中国新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem.)种群地理分布格局及其遗传关系研究

利用SSR(简单重复序列)标记技术,对新疆野苹果的5个主要地理居群(128份材料)进行了种内亲缘关系分析.结果表明:(1)5个居群中巩留居群遗传多样性最丰富;(2)群体的AMOVA分子方差分析得出野苹果居群遗传多样性有92％来自于居群内,8％来自于居群间,说明遗传多样性主要分布在居群内;(3)5个居群遗传距离与基因流呈...     

塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带植物多样性特征及优势种群分布格局

结合10个断面的30个样地野外调查结果,采用物种丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(JSW)、Whittaker指数、Cody指数、扩散系数(C)、负二项参数(K)、平均拥挤度(m*)、丛生指标(I)、聚块性指标(PI)、Green指数(CA)、Cassie指标(GI) 综合分析了塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带植物群落多样性及优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带优势种群为胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix spp.)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)、罗布麻(Apocynum hendersonii),受生境中水分条件的影响,各种群均呈聚集分布格局;各群落α-多样性指数低,物种多样性呈梯度变化,受环境水土资源条件限制,物种丰富度变化为:绿洲内>交错区>荒漠区;受地下水埋深的影响,群落结构呈规律性变化:乔-灌-草结构—灌-草结构—单一灌木结构—灌-草结构—乔-灌-草结构;Whittaker指数、Cody指数显示群落β-多样性随着地下水埋深梯度发生变化,过渡带是绿洲和荒漠物种分布变化的分界地带。因此,地下水埋深是决定塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带物种多样性和种群分布的决定因素。     

准噶尔荒漠小山蒜的形态与生物量特征及其相互关系

小山蒜(Allium pallasii)是中国新疆特有的类短命植物。调查了准噶尔荒漠16个20 m×20 m样地内小山蒜种群的分布概况,研究了小山蒜盛花期的生物学特征、器官生物量分配及其相互关系。结果表明:①小山蒜多生于沙丘中下部,密度为0.187株·m–2;平均株高为(22.93±5.15)cm,多为3片叶;花序近球形,平均半径(2.44±0.37)cm,纵断面角度211.39°±60.4°,表面积和体积分别为(50.95±34.19)cm2和(43.37±29.45)cm3。②其形态指标(平均叶长、4个花球指标及鳞茎直径)间、生物量指标(根生物量除外)间,及二者之间多为显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,协同生长关系较强。③小山蒜生物量分配呈鳞茎>花葶>花球>叶片>根的格局,根冠比为0.873,生殖分配占49.66%。④形态指标与生物量间均呈α<1的异速生长关系,而生物量指标间多为等速关系,其中地上、地下生物量间符合α=3/4的异速关系。⑤生物量估测表明,小山蒜单株地上生物量平均为0.312 g,单株地下生物量平均为0.264 g,种群总生物量密度仅为0.106 g·m-2,其生物量在整个荒漠生态系统中可忽略不计,但它作为准噶尔荒漠重要而独特的种质资源,应从多个方面深入研究,同时进行适当保护。     

红椿居群遗传多样性的SSR分析（英文）

利用SSR(简单重复序列)标记研究红椿分布区天然居群的遗传多样性,为红椿种质资源的保护和开发提供理论依据。本文筛选7对SSR引物,分析了湖北等5省(区)24个居群的192份红椿种质的遗传多样性,利用Data Formater、Popgene、NTSYS、TFPGA等软件进行遗传数据转换、遗传参数估算、树状聚类图和遗传变异分析。结果显示:(1)7对引物共检测到17个等位基因(N_a),平均每个引物为2.2602个,其中引物S11和S422检测到的等位基因数最多,均为4个。Nei's遗传多样性指数均值(H)为0.4909,Shannon信息指数均值(I)为0.7321,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.5182;平均期望杂合度(H_e)和观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.1055和0.4956。居群Nei's遗传距离介于0.000–2.635之间,均值为0.548;居群遗传多样性平均水平(H=0.1044)低于物种水平(H=0.4909)。(2)居群遗传分化系数(F_(st))介于0.2374–0.9148,平均为0.7727;居群基因流(N_m)均值为0.0735,表示居群间遗传交流水平低,遗传变异主要来自居群内。(3)在遗传一致度为0.99时,24个居群UPGMA聚类为3大群组:贵州和广西居群聚为一组,湖南聚类为1组;湖北聚类为1组。Mantel检验结果显示居群间的遗传距离与地理距离间呈现显著相关性(r=0.6318,P=0.0090.05)。红椿居群遗传多样性处于偏低水平,地理隔离是红椿种源间产生遗传分化的重要的原因。进行红椿种质资源保护时,应侧重选育群体遗传多样性最高的居群(如P14);遗传多样性低的居群,应就地保护与迁地保护相结合,综合生态和用材目标,最大化保存和利用好红椿的多样性。     

