Production of high-resolution remote sensing images for navigation information infrastructures

This paper introduces the image fusion approach of multi-resolution analysis-based intensity modulation (MRAIM) to produce the high-resolution multi-spectral images from high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multi-spectral images for navigation information infrastructure. The mathematical model of image fusion is derived according to the principle of remote sensing image formation. It shows that the pixel values of a high-resolution multi-spectral images are determined by the pixel values of the approximation of a high-resolution panchromatic image at the resolution level of low-resolution multi-spectral images, and in the pixel valae computation the M-band wavelet theory and the d trous algorithm are then used. In order to evaluate the MRAIM approach, an experiment has been carried out on the basis of the IKONOS 1 m panchromatic image and 4 m multi-spectral images. The result demonstrates that MRAIM image fusion approach gives promising fusion results and it can be used to produce the high-resolution remote sensing images required for navigation information infrastructures.     

RS image fusion technique for information preservation

A simple spectral preserving image fusion technique, Edge Enhancement Color Normalized (EECN), was proposed to merge two kinds of image data. In addition, a mathematical model was also proposed to evaluate spectral property of the fused production of EECN. The results were clearly demonstrated by an image fusion experiment using Landsat-5 TM and IRS-1C Panchromatic images of Beijing, China. The visual evaluation and mathematical analysis compared with Brovey transform confirmed that the fused image of EECN is quite similar in color to the lower resolution multi-spectral images, and its space resolution is the same as the higher solution panchromatic image.     

Investigation of Image Fusion Between High—Resolution Image and Multi—Spectral Image

On the basis of a thorough understanding of the physical characteristics of remote sensing image,this paper employs the theories of wavelet transform and signal sampling to develop a new image fusion algorithm.The algorithm has been successfully applied to the image fusion of SPOT PAN and TM of Guangdong province, China The experimental results show that a perfect image fusion can be built up by using the image analytical solution and reconstruction in the image frequency domain based on the physical characteristics of the image formation.The method has demonstrated that the results of the image fusion do not change spectral characteristics of the original image.     

Unsupervised Change Detection in Multitemporal SAR Images Using MRF Models

An unsupervised change-detection method that considers the spatial contextual information in a log-ratio difference image generated from multitemporal SAR images is proposed. A Markov random filed (MRF) model is particularly employed to exploit statistical spatial correlation of intensity levels among neighboring pixels. Under the assumption of the independency of pixels and mixed Gaussian distribution in the log-ratio difference image, a stochastic and iterative EM-MPM change-detection algorithm based on an MRF model is developed. The EM-MPM algorithm is based on a maximiser of posterior marginals (MPM) algorithm for image segmentation and an expectation-maximum (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation in a completely automatic way. The experiment results obtained on multitemporal ERS-2 SAR images show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Comparison Between Four Methods for Data Fusion of ETM＋ Multispectral and Pan Images

Four data fusion methods, principle component transform (PCT), brovey transform (BT), smoothing filter-based intensity modulation(SFIM), and hue, saturation, intensity (HSI), are used to merge Landsat--7 ETMq- multispectral bands with ETM panchromatic band. Each of them improves the spatial resolution effectively but distorts the original spectral signatures to some extent. SFIM model can produce optimal fusion data with respect to preservation of spectral integrity. However, it results the most blurred and noisy image if the coregistration between the multispectral and pan images is not accurate enough. The spectral integrity for all methods is preserved better if the original multispectral images are within the spectral range of ETM pan image.     

House change detection based on DSM of aerial image in urban area

The change of house often brings on the change of DSM in an area over different periods. If we can apply information of the height of houses to reinforce the house change detection, the reliability and efficiency of detection methods will be improved greatly.From this viewpoint, a new approach taking advantage of both height data from an image pair and image data is proposed to detect the house change in urban area and is called "data fusion technology".     

Expert Classification Method Based on Patch-Based Neighborhood Searching Algorithm

The expert knowledge has been widely used to improve the remotely sensed classification accuracy. Generally, the ex-pert classification system mainly depends on DEM and some thematic maps. The spatial relationship information in pixel level was commonly introduced into the expert classification. Because the geographic objects were found spatially dependent relationship to a certain degree, the commonly used basic unit of spatial relationship information in pixel greatly limited the efficiency of spatial in-formation. A patch-based neighborhood searching algorithm was proposed to implement the expert classification. The homogene-ous spectral unit, patch, was used as the basic unit in the spatial object granularity, and different types of patches' relationship in-formation were obtained through a spatial neighborhood searching algorithm. And then the neighborhood information and DEM data were added into the expert classification system and used to modify the primitive classification errors. In this case, the classi-fication accuracies of wetland, grassland and cropland were obviously improved. In this work, water was used as base object, and different types of water extraction methods were tested to get a result in a high accuracy.     

