management and spatial analysis, which are executed in the traditional 2D GIS, are provided to users in a 3D environment by continuously transforming information between the 2D GIS subsystem and the 3D subsystem. The 3D data are organized and displayed by Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and textured 3D models in the COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) format. The prototype demonstrates that this hybrid system has effectively addressed the three key issues identified above and that it can seamlessly integrate 2D GIS and 3D visualization. The hybrid system has great potential to be employed in many application domains, such as urban planning, landscape design and environmental decision making, among others, to enhance the 3D design capability and facilitate public participation in the planning, design and decision-making process.     

三维动态交互式可视化模型─-地理信息系统中的三维表示与分析

针对当前计算机图形技术的发展和GIS多专业应用需求的特点,本文以吉奥之星（Geostar）地理信息系统平台为例,研究了在当前二维系统中如何考虑三维或者2．5维表面表示与分析的问题。提出了集成数字高程模型（DEM）、数字正射影像、常规的矢量数据和各种属性信息在一起,建立一体化的三维数据输入、操作与可视化机制,并在此基础上提出了二维与三维混合表示的空间查询与分析模型。该模型扩展了可视化概念,将可视化技术贯穿于整个GIS运行过程。     

三维空间数据模型综述

介绍了三维地理信息系统空间数据模型的基本概念和研究现状.讨论了三维地理信息系统中两类不同的空间数据模型,即基于表面表示的数据模型和基于体表示的数据模型.分析了格网结构、边界表示、3D栅格结构、八叉树、结构实体几何法和不规则四面体结构等空间数据模型的特点和应用.     

面向对象的矿产地理数据库的设计与建立

传统的GIS数据模型难以表达非结构化数据和GIS中具有复杂结构的数据 ,更不能表达数据间继承、聚合等在GIS中广泛使用的关系。面向对象的技术则可以很好地解决上述问题。本文介绍了面向对象的地理数据库的设计和建立 ,并结合矿区矿产管理工作中的特殊性 ,通过实例分析了其在矿区矿产地理数据库建立中的应用。     

Use of a Three-Domain Repesentation to Enhance GIS Support for Complex Spatiotemporal Queries

As the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proceeds to advanced scientific and societal applications, there is an emerging need to enhance GIS support for complex spatiotemporal queries. Dynamic GIS representations (as opposed to static, map-based representations) that can integrate proper data elements in the production of geographic information are required. This paper demonstrates the use of a three-domain representation that facilitates compilation of higher-level information (such as frequency and rate) from preliminary data records (such as time and location) stored in a database. The three-domain representation is compared with snapshot, space-time composite, and spatiotemporal object models using a sample data set for forest transitions. While the three-domain representation is a normalization of these data models, it offers a conceptual alternative that enables GIS to represent spatiotemporal behaviors of geographic entities, in addition to entities as well as histories at locations as emphasized in most GIS data models. The comparison shows that the three-domain representation has combined the strengths of the space-time composite and spatiotemporal object models. Moreover, it enables aggregations of analytical use along with dynamic mappings between geographic concepts and locations, a distinct capability that takes GIS query processing beyond the level of information support offered by static map-based data models.     

A UML‐based Representation of Spatio‐Temporal Evolution in Road Network Data

Geographic features change over time, this change being the result of some kind of event. Most database systems used in GIS are relational in nature, capturing change by exhaustively storing all versions of data, or updates replace previous versions. This stems from the inherent difficulty of modelling geographic objects and associated data in relational tables, and this is compounded when the necessary time dimension is introduced to represent how these objects evolve. This article describes an object‐oriented (OO) spatio‐temporal conceptual data model called the Feature Evolution Model (FEM), which can be used for the development of a spatio‐temporal database management system (STDBMS). Object versioning techniques developed in the fields of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and engineering design are utilized in the design. The model is defined using the Unified Modelling Language (UML), and exploits the expressiveness of OO technology by representing both geographic entities and events as objects. Further, the model overcomes the limitations inherent in relational approaches in representing aggregation of objects to form more complex, compound objects. A management object called the evolved feature maintains a temporally ordered list of references to features thus representing their evolution. The model is demonstrated by its application to road network data.