准噶尔无叶豆土壤种子库特征及其对种子萌发的影响

 准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vass.)是中亚荒漠特有种,中国的单属种植物类群,稀有种,仅片段化分布在古尔班通古特沙漠风蚀坡地及流动-半流动沙丘上。按照不同微地形条件,于2008年9月、2009年的4月及6月分别对两个自然种群8种微地形条件(A种群为积沙灌丛下、积沙平缓处、风蚀灌丛下和风蚀平缓处4种; B种群为沙丘上部、中部、下部及底部4种)进行土壤种子库取样,并统计萌发季节的自然种群萌发率,同时对比室内萌发率,以研究土壤种子库的时空分布特征及其对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,从9月至次年4月和6月,种群种子库密度逐渐减少。自然状态下沙埋深度0—6 cm的种子能够萌发,主要萌发季节(4月)A种群有42%~73.56%的种子、B种群有63.33%~72.73%的种子分布在沙土6 cm以下的深度,为“无效种子”。A种群积沙灌丛下种子库密度值最大,但萌发季节的自然种群萌发率为0; B种群的沙丘下部种子库密度较大,但自然种群萌发率仅为4.8%±0.8%。不同微地形条件下沙粒打磨作用(去除种子硬实)和水分条件的差异,是微地形间种子萌发率差异的主要原因。本研究从土壤种子库角度解析自然种群有性更新困难的原因,为该稀有物种的保育提供理论依据。     

塔里木沙漠公路不同地貌部位的高立式沙障阻沙特征

对塔里木沙漠公路不同地貌部位的高立式沙障的阻沙效果分析表明:垄间平地路段高立式沙障可以在2～3年内有效阻止防沙体系外的沙子进入体系内,不但能有效阻止体系外风沙流进入体系内,而且降低了体系外沙丘移入体系内的速度;垄体、垭口和过渡区路段的高立式沙障,仅在短时间内有效阻止体系外风沙流进入体系内,不能使体系外沙丘移入体系内的速度降低;垄间新月型沙丘(链)路段的高立式沙障能明显降低体系外沙丘移入体系内的速度,使体系外沙丘遇高立式沙障后顺高立式沙障方向移动,但最终能越过高立式沙障进入体系内;在垄间线形沙丘分布路段,丘体附近的高立式沙障在2～3年内既被埋没,其他地段的高立式沙障设置4～5年后才能被埋没.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间地上覆沙丘形态的空间变化特征及其成因

垄间地是塔克拉玛干沙漠中的一种典型下垫面,发育有众多尺度小、形态简单的沙丘,而这些沙丘的分布及其形态的空间变化和成因,至今研究较少。基于Google Earth影像和实地观测,研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风向上的分布格局和形态特征,并分析了其成因。结果表明:(1)垄间地分布有沙片、新月形沙丘、新月形沙丘链和线性沙丘,但新月形沙丘分布最广泛、数量最多,沙丘数量次之,在整个垄间地都有分布,新月形沙丘链集中分布在沙垄背风坡脚,而线性沙丘则主要分布在沙垄迎风坡脚;(2)垄间地上覆沙丘具有明显的空间分布格局,沿主风向,沙丘密度和覆盖度呈上风向下风向中部,而新月形沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、两翼开展度等形态示量参数,从沙垄落沙坡脚到垄间地中部偏迎风坡各参数呈现不同程度下降,沙丘呈逆向演变,随着靠近沙垄迎风坡脚各参数逐渐增大,沙丘又转为正向发育;(3)沙丘的空间分布和形态差异源于地表风动力和沙源供给的空间分异。沙垄背风坡脚风动力相对较弱,沙源丰富,沙丘密度高,新月形沙丘形态发育成熟度高;沙垄背风坡脚到垄间地近迎风坡脚,气流摆脱沙垄风影影响,风速逐渐增大,地表粗沙覆盖,沙源供给相对减少,沙丘物质收支失衡,形态趋于逆向演变;从垄间到沙垄迎风坡脚,受沙垄阻挡,风速降低,地表沙物质相对较细,地表沙源供给相对较充足,沙丘物质收支状况改善,沙丘形态有所恢复。     

