长江三角洲地区海面-地面系统模型构建与试验

本文从海面-地面系统研究的视角出发,介绍了由滑动底界计算、分段沉积速率计算、古地面高程计算和模拟结果验证等四个基本模块构成的海面—地面系统模型的基本构架,阐明了该模型的数据分类系统、基本功能目标及其实现的技术系统。初步建成的该系统模型,可以通过对海面变化、沉积作用、地壳运动等多种控制参数的调控,自动生成相应控制条件下任意指定时刻或时间段的二维、三维古地形图等多种形式的图件,因而可以用以对三角洲平原古地貌和海陆关系演变历史进行动态演示,并且为专业人员开展三角洲古环境反演研究和虚拟实验提供一种新的平台。根据长江三角洲地区的实际资料,运用该模型对最近一万年以来的海面—地面变化过程进行了初步的模拟试验,从模型输出的分层设色古地形图和三维彩色地貌晕渲图来看,效果良好。     

基于GIS的自适应三维古海面-地面演变模型研究

本文设计了基于GIS的具有"自适应"功能的三维古海面-地面演变模型.该模型可以动态演绎沿海地区"沧海桑田"的变化景象,并且可以运用历史资料及专家知识,对海面-地面变化模拟结果进行检验,根据检验结果来对模型的一系列控制参数进行自动半自动的修订,然后重新进行海面-地面演变的动态模拟,直到更趋近于真实的历史演变过程,从而实现...     

青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡

以1997年11月至1998年10月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的近地层梯度资料,采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数,进而用总体公式得出两站逐日的地面感热和潜热通量。结果表明:在此观测期内青藏高原西部不论冬夏地面皆为热源,地面热源强度具有明显的季节变化,两站地面热源强度的年平均值分别为82.5W/m²和68.2W/m²。结合辐射和土壤热通量观测资料揭示了两站的地面热量平衡状况,用地面热量平衡方程对以上结果进行了闭合误差检验。     

莱州湾南岸平原地面古河道研究

利用综合方法对莱州湾南岸平原地面古河道做了系统研究,发现并验证地面古河道２５条,按形成时代将其分为两期,其中,早一中全新世古河道６条,历史时期古河道１９条,按地貌形态将其为４种类型,包括高地古河道带,条状高地古河道,槽状洼地古河道和古河槽,其中条状高地古河道为该区主要的古河道类型。     

多源同名居民地面目标识别及其同名特征点匹配方法北大核心CSCD

同名目标匹配是空间数据融合、共享与集成的关键所在,针对多源居民地面目标空间数据融合问题,该文提出一种同名居民地面目标自动识别及其同名特征点自动匹配算法。该算法通过计算面目标质心重叠前后的匹配相似度实现同名居民地面目标多重匹配关系的自动识别;通过构建向量方向相似度、面积比相似度与距离邻近度等特征指标,并将其建模为最优化函数,进而采用基于编辑距离的串匹配算法,有效解决了不同匹配关系下同名居民地面目标特征点的匹配问题,进一步实现了居民地面目标的几何纠正。以实测的不同来源导航电子地图郑州市部分居民地面目标数据对算法进行验证,结果表明:该算法能稳健识别多源居民地面目标间各种匹配类型,且能自动匹配同名特征点,二者准确率均在95%以上,可为面目标位置的精确融合奠定重要基础。     

卫星遥感结合地面观测资料对中国西北干旱区地面感热通量的估算

 利用黑河地区地-气相互作用野外观测试验研究(HEIFE)的地面观测资料,采用空气动力学方法,计算了干旱区内不同下垫面的地表热力输送系数CH值,结合由NOAA系列卫星遥感得到的反映地表植被特征的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)资料,经拟合得到了针对不同下垫面的区域CH-NDVI参数化关系式,并对此关系式进行了合理性检验,最后,计算得到中国西北干旱区1982—2001年地面感热序列。中国西北干旱区地面感热通量的计算值与ERA-40再分析资料对比分析发现,两者在量级、地面感热分布形势和年际变化趋势等方面均较一致。目前对于区域尺度来说,在缺乏用其他方法获得较准确的区域地表热力输送系数的情况下,利用卫星遥感资料估算区域地表热力输送系数CH是较为可靠的方法。     

几种近地面层湍流通量间接计算方法的比较

本文应用空气动力学方法和近地面层稳定度参数方程的分析解,采用实测梯度资料,比较了目前广泛应用的Businger(1971),Dyer(1970)和pruitt(1973)通量廓线关系通用函数在近地面层间接计算感热和潜热通量时的差别。另外还分别与波文比方法的计算结果进行了比较。文中还对稳定度函数和通量廓线关系通用函数用于计算感热和潜热通量的相对误差进行了讨论。     

内蒙古中西部地面感热通量影响沙尘暴的观测分析

利用内蒙古中西部不同地表类型的16个测站2005—2006年3—5月逐小时地面观测资料和逐日沙尘暴资料,计算了地面感热通量、地面位温并分析它们与沙尘暴的关系,结果发现:在内蒙古中西部春季地面感热通量表现为净加热,且沙尘暴发生次数多的年份净地面感热加热强度反而较小。在沙尘暴发生前,沙漠区和高平原区地面感热通量达到最大,而丘陵和平原地区反而开始降低。对于沙尘暴发生前12 h累积的地面感热加热强度及导致的地面位温上升幅度,高平原和丘陵平原区要强于沙漠区。但相对而言,沙漠和高平原地区地面感热加热影响沙尘暴的“效率”更高。     

硬化地面与黄土高原水土流失

在界定硬化地面概念的基础上,进一步将硬化地面分为道路、城镇街区、农家场院三大类。并利用黄土高原400~600mm集流能力试验公式,对甘肃省陇东黄土高原沟壑区不同硬化地面的集流能力、侵蚀量进行分类实例分析研究,发现硬化地面集流能力远大于自然地面,因此城镇、道路、村庄附近的土壤侵蚀尤其严重。在黄土高原地区,不仅与之相关的沟壑的形成和发育,而且相关沟谷和河流的溯源侵蚀之力度大小也要受其影响。随着人口的增加,硬化地面面积越来越大,受其影响水土流失更加严重,这是历史时期黄土高原水土流失日益加剧的重要原因之一。今后黄土高原的水土保持工作,须将防治水土流失与解决水资源紧缺有机结合起来。其最佳解决途径,就是用硬化地面所集中的雨水,作为工农业生产和生活用水,以解决黄土高原水资源之不足。     

上海市暴雨地面积水的研究

本文根据作者等多年来对上海市区112个暴雨地面积水点的系统观测和调查资料,结合自然因素和社会经济等条件的综合分析,探讨了市区暴雨地面积水的时空分布特征、成因及其防治对策;提出了暴雨地面积水程度和分类方案,论证了市区暴雨地面积水的主导因素。认为:遵循综合治理的原则,采取改善排水系统、增加泵站容量、因地制宜确定排水标准、提高排水设施管理水平等工程和非工程相结合的措施,是不断地改善上海等大城市市区暴雨地面积水状况的有效途径。     

华南末次冰期盛期最低海面问题

本文从陆架残留砂、水下海滩岩、陆架残留地貌、海底岩芯、珊瑚礁沉积间断、陆域侵蚀沉积反映等方面，综合考虑海面下降、陆架均衡沉降、构造活动、海流潮流波浪的再造作用等多种因素，认为华南末次冰期盛期的最低海南可能是－８０ｍ左右。     

苏北低地系统及其对海平面上升的复杂响应

苏北低地位处我国沿海中部，地面平均高程３ｍ左右，平均坡降多在０．２‰－２‰之间，河渠水面比降平均迷０．０４‰，极易发生洪涝灾害。未来海平面上升，将对这一洪涝灾害频发地区带为严重的危害。本文通过剖析苏北低地系统状态与结构，考察低地系统对海平面上升的复杂响应过程，以寻求系统对未来全球变化的积极适应方式。     

横断山脉的地形气候利用与橡胶树北移

横断山南端是我国成功种植橡胶树的地区,其生产性植胶北界可达北纬24°,海拔高度可达1000米左右,因而成为世界高纬度、高海拔植胶地区。本文即以此为例,探讨地形气候利用与橡胶树北移的关系。     

中国第四纪海面变化信息系统初探--应用计算机技术对中国第四纪海岸古环境再造与演示

海面变化研究是具重要理论和实践意义的地学研究领域。全球性气候变化、海面升降和环境变迁的预测等研究,引起国际学术界和各国政府部门高度重视,成为国际地圈－ 生物圈计划（ＩＧＢＰ） 的重要研究课题。利用ＧＩＳ软件Ａｒｃ／Ｉｎｆｏ 建立中国第四纪海面变化信息系统,对中国第四纪海面变化进行动态模拟、趋势预测和应用分析,并利用计算机屏幕、图形终端、笔式绘图仪、静电绘图仪和打印机对中国第四纪海岸古环境进行再造和演示。     

复杂地形对城市空气污染影响的数值试验研究

以辽宁为例,通过改变其中部地区的地形高度,利用新一代空气质量模式系统Model-3对2006年11月24日的一次污染过程中气象场和污染物浓度场的分布进行了敏感性试验。结果表明,地形的存在会导致风的辐合,风速降低,逆温增强,这些都构成了不利于污染物输送及扩散的因素,容易造成污染物的堆积和滞留,从而使污染物浓度较高     

SRG剖分编码与地理坐标的转换算法研究

提出一种基于SRG剖分方法的剖分编码与经纬度坐标之间的转换算法,不涉及任何投影变换,计算过程只需加、减、乘、除简单算术运算,计算速度快,且SRG剖分编码本身就具有固定的方向性,利于邻近搜索。算法中采用坐标系辅助区分一些难以区分的菱形块,降低了转化误码率,进而提高了转换的精度。     

基于四叉树索引构建TIN的高效合成算法

不规则三角网(TIN)可以逼真的模拟地形表面,因此被广泛应用于地学领域。Delaunay三角剖分算法是构建TIN网的最优算法,该文对传统Delaunay三角网构建算法进行分析,提出了一种针对大规模离散数据点生成TIN的高效合成算法。该算法首先根据离散点的分布位置和密度对其进行四叉树区域划分;然后以每个叶子节点的边界四边形为凸包,采用逐点插入法构建三角网;最后采用顶点合并法自底向上合并具有相同父节点的4个子节点,生成Delaunay三角网。实验结果表明,该算法时间复杂度较低,有效提高了TIN网的构建效率。     

A general inverse method for modelling extensional sedimentary basins

A two-dimensional inverse model for extracting the spatial and temporal variation of strain rate from extensional sedimentary basins is presented and applied. This model is a generalization of a one-dimensional algorithm which minimizes the misfit between predicted and observed patterns of basin subsidence. Our calculations include the effects of two-dimensional conduction and advection of heat as well as flexural rigidity. More importantly, we make no prior assumptions about the duration, number or intensity of rifting periods. Instead, the distribution of strain rate is permitted to vary smoothly through space and time until the subsidence misfit has been minimized. We have applied this inversion algorithm to extensional sedimentary basins in a variety of geological settings. Basin stratigraphy can be accurately fitted and the resultant spatiotemporal distributions of strain rate are corroborated by independent information about the number and duration of rifting episodes. Perhaps surprisingly, the smallest misfits are achieved with flexural rigidities close to zero. Spatiotemporal strain rate distributions will help to constrain the dynamical evolution of thinning continental lithosphere. The strain rate pattern governs the heat-flow history and so two-dimensional inversion can be used to construct accurate maturation models. Finally, our inversion algorithm is a stepping stone towards a generalized three-dimensional implementation.     

Space–time variability of denudation rates at the catchment and hillslope scales on the Tyrrhenian side of Central Italy

Studies on denudation rates can provide insight into the influence of climate change, tectonics, and human activities on landscape evolution. Research performed in Central Italy has shown considerable spatial variability of denudation rates in the major river basins. These studies have focused mainly on the Tyrrhenian side of the Italian peninsula, where Plio-Pleistocene marine deposits filling NW–SE elongated sedimentary basins have been uplifted during the Quaternary up to several hundreds of meters above present sea level. Small sub-catchments developed on clays are affected by sharp- and/or rounded-edged badlands (i.e. calanchi and biancane), representing denudation “hot spots” in the present-day morphoclimatic framework.In this paper, we analyze the relationships between indirectly estimated denudation rates at the catchment scale and field monitoring data at the hillslope scale. We attempt to better understand and quantify all hillslope processes that contribute to seasonal variability of denudation, to help with predicting the net input from “hot spots” to the overall estimated sediment yield at the basin outlets. At the hillslope scale, we discuss, in particular, the variability of denudation rates at calanchi and biancane badlands as a function of their different morphoevolution.     

Tectonics of the late Mesozoic wide extensional basin system in the China–Mongolia border region

The China–Mongolia border region contains many late Mesozoic extensional basins that together constitute a regionally extensive basin system. Individual basins within the system are internally composed of a family of sub‐basins filled with relatively thin sedimentary piles mostly less than 5 km in thickness. There are two types of sub‐basins within the basins, failed and combined, respectively. The failed sub‐basins are those that failed to continue developing with time. In contrast, the combined ones are those that succeeded in growing by coalescing adjacent previously isolated sub‐basins. Thus, a combined sub‐basin is bounded by a linked through‐going normal fault that usually displays a corrugated trace on map view and a shallower dip on cross‐section. Along‐strike existence of discrete depocenters and alternation of sedimentary wedges of different types validate the linkage origin of combined sub‐basins. Localized high‐strain extension resulted in large‐amount displacement on linked faults, but contemporaneously brought about the cessation of some isolated fault segments and the formation of corresponding failed sub‐basins in intervening areas between active linked faults. Some combined sub‐basins might have evolved into supradetachment basins through time, concurrent with rapid denudation of footwall rocks and formation of metamorphic core complexes in places. A tectonic scenario of the broad basin system can be envisioned as an evolution from early‐stage distributed isolated sub‐basins to late‐stage focused combined or/and supradetachment sub‐basins bounded by linked faults, accompanied by synchronous cessation of some early‐formed sub‐basins. Initiation of the late Mesozoic extension is believed to result from gravitational collapse of the crust that had been overthickened shortly prior to the extension. Compression, arising from collision of Siberia and the amalgamated North China–Mongolia block along the Mongol–Okhotsk suture in the time interval from the Middle to Late Jurassic, led to significant shortening and thickening over a broad area and subsequent extensional collapse. Pre‐ and syn‐extensional voluminous magmatism must have considerably reduced the viscosity of the overthickened crust, thereby not only facilitating the gravitational collapse but enabling the lower‐middle crust to flow as well. Flow of a thicker crustal layer is assumed to have occurred coevally with upper‐crustal stretching so as to diminish the potential contrast of crustal thickness by repositioning materials from less extended to highly extending regions. Lateral middle‐ and lower‐crustal flow and its resultant upward push upon the upper crust provide a satisfying explanation for a number of unusual phenomena, such as supracrustal activity of the extension, absence or negligibleness of postrift subsidence of the basin system, less reduction of crustal thickness after extension, and non‐compression‐induced basin inversion, all of which have been paradoxical in the previous study of the late Mesozoic basin tectonics in the China–Mongolia border region.