Comparison and Analysis of Estimation Methods for Heavy Metal Pollution of Farmland Soils

Heavy metal pollution of farmland soils is a serious environmental problem. The accurate estimation of heavy metal pollution levels of farmland soils is very crucial for sustainable agriculture. Concentrations of heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in farmland soils at 186 sampling sites in the Baghrash Lake Basin, NW China, were determined and analyzed based on the pollution index (P_i), the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), the enrichment factor (EF), the ecological risk index (ER), and the environmental risk index (I_er). The results of these five different estimation methods were compared and discussed. The obtained results indicated that the average concentrations of all the heavy metals in the farmland soils of the study area were lower than the Soil Environmental Quality of China (GB 15168-2018) levels, but the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceed the corresponding background values. Significant differences in estimation results existed between the five estimation methods. Based on the identified concentrations, the average P_i, I_geo, and EF values of the heavy metals in farmland soils decreased in the order of: Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As, whereas the average ER values decreased in the order of: Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn, and the average I_er values decreased in the order of: Cd > Cu > Zn > As = Pb > Cr > Ni. The pollution class values with different estimation methods were ranked as: P_i > I_geo = EF > ER = I_er. The obtained results suggest that the most appropriate estimation method and soil background values of farmlands should be used for better understanding the environmental quality of farmland soils. Overall, the EF and ER methods are recommended for assessing heavy metal pollution risks of farmland soils.     

湛江观海长廊红树林土壤-植物体系重金属富集与迁移规律

选取湛江市霞山区观海长廊红树林湿地为研究区域,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定红树林表层土壤及红树植物根、枝、叶中重金属（铜Cu、锌Zn、铅Pb、镉Cd、铬Cr、镍Ni、砷As）的质量分数;运用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评估红树林土壤的重金属污染风险水平,结合相关性分析和聚类分析探讨重金属的影响因素及来源;应用生物富集系数（BCF）、转运系数（TF）分析重金属在土壤-植物中的富集和迁移能力。结果表明：1）研究区表层土壤7种重金属分布规律为Zn（57.48 mg/kg）>Cr（29.31 mg/kg）>Pb（19.23 mg/kg）>Cu（16.62 mg/kg）>Ni（8.18 mg/kg）>As（6.00 mg/kg）>Cd（0.20 mg/kg）。7种元素平均质量分数均未超过《土壤环境质量标准-农用地土壤风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）（pH≤5.5）风险筛选值;Cu、Zn、Cd和As平均质量分数分别为广东省土壤背景值的2.08、2.74、6.75和1.11倍。2）重金属中Cd的潜在生态风险系数最高,潜在生态风险程度为很强,其余元素潜在生态风险程度为轻微。研究区土壤重金属的潜在生态风险程度为中等。重金属与有机质、黏土、粉砂呈正相关关系,与pH、砂呈负相关关系。3）Zn、Cr和Cu在红树植物体内质量分数较高,Pb、Ni和As次之,Cd质量分数最低。除无瓣海桑Zn的根-叶转运系数＞1外,重金属在桐花树、木榄和无瓣海桑中的生物富集系数和转运系数均＜1,说明桐花树、木榄和无瓣海桑对重金属的富集和转运能力不强,大部分有毒元素主要积累在根部,降低了有毒重金属通过食物链传递的风险。     

北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属含量分析(英文)

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City,Guangdong,China. The spatial distribution,sources,accumulation charac-teristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were de-picted in details by three different approaches,including total contents of eight metal ele-ments in soils and vegetables,GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb,Cd and Hg in agricultural soils,and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg-1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg-1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province,respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu,5.9% of Ni,1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials,and Pb,Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east,and Cd contents are high in the northwest,southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni,Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Con-taminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%,16.3% and 48.8%,respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd Zn Cu As Ni Hg Cr Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and hu-man's health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City,Guangdong Province.     

Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. The spatial distribution, sources, accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted in details by three different approaches, including total contents of eight metal elements in soils and vegetables, GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg in agricultural soils, and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg?1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg?1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province, respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu, 5.9% of Ni, 1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade Ⅱ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials, and Pb, Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east, and Cd contents are high in the northwest, southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni, Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%, 16.3% and 48.8%, respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human’s health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.     

昆明市街道灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对昆明市街道灰尘的Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cr和Ni等元素进行了分析,讨论了街道灰尘中重金属含量的水平和空间分布特征;采用潜在生态危害指数法对灰尘中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:昆明市街道灰尘中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为166.6、316.53、97.49、20.56、79.41和21.45 mg/kg,与全国土壤背景值相比有较大积累,其中Cu、Zn、Pb和As都达到相对富集类,污染程度较重;重金属元素在旱季有明显积累趋势,雨季相对降低;重金属在工业区含量最高,其次为交通区,其中内城重金属污染源主要来自于汽车交通污染,外城来源于工业污染。灰尘中重金属潜在生态风险处于轻微生态危害水平,且潜在生态风险系数大小顺序为Cu>Zn>As>Pb>Cr>Ni,其中Cu是最主要的生态风险因子。     

王港潮滩重金属Pb 、Zn和Cu积累 规律及污染评价

对15年来王港潮滩重金属Pb 、Zn、Cu积累规律和污染状况进行了研究,第一次测到了王港地区²¹⁰Pb的本底值为1.16dpm/g,校正了前人对王港地区沉积速率的研究。研究表明,王港潮滩现代平均沉积速率为4.13cm/a;王港潮滩重金属垂直方向的含量变化具有趋同性; Cu、Zn的归一化值在15年内相对Pb的归一化值稳定,其中Cu的波动范围在0.4~2之间,Zn在1.5~2.6之间狭小的范围内波动;Pb归一化以后在4个柱状样中,都表现出随时间的变化发生了较大的波动,可能受人类活动影响较大。采用瑞典科学家Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对王港潮滩重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价分析,并与单因子指数评价比较,对王港污染状况进行综合性的评价。结果显示,Pb为该区域的主要污染因子。王港近岸海域表层沉积物中Cｕ 、Pｂ、Zn的潜在生态危害指数均小于95,总体王港潮滩重金属污染状况属于潜在轻微生态危害。     

博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲采集195个农田土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,基于地统计法分析农田土壤重金属空间分布规律,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度,并对重金属的来源进行讨论。结果表明：① 博斯腾湖流域农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆土壤背景值的1.67倍、1.13倍、1.15倍、1.29倍、2.11倍和1.65倍。② 农田土壤中8种重金属元素空间分布基本呈现岛状分布格局,各金属元素在部分区域出现高值区,表明研究区人类活动对农田土壤环境具有负面效应。③ 农田土壤Pb呈现中度污染,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。农田土壤重金属污染负荷指数的平均值为1.09,呈现轻度污染态势。④ 各重金属元素单项生态风险指数平均值从大到小依次为：Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。综合生态风险指数平均值为18.63,处于轻微生态风险态势。从生态风险程度的区域差异来看,各县生态风险指数从大到小依次为：和硕县、博湖县、焉耆县、和静县。⑤ 农田土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni与Zn主要受到土壤地球化学成因的控制,As、Cd和Pb主要受到人类活动的影响。Cd与Pb是研究区主要的污染因子,研究区农田土壤中Cd与Pb污染必须关注。     