模拟降雨格局变化下白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)表型变异

在全球气候变化背景下,明确植物种子、叶片性状的变化趋势和幅度是正确预测植被动态过程,提出合理的植被管理建议的基础。但目前关于种子和叶片性状如何响应降水格局变化,即降雨量及其分布对种子、叶片表型变异的研究尚很少见。通过人工模拟增雨设置了6个增雨处理,3个处理考虑季节分配即生长季前期增雨、生长季后期增雨、生长季均匀增雨,2个处理考虑增雨量,即多年平均年降水量的50%和100%,研究了典型荒漠植物白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)表型形态特征对不同增雨处理的适应策略以及各性状间的相关关系。结果表明:增加雨量显著减小了白刺种子的长度、体积、表面积和千粒重,在生长季增雨100%处理下的白刺种子变异最大,同时期两个增雨量处理间差异均显著(P0.05)。相同增雨量条件下,不同时期增雨对白刺比叶面积的影响差异性显著(P0. 05),但同时期增雨的两个处理之间无显著差异(P0. 05)。种子大小与比叶面积显著负相关(P0. 05)。     

荒漠草原不同植被盖度区面积对降水的响应

降水波动是气候变化的主要指标之一,其在半干旱荒漠草原区植被变化中起着主要的驱动作用。在考虑到年降水量与生长期降水量的前提下,本文通过地面植被盖度反射光谱模型构建和基于3S技术的区域植被盖度分布格局反演,分析了荒漠草原不同植被盖度分布面积对降水的响应。结果表明:在荒漠草原区,不同植被盖度的区域面积和年降水量、生长期降水量呈波动变化。年降水量和生长期降水量与不同植被盖度区域面积可以拟合成线性、幂函数、指数和对数函数曲线关系。植被盖度小于10%的区域面积随着降水量的增加而下降,植被盖度大于10%区域面积随着降水量的增加而增加,盖度10%是低盖度与高盖度间相互转化阈值。当植被盖度为<2%、2%～6%、10%～15%、15%～20%、20%～25%时,拟合的曲线关系能较好地表达不同植被盖度区域面积随降水量变化的趋势(p< 0.01)。荒漠草原不同植被盖度区域面积的波动变化主要与多根葱、阿尔泰狗娃花、松叶猪尾菜和小画眉草等草本植物生长响应降水变化密切相关。     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征

土壤表面蒸发是降水的无效损失,其大小直接决定着降水转化为有效土壤水的效率,从而间接决定了植物可利用水分的多寡。在降水稀少的沙漠区,定量认识土壤蒸发的大小和其所占降水的比例显得尤为重要。在2004年全生长期(5~9月)应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysime-ter)测定了风沙土(有结皮覆盖的丘间低地和裸露沙丘顶部)和对照的荒漠盐碱土的土壤蒸发。结果表明:在相似的气象条件下,风沙土区的丘间低地和荒漠盐碱土的日平均蒸发量分别约是裸露沙丘(风沙土区)的2倍和3倍。整个生长期裸露沙丘的累积蒸发量为18.7mm,丘间低地为38.8mm,荒漠盐碱土为52.1mm。根据整个观测期的累积蒸发量和累积降雨量计算得出的蒸发降雨比分别为:裸露沙丘0.20,丘间低地0.42,荒漠盐碱土0.62,表明裸露沙丘由降水转化为土壤水而储存的比率最高。同时,从数据分析中可以看出:在风沙土区0~5cm土层的含水量对土壤蒸发起决定作用,而盐碱土区的土壤蒸发则受到更深层次土壤水分的影响。裸露沙丘低的土壤蒸发、高的降水转化效率,为植被恢复奠定了良好的基础。因此,裸露沙丘的低蒸发量可以视为植被状况对生态水文过程的一种良性反馈。     

The effects of temperature and moisture on after-ripening of Cenchrus ciliaris seeds

After-ripening of Cenchrus ciliaris L. spikelets was modelled during storage at various temperatures and equilibrium relative humidities (e.r.h.). At 40 and 50% e.r.h., the rate of after-ripening increased linearly with increase of storage temperature. The highest after-ripening rate was achieved by storing the seeds in 40°C and 50% e.r.h. At 70% e.r.h., however, seeds remained viable at 20 and 30°C but largely failed to after-ripen. Use of the model to predict the storage period required for decreasing dormancy to any desired level is described. The application to re-seeding degraded rangelands in arid areas is discussed.     