Remote sensing image classification with GIS data based on spatial data mining techniques

Data mining techniques are used to discover knowledge from GIS database in order to improve remote sensing image classification.Two learning granularities are proposed for inductive learning from spatial data,one is spatial object granularity,the other is pixel granularity.We also present an approach to combine inductive learning with conventional image classification methods,which selects class probability of Bayes classification as learning attributes.A land use classification experiment is performed in the Beijing area using SPOT multi-spectral image and GIS data.Rules about spatial distribution patterns and shape features are discovered by C5.0 inductive learning algorithm and then the image is reclassified by deductive reasoning.Comparing with the result produced only by Bayes classification,the overall accuracy increased by 11% and the accuracy of some classes,such as garden and forest,increased by about 30%.The results indicate that inductive learning can resolve spectral confusion to a great extent.Combining Bayes method with inductive learning not only improves classification accuracy greatly,but also extends the classification by subdividing some classes with the discovered knowledge.     

An Operational Method for Fast Detecting Abnormal Channels in Imaging Spectrometers

Data from abnormal Channels in an imaging spectrometer almost always exerts an undesired impact on spectrum matching,chassification,pattern recognition and other applications in hyperspectral remote sensing.To solve this problem.researchers should get rid of the data acquired by these channels.Selecting abnormal channels just in the way of visually examining each band image in a imaging data set is a conceivably hard and boring job.To relieve the burden,this paper proposes a method which exploits the spatial and spectral autocorrelations inherent in imaging spectrometer data,and can be used to speed up and ,to a great degree,automate the detection of abnormal channels in an imaging spectrometer.This method is applied easily and successfully to one PHI data set and one Hymap data set ,and can be applied to remotely sensed data from other hyperspectral sensors.     

基于经验模态分解的高分辨率影像融合

文章提出基于经验模态分解（Emp iricalMode Decomposition,EMD）的特征层影像融合模型。对多光谱波段影像进行IHS变换获得强度影像,采用行列分解实现一维经验模态分解的二维拓展,并用于分离高分辨波段影像与强度影像的细节特征信息,对高分辨率波段影像的高频与强度影像波段的低频进行重构获得融合后的强度影像,再通过IHS反变换获得融合影像。文章介绍了经验模态分解的基本原理,定义了经验模态分解的多尺度分解与合成结构,提出融合模型的技术路线。选择UICKB IRD影像的全色波段与多光谱波段进行融合实验,根据典型行（列）的EMD分析,确定经验模量的取舍尺度,按提出的融合路线获得融合影像,并与小波融合,IHS融合,Brovey融合模型获得的影像进行视觉及量化比较。选择信息熵、标准差指标对融合影像的空间细节信息进行评价,同时选择平均灰度值、相关系数、偏差指数评价融合影像的光谱扭曲程度,结果表明本融合模型最优。     

FFT-enhanced IHS transform method for fusing high-resolution satellite images

Existing image fusion techniques such as the intensity–hue–saturation (IHS) transform and principal components analysis (PCA) methods may not be optimal for fusing the new generation commercial high-resolution satellite images such as Ikonos and QuickBird. One problem is color distortion in the fused image, which causes visual changes as well as spectral differences between the original and fused images. In this paper, a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-enhanced IHS method is developed for fusing new generation high-resolution satellite images. This method combines a standard IHS transform with FFT filtering of both the panchromatic image and the intensity component of the original multispectral image. Ikonos and QuickBird data are used to assess the FFT-enhanced IHS transform method. Experimental results indicate that the FFT-enhanced IHS transform method may improve upon the standard IHS transform and the PCA methods in preserving spectral and spatial information.     

IHS变换和小波变换相结合的遥感影像融合

本文针对低分辨率多光谱影像与高分辨率全色影像的融合，提出了一种IHS变换和小波变换相结合的遥感影像融合方法。方法首先对多光谱影像作IHS正变换，得到亮度I、色度H和饱和度S三个分量：然后利用小波变换融合方法，融合多光谱影像的亮度分量与全色影像，并用融合后的影像替代多光谱影像的亮度分量；最后，利用IHS反变换得到新的多光谱影像。试验结果分析表明，新方法的性能优于IHS变换融合方法、小波变换融合方法，在增强融合影像的空间细节表现能力的同时，很好地保留了多光谱影像的光谱信息。     

基于非下采样Contourlet变换的遥感影像融合

根据非下采样Contourlet变换的特点,提出一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换和IHS变换相结合的遥感影像融合方法.该方法首先对金色影像和多光谱影像经IHS变换后的I分量分别进行非下采样Contourlet 变换;然后采取不同的融合策略分别对高低频系数进行融合:低频系数采用区域能量加权的方法进行融合,高频系数则利用八邻域梯度优先的原则进行融合;最后通过非下采样Contourlet逆变换和IHS逆变换得到融合影像.实验结果表明,该方法在提高融合影像空间分辨率的同时,能更好地保持影像的光谱质量.     

混沌蜂群优化的NSST域多光谱与全色图像融合

为有效融合多光谱图像的光谱信息和全色图像的空间细节信息,提出了一种基于混沌蜂群优化和改进脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)的非下采样Shearlet变换(NSST)域图像融合方法。首先对多光谱图像进行Intensity-HueSaturation(IHS)变换,全色图像的直方图按照多光谱图像亮度分量的直方图进行匹配;然后分别对多光谱图像的亮度分量和新全色图像进行NSST变换,对低频分量使用改进加权融合算法进行融合,以互信息作为适应度函数,利用混沌蜂群算法找到最优加权系数。对高频分量采用改进脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)方法进行融合,再经NSST逆变换和IHS逆变换得到融合图像。本文方法在主观视觉效果和信息熵、光谱扭曲度等客观定量评价指标上优于基于IHS变换、基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)和非负矩阵分解(NMF)、基于NSCT和PCNN等5种融合方法。本文方法在提升图像空间分辨率的同时,有效地保留了光谱信息。     

SIFT-FANN: An efficient framework for spatio-spectral fusion of satellite images

Image fusion techniques are widely used for remote sensing data. A special application is for using low resolution multi-spectral image with high resolution panchromatic image to obtain an image having both spectral and spatial information. Alignment of images to be fused is a step prior to image fusion. This is achieved by registering the images. This paper proposes the methods involving Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor (FANN) for automatic registration of satellite image (reference image) prior to fusion of low spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird satellite image (sensed image) with high spatial resolution panchromatic QuickBird satellite image. In the registration steps, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is used to extract key points from both images. The keypoints are then matched using the automatic tuning algorithm, namely, FANN. This algorithm automatically selects the most appropriate indexing algorithm for the dataset. The indexed features are then matched using approximate nearest neighbor. Further, Random Sample Consensus (RanSAC) is used for further filtering to obtain only the inliers and co-register the images. The images are then fused using Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) transform based technique to obtain a high spatial resolution multi-spectral image. The results show that the quality of fused images obtained using this algorithm is computationally efficient.     

利用小波分析改进Brovey遥感影像融合方法

Brovey变换的遥感图像融合方法要求高分辨率全色波段和多光谱波段的光谱响应范围要一致或相近,从而限制了遥感数据的融合,存在着融合图像受噪点影响大、高分辨率影像零星细节保留过多等缺点。文中针对以上问题,引入了小波分析的方法进行改进。首先在小波多分辨率基础上对高分辨率影像进行去噪及边缘增强,然后在小波分析基础上与多光谱影像进行融合。通过实验发现,改进后得到的融合图像与原方法融合图像相比,细节信息更为突出,整体信息更为丰富,基本达到了改进的目的。     

遥感影像像素级融合方法比较研究

遥感影像数据的融合对于利用影像进行的分类、特征提取和目标识别具有重要的意义。文中阐述了IHS彩色空间变换融合法、主成分分析法（PCA）、Brovey法及Gram-schmidt法的算法实现,在此基础上对QuickBird全色波段和多光谱波段进行融合实验,最后从信息熵、灰度均值、相关系数、标准差和视觉效果5个方面综合进行定量与定性评价。分析结果表明,IHS整体上清晰,色调协调,保留了较多的空间信息,细节特征明显,质量较好。     

Improved IHS Algorithm for Fusing High Resolution Satellite Images of Urban Areas

The intensity-hue-saturation method is used frequently in image fusion due to its efficiency and high spatial quality. The main shortage is its spectral distortion stemmed from replacement of intensity band with higher resolution image. In this study, a new method is introduced to improve the spectral quality of the Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) algorithm. The goal of this study is to produce the fused image that has a better spectral and spatial quality with respect to the original images in term of visual comparison and the classification result. In this regard, an improved statistical approach is developed to combine an intensity band from IHS algorithm and an input high resolution image such as SAR or Panchromatic image. Then the intensity image is replaced by the combined image band. Final fused images are attained using the inverse IHS algorithm. The proposed fusion algorithm is tested on two data sets of: a) panchromatic and multi spectral bands of IKONOS image with the same acquisition date, and b) multi spectral and HH bands of IKONOS and TerraSAR-X images respectively with different acquisition dates. Moreover, the obtained results are compared with other fusion methods like IHS, Gungor, Brovey and synthetic variable ratio. The results show less spectral discrepancy of the proposed method comparing to other methods. Finally, the outcome of proposed method is classified and classification overall accuracy is improved by 5.6 and 2 percentage for data set ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively.     

基于小波包变换区域方差的遥感影像融合

介绍了基于小波包变换和区域方差的遥感影像融合方法.利用IHS变换和小渡包变换把全色影像和多光谱影像的相应分量分解为低频部分和高频部分,并分别采用加权平均法和区域方差法融合低频部分和高频部分,然后通过小波包重构和IHS逆变换得到最终的融合影像;最后采用MATLAB语言实现了这种方法.实验结果表明,这种方法在提高影像的清晰度、突出影像细节信息以及保留原始影像的光谱特征方面效果较好.