蔬菜重金属暴露接触对大宝山矿区及周边居民的健康风险

通过36个土壤样品,32个灌溉水及120个蔬菜样品的调查研究,结果表明,广东韶关翁源县大宝山及周边的四个地区土壤、灌溉水及蔬菜中重金属含量都表现为:上坝>下坝>蓑衣坑>何屋。下坝、蓑衣坑及何屋通过食用蔬菜日均Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu摄入量均未超过FAO/WHO人均日摄入可允许限量标准。但上坝居民通过蔬菜摄入Pb和Cd的DI分别为PTDI的1.40和1.35倍。靶标危害系数(Target hazard quotients)THQ研究结果表明,何屋和蓑衣坑的蔬菜中几种重金属的THQ值均小于1,说明蔬菜途径摄入重金属对其居民健康风险很低。上坝居民通过蔬菜摄入的Pb和Cd的THQ均大于1,蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对上坝居民健康具有潜在风险。居住在污染河流横石河下游的上坝居民面临严重的重金属接触暴露风险,显著高于对太平河上游及下游居民的健康风险。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析

从东莞市采集118 个农田土壤样品和43 个蔬菜样品, 测试其中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、 Cd、As 和Hg 等8 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 制图和数据统计, 对农田土壤中重金属 的空间分布和来源、土壤和蔬菜中重金属的富集特征及其潜在风险进行了分析。结果表明, 农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd 和Hg 等元素含量均高于相应元素的广东省土壤背景值, 其中, Pb (65.38 mg kg^-1) 和Hg (0.24 mg kg^-1) 含量分别为其对应背景值的1.82 和2.82 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》中II 级标准(pH < 6.5) 相比, 土壤中Cu、Ni、Cd 和Hg 含量样本超标率分别为3.4%、5.9%、1.7%和28%, 表现为以Hg 为主的多种重金属共同污染。土壤 中8 种重金属中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 和As 等元素主要来源于成土母质, Pb、Hg 和Cd 等元素主要与人类活动有关。空间分布上, Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、As 和Hg 等7 种重金属含量呈现出西部高、东部低的特点, Cd 含量在西北部和东南部较高, 西南部较低。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2005) 等相关标准比较, 蔬菜中Ni、Pb 和As 含量的样本超标率分别为4.7%、16.3%和48.8%。蔬菜中重金属富集系数的顺序为: Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb。     

乌鲁木齐市米东区农田土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征

利用地理信息系统（GIS）及地统计学方法,对乌鲁木齐米东区农田土壤中重金属（Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd及Cr）的含量进行空间变异性分析。结果表明：除Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg超过土壤背景值外,7种重金属的平均含量均未超过国家环境质量二级标准（GB15618-1995）;7种重金属均具有较好的空间变异结构,可以用指数模型、球状模型和高斯模型拟合,且具有不同程度的块金效应;Cd、Cr具有强烈的空间自相关性,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Hg属中等强度空间相关, 说明其含量受外源污染的影响较大;采用普通克里格插值法得出7种重金属的空间分布图,除Cd空间分布规律不明显外,其它6种重金属均存在显著的空间分布规律。     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment and Intertidal Gastropod Nerita lineata from Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of Malacca

The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediment and marine gastropod Nerita lineata collected in May 2005 from the intertidal zone of Dumai, Sumatera, Indonesia and Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. The results showed that metal concentrations in sediment and the soft tissue of N. lineata varied at different sampling stations. Mean heavy metal concentrations were 0. 92 μg/g(Cd) ;6.40 μg/g(Cu) ;32.77 μg/g(Pb) ;54.41μg/g(Zn) ;11.56 μg/g(Ni) and 2.97%(Fe) in sediment from Dumai and 1.15 μg(Cd) ;26.73 μg/g(Cu) ;53.45μg/g(Pb) ;130.77 μg/g(Zn) ;20.79 μg/g( Ni ) and 2.72% (Fe) in sediment from Johor. Concentrations of metals in gastropod N. lineata were 0.71 μg/g(Cd) ;15.16 μg(Cu) ;9.35 μg/g(Pb) ;94.69 μg/g(Zn) ;5.08 μg/g(Ni) and 397.97 μg/g(Fe) in samples from Dumai and 1.24 μg(Cd) ;18.02 μg/g(Cu) ;19.75 μg/g(Pb) ;95.09 μg/g(Zn) ;5.57 μg/g ( Ni ) and 473. 56 μg/g (Fe) in samples from Johor. Although they were not statistically significant (p >0.05), heavy metal concentrations in N. lineata were correlated with the concentrations of respective metals in sediment in both samples from Dumai and Johor. In general, samples of sediment and gastropod from Johor accumulated significantly higher heavy metal concentrations when compared to samples from Dumai(p < 0. 05). Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in samples collected from the stations close to the industrial and anthropogenic activities in both Dumai and Johor areas. However, most of the concentrations were still comparable to the previous reported studies from other geographical areas.     