Mucilaginous seed coat structure ofCarrichtera annuaandAnastatica hierochunticafrom the Negev Desert highlands of Israel, and its adhesion to the soil crust

Carrichtera annuaandAnastatica hierochunticaare two desert annuals, the seeds of which are dispersed by rain. The seed coat surface and cross-section structure of the dry seeds of these plants were examined by SEM. The seeds were wetted by placing them on natural saturated desert soil crust in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were placed in a freeze-dryer when the upper part of the seed surface was still dry. This enabled study by SEM of the developmental stages of the mucilage, from the first stage until the full formation of the mucilage. We argue that the ecological significance of the mucilage differs in winter and summer. In winter the main effect is in water retention and soil particle contact, while in summer dew may allow damage repair and priming for the germination process.     

Effect of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Calligonum L. species

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on seed germination and seedling emergence of ten Calligonum L. species. The results suggested that the deeper the seeds in sand, the lower and slower their germination and seedling emergence. Seedling emergence occurred from a maximum depth of 12 cm with most seedlings emerging from 2 and 4 cm depths. The percent seedling emergence, number of days of first emergence, percent seed germination and percent of dormant seeds were significantly affected by different species and burial depth. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of days to first emergence and burial depth. Both mean percent germination and percent seedling emergence were negatively correlated with depth significantly for each species.     

不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物种子萌发的影响

研究不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物（骆驼蓬 Pegannum harmala、唐古特白刺Nitrari tangutorum、泡泡刺Nitraria sphaerocarpa、驼蹄瓣 Zygophyllum fabago 和多裂骆驼蓬Peganum multisectum)种子萌发的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏对这5种植物的种子萌发有显著影响,并且种子萌发对光、暗的响应随贮藏条件和贮藏时间的变化而变化。根据这5种植物在不同条件组合下的最大萌发率,拟定出了种子萌发的最佳贮藏条件和萌发条件：①湿-冷贮藏能使骆驼蓬种子具有较高的萌发率,此时对光照没有明显的要求;②多裂骆驼蓬种子经过80 d湿-冷贮藏后在光下能达到很高的萌发率,同时,其80 d干-冷贮藏后在暗条件下的萌发率接近同样的效果;③唐古特白刺种子更适合光下萌发,在湿+低温+光照处理下,种子经过三个贮藏期后均具有较高的萌发率,而干-冷贮藏种子只有冷藏80 d后才能达到较高萌发率;④泡泡刺种子适合干-冷贮藏,对光照没有要求;⑤驼蹄瓣种子在干、湿贮藏后,其萌发率无明显差异,但在暗条件下萌发率略高于光条件下,并且达到最大萌发率所需要的冷藏时间短（20 d）,而在光下则需要较长的冷藏（80 d 以上）才能达到较高萌发率。     

Soil seed flora, germination and regeneration pattern of woody species in an Acacia woodland of the Rift Valley in Ethiopia

The objectives of this study were to determine the composition, density and spatial distribution of the soil seed bank of woody species, as well as their regeneration pattern in two different land use systems, controlled (ranch) and open grazing, in an Acacia woodland of the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. We also compared the species composition of the soil seed bank and the above-ground vegetation to find out if differences exist in the soil seed bank and advance regeneration between the two land use systems. The germination requirements of seeds of the woody species were also investigated under laboratory conditions. Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal, Acacia tortilis, Dichrostacys cinerea and Balanites aegyptiaca were encountered in the above-ground vegetation in both systems. Seeds of only A. tortilis (90±32 seeds m⁻²) from the ranch, and A. senegal (5±3 seeds m⁻²) and A. tortilis (72±34 seeds m⁻²) from the open system were found in the soil seed bank along transects with patchy horizontal pattern. The two systems were not significantly different in density of soil seed banks of A. senegal andA. tortilis . Jaccard's similarity index showed that only a few woody species were common in the soil seed flora and above ground vegetation. However, all of the species accumulated seeds (58±43–331±130 seeds m⁻²) in/on the soil under the canopy. Very large numbers of seeds of A. tortilis (19382±9722 seeds m⁻²) and D. cinerea (1278±494 seeds m⁻²) were also found in barns. Most of the seeds recovered from the soil samples (60–80%) were found in the litter layer. Acid and mechanical scarification improved legume germination (36–99% and 60–99%, respectively) over boiling water (0–48%). Treatment means differed significantly for all the legumes (p<0·001) but not for Balanites. Height and diameter class distribution of regeneration of A. tortilis and D. cinerea in both systems and A. senegal in the open system had a negative exponential correlation (r_s=−0·5, −0·25 and −0·86, respectively). A. seyal and B. aegyptiaca showed poor regeneration. Horizontal distribution of advance regeneration of all the species was patchy. Advance regeneration of A. seyal, A. tortilis and B. