黄土高原水资源特征与利用对策

本文在简述黄土高原气候干旱、降水稀少、地面破碎、植被缺乏、水土流失严重等自然条件的基础上。分析了黄土高原水资源短缺、时空分布不均、变化很大,河流含沙量极高,水质污染日趋严重等特征。提出了蓄水保土,建立“土壤蓄水库”,抑制土壤蒸发,发展节水型工农业体系,提倡节约用水、科学用水,加强水资源管理与保护等措施,力求最充分合理地开发利用黄土高原地区有限的水资源。     

陕北黄土区土壤水分养分空间分异规律

黄土高原生态脆弱，沟壑纵横，水土流失非常严重。西部大开发，黄土高原被建设要先行。植被建设又受当地土壤水分、养分等条件的制约。坡向、坡位对水分、养分的分布有重要影响，因而研究陕北黄土高原土壤水分、养分的空间变异规律，对于黄土高原植被建设具有重要意义。本文通过研究黄土高原不同坡向、坡位土壤水分、养分的空间变异规律，为西部大开发和黄土高原植被建设和规划提供理论和实践依据。     

黄土高原典型小流域道路特征及影响因素

通过GPS野外实测黄土高原纸坊沟小流域的道路特征,在GIS空间分析等方法支持下研究了流域内各级道路的分布规律。研究表明:黄土高原道路可分为4级,2级以下的土路是小流域的代表路型。各级别道路总长度都随级别增大而增加且累计总长度与道路级别线性相关,道路平均长度和密度则随级别增大而减小。道路网系和流域水系在结构规律上具有一定的相似性。不同级别道路分布范围受地形特征影响不同。爬坡道路坡度与地表坡度之间存在线性回归关系,且次级道路分布受主路控制;典型爬坡路在大于25°坡度范围内多呈"之"字形弯曲,随坡度的减小道路弯曲跨度和与等高线夹角增大。研究结果有助于定量模拟黄土高原地区道路分布特征,并为土壤侵蚀模型中道路影响因子的确定提供参考。     

实验使“水土流失”更加直观

在进行“沟壑纵横的特殊地形区——黄土高原”的课堂教学时，发现很多学生都不能很好地理解黄土高原水土流失严重的原因。尽管教材对此给出了非常详细的结论：地面破碎，多沟谷，平地少，斜坡多；地表缺少植被的保护；降水集中，多暴雨；黄土土质疏松；不合理的人类活动。     

黄土高原春季降水对青藏高原感热异常的响应

利用1961—2000年黄土高原56站的春季降水和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用SVD方法分析了黄土高原春季降水与青藏高原地面感热的关系。结果表明,黄土高原春季降水量与青藏高原地面感热的前两个模态代表了两场间的主要耦合特征,具有高度的时空相关。青藏高原感热对黄土高原降水影响最显著的区域在西部和南部、北部。前期高原感热场的第一、二模态对黄土高原春季干旱的预测具有指示意义。     

黄土高原泥流灾害成因及特征

黄土泥流是戴土地区一类重要的灾害地貌过程,是泥石流的一个特殊类型,是水土流失的一种特殊形式,也是山地环境恶化、水土流失极严重的标志。本文在对黄土泥流这一黄土高原特有的严重水土流失现象的分布、成因、物质组成、动静力学性质、堆积形态等全面系统研究的基础上,对其和一般泥石流与高含沙水流做了初步对比和分析,揭示了黄土泥流灾害的形成规律、运动机制和沉积特征。     

甘肃省苦咸水资源量及时空分布规律研究

通过实测资料对甘肃省苦咸水资源进行评价,得出了苦咸水资源的数量、地域分布、在全省水资源总量中所占的比重、影响人口等。分析了苦咸水的成因,论证了苦咸水在空间分布上与降水、蒸发和干旱指数等气候因素之间的相关关系,提出降水量430 mm左右为黄土高原区苦咸水与淡水的分界线。通过构建箱体概念模型,分析导出了黄土高原干旱\,半干旱区小流域矿化度的时空演变数学模型,从宏观上揭示了径流矿化度的时空演变规律和趋势,提出苦咸水流域的治理和水资源的开发利用思路。     

Rainfall Harvesting and Sustainable Agriculture Development in the Loess Plateau of China

近年来 ,中国新发展的集水系统已使干旱区的农业生产焕然一新。人们利用屋顶、沥青铺面、土路、天然地表及人工集流面收集雨水并储存于地窖中作为农田补充灌溉水源或发展小型庭院经济。集雨与滴灌相结合可用于温室种植珍贵花卉和其他经济作物。小型集雨工程在黄土高原已经比较普及 ,但受脆弱环境条件的限制 ,设计大型集雨系统尚在试验阶段。某些关键性技术 (如集水区材料 ,水质保护和高效用水 )尚待解决。     

基于网络Voronoi图的城镇影响域划分——以大冶市为例

城镇影响范围的大小受道路网络、自然地理基底、区域间的空间关联历史等因素影响,科学准确划分城镇影响域对于城乡产业和公共服务设施布局具有重要意义。该文以湖北省大冶市为例,考虑道路网络和自然地理基底因素作用,采用基于道路网络路径距离的Voronoi图和基于道路网络路径时间成本距离的Voronoi图对城镇影响域进行划分,并将划分结果与普通Voronoi图结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:普通Voronoi图划分的城镇影响域过于粗线条,基于道路网络路径距离的Voronoi图划分的城镇影响域过于精细,而基于道路网络路径时间成本距离的Voronoi图划分的城镇影响域则与实际情况基本相符,是较为科学的空间剖分方法。通过对三种Voronoi图的划分结果进行对比分析,能为城乡统筹规划的空间决策与空间优化提供参考。     

Rainfall Harvesting and Sustainable Agriculture Development in the L

近年来,中国新发展的集水系统已使干旱区的农业生产焕然一新。人们利用屋顶、沥青铺面、土路、天然地表及人工集流面收集雨水并储存于地窑中作为农田补充灌溉水源或发展小型庭院经济。集雨与滴灌相结合可用于温室种植珍贵花卉和其他经济作物。小型集雨工程在黄土高原已经比较普及,但受脆弱环境条件的限制,设计大型集雨系统尚在试验阶段。某些关键性技术（如集水区材料,水质保护和高效用水）沿待解决。     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

1 Introduction The Loess Plateau situated in northern China covers the drainage basins in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It starts from the western piedmont of Taihang Mountains in the east, reaches the eastern slope of the Wushao and Riyue mountains, connects the northern part of the Qinling Mountains in the south and borders the Great Wall in the north, covering an area of about 380,000 km2 (Figure 1). The region is overlain extensively by Quaternary loess in great thickness, …     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world for its intense soil erosion. The root cause for river sedimentation of Yellow River (Huanghe) and its resultant "hanging river" in certain section is soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. The Loess Plateau has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration and plugging constitute the chief reason for serious soil and water loss on Loess Plateau. This paper analyses several successful cases and failures in soil conservation, presents practical soil conservation technique and related benefit analysis, and discusses some effective methods adopted in China in soil erosion control, research directions and future perspectives on Loess Plateau.     

甘肃黄土高原区生态建设与可持续农业发展对策

通过对甘肃黄土高原区的生态环境现状和成因的分析，指出是人类的掠夺性行为加速了本区脆弱生态环境的恶变，并提出了甘肃黄土高原区生态环境建设与可持续农业发展的对策。     

Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation.     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原侵蚀期研究

黄土高原在沉积的同时也存在着侵蚀,主要是流水、重力等因素造成的。这种侵蚀会受到气候、构造运动以及人类活动控制。资料显示,黄土高原存在3种基本的侵蚀期,一是气候侵蚀期,二是构造侵蚀期,三是人为因素侵蚀期。此外还有气候与构造共同作用产生的侵蚀期和构造与人类共同作用产生的侵蚀期。温湿期风尘堆积少,降水量增多,流水动力增强,是黄土高原理论上的侵蚀期。构造抬升引起侵蚀基准面下降,进而导致黄土高原加快侵蚀,出现构造侵蚀期。人类活动破坏了黄土高原的植被和土层结构,导致黄土高原侵蚀加剧,从而出现了人类因素引起的现代侵蚀加速期。在黄土发育的冷干期,由于植被稀疏,侵蚀量大于温湿期,但堆积量远大于侵蚀量。要改变现代侵蚀状况,就应当加强黄土高原生态环境治理。     

黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀共性与特点

通过对黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀以往的研究结论进行综合分析，在比较土壤侵蚀相似性和差异性的基础上，对这些典型地区土壤侵蚀的共性与特点进行了研究，结果表明：1、黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀影响因素有降雨、地形及土地利用；2、黄土高原各典型地区主要侵蚀类型为水蚀及重力侵蚀；主要侵蚀发生时间为汛期；主要侵蚀空间分布特征为具有垂直分带性；3、绥德地区侵蚀产沙强烈，天水地区侵蚀相对轻微，安塞地区各种侵蚀特征典型。西峰地区土壤侵蚀特殊。     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

The impacts of urbanization on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region

The accelerated urbanization has resulted in new soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region since the 1980s. A concept of urban erosion and its impacts on environment are discussed. The experimental studies and field investigations show that those loose silt and earth piles formed by urban construction can be eroded seriously: Under stormy rain, the amount of sediment from steep man-dumped slope is 10.8–12.2 times that of from uncovered slope land; the result of experiments with the wind tunnel also shows that the damage to the surface structure of dry loess can cause serious soil erosion by wind in some cities of the region. Even if in the urban built-up area, there are many loose sandy soil, mud and silt, which are washed into rivers by city’s ground flow in the rainy season. So, anthropogenically induced soil erosion has made soil erosion more serious around the urban areas. And the urban eroded environment has several characteristics such as fragility, complexity, seasonality and quick variability. Urban areas witness a quick economic growth and have more construction projects than rural areas, which brings more intensive changes of environments during a short period of time or adds some new elements to the erosion system. Therefore erosion has experienced more intensive impact by human activities. So, the possible impact of urbanization on erosion environment must be taken into consideration when designing or planning to exploit natural resources or to develop urban areas in the Loess Plateau.