北京城市广场及校园表土(灰尘)中重金属水平与健康风险

通过对北京市城市广场和学校表层土壤与相应的地表灰尘中重金属含量调查,探讨土壤与灰尘之间元素分布的差异及来源,评估青少年在校期间通过灰尘摄入重金属的健康风险。研究表明:城市广场和校园土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn、灰尘中As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd显著高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,土壤(灰尘)中As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超过背景值的样本比率分别为67%(27%)、13%(63%)、83%(100%)、73%(100%)、83%(100%)和53%(100%)。土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn存在一定积累,灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn积累较重。灰尘中Cu、Pb和Zn显著高于土壤。校园土壤中Ni显著高于城市广场土壤,其他元素两者之间差异不大;校园灰尘中Ni、Pb和Zn显著高于城市广场。中学生通过校园灰尘摄入没有导致明显的健康风险。     

Seasonal variations in heavy metals concentrations in Mt. Qomolangma Region snow

The concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co in snow pit collected in September, 2005 from the accumulation area of the East Rongbuk Glacier (6523 m a.s.l.), which lies on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations (pg/ml) of heavy metals are Ba2-227, Co2.8-15.7, Cu10-120, Zn29-4948 and Pb14-142, respectively. The δ18O was determined by MAT-252. The time period of the snow pit spans from autumn 2005 to summer 2004. Seasonal variations of the concentrations and δ18O are observed, of which Pb, Cu, Zn and Co are much lower in summer monsoon season than that in non summer monsoon season, suggesting that different sources of heavy metals contributed to the site. EFc (crustal enrichment factors) is Co3.6, Cu27, Pb33 and Zn180, respectively. Higher EFc values of Pb, Cu and Zn suggest that Pb, Cu especially Zn are mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources.     

沅江下游入湖段河床沉积物重金属污染特征

对沅江入湖沉积物进行钻探取样,利用等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）对沉积物重金属进行分析。结果表明：重金属Ba、Sc、V、Th、U、Cu、Co、Ni、Cr等在沉积物中含量变化相对稳定,分布相对均匀;而Mn、Zn、Pb、Mo、Cd、Tl、Bi等重金属的含量变化大,分布不均匀。重金属含量柱状剖面变化特征及富集系数（EF值）的计算结果显示：沉积物中Cd达显著富集,而Sc、V、Mn、Pb、Bi等为中等富集程度。沉积物中存在3个重金属富集层,即中下部Pb、Tl、Bi富集层;中上部Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu富集层;浅表部V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Tl、Bi等多种重金属富集层。地累积指数（I_geo）和综合富集指数（EI）评价结果显示：沅江入湖沉积物重金属污染程度自河床深部向浅部,污染程度趋于增强,污染元素组合趋于由Pb-Bi的单一元素组合向由V-Cr-Mn-Ni-Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Bi组成的复合元素组合变化。且自上游向下游,沉积物重金属污染程度趋于降低。这种重金属污染空间变化特征与区域人为活动有关,值得进一步研究。     

平顶山矿区丘陵坡地土壤重金属分布及污染特征

对平顶山矿区周边丘陵坡地土壤进行采样,分析了Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb 在不同海拔与矿区下风向不同距离处的分布特征及污染水平。结果表明：① 矿区丘陵坡地土壤存在不同程度的重金属累积,以Ni、Cr、Cu累积较重。② 五种元素均在矿区、坡底附近及近坡顶含量较高,而在矿区下风向以50 m内含量最高,之后呈递减趋势。③ Cu、Cr、Pb 随坡度减小而含量增大,Zn、Ni 在坡度5°~15°时含量最大;土地利用对坡面土壤重金属的分布不产生明显影响,林地、草地、坡耕地之间重金属含量也无显著差别。④ 五种元素均在矿区附近产生污染,矿区以下存在Cu、Ni、Pb污染,而矿区以上只有Ni 出现轻度污染;矿区下风向Cu、Ni 污染且迁移距离较远,Cr、Pb 仅在100 m内出现轻度污染,Zn 尚未达到污染水平。⑤ Ni、Cu、Pb 以人为活动源为主,Cr 和Zn以自然源为主。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区雪冰中重金属浓度与季节变化

对2005 年9 月采自珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523 m 的东绒布冰川积累区一批雪坑样品中重金属Ba, Co, Cu, Zn 和Pb 的浓度利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行了测试, 重金属浓度范围分别为(pg/ml); Ba2~227、Co2.8~15.7、Cu 10~120、Zn29~4948、Pb14~142。并利用气体稳 定同位素质谱仪MAT-252 对样品稳定氧同位素比率(δ¹⁸O) 进行了测试, 雪坑样品对应的时间为2004 年夏到2005 年秋, δ¹⁸O和重金属元素的浓度都存在着季节变化特征。在夏季风期间δ¹⁸O 值和重金属元素的浓度都很低,而在非夏季风期间δ¹⁸O值和重金属元素浓度升高,反映了不同的水汽来源对重金属浓度季节变化的影响及其环境意义。Co, Cu, Pb, Zn 的地壳富集系数(EF_c) 分别为: 3.6、27、33、180, 表明该地区Pb, Cu, Zn 已经受到了人类活动的污染, 其中Zn 受到的污染最大。     

Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River (the Hengyang–Changsha section) in Hunan Province. The accumulation characteristics, spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted. There are higher accu-mulations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils, and the contents of Cd (2.44 mg kg-1), Pb (65.00 mg kg-1) and Zn (144.13 mg kg-1) are 7.97, 3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province, respectively. 13.2% of As, 68.5% of Cd, 2.7% of Cu, 2.7% of Ni, 8.7% of Pb and 15.1% of Zn in soil sam-ples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade II). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils. 95.8%, 68.8%, 10.4% and 95.8% of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contami-nants in Foods (GB2762-2005) for As, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations, respectively. There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils (p<0.01). It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

从湖南省湘江中下游衡阳-长沙段沿岸采集219 个农田土壤样品和48 个蔬菜样品, 测 试其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 等7 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 作图与数据统 计, 对农田土壤中重金属空间分布、土壤和蔬菜中重金属富集特征以及其潜在风险进行分析。 结果表明, 农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量均大于湖南省相应土壤重金属含量背 景值, Cd (2.44 mg kg^-1)、Pb (65.00 mg kg^-1)、Zn (144.13 mg kg^-1) 含量分别超标7.97、3.69 和 1.63 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 中II 级标准(pH 6.5~7.5) 比较, 土壤 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量的超标率分别为13.2%、68.5%、2.7%、2.7%、8.7%和 15.1%, 表现为以Cd 为主的多种重金属混合污染。菜地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 的含 量( 几何均值) 分别高于水稻土As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 含量。与《食品中污染物限量》 (GB2762-2005) 等标准比较, 蔬菜As、Cd、Ni、Pb 含量的样本超标率分别为95.8%、68.8%、 10.4%和95.8%; 蔬菜Cd、Pb、Zn 含量与相应土壤的Cd、Pb、Zn 含量存在极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01)。湘江中下游的农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的潜在风险值得关注。     

乌鲁木齐地区冰川、河、湖水中重金属形态及分布特征

本文研究乌鲁木齐地区冰川,河流和湖泊水中重金属铜、铅、锌和镉的背景值及存在形态的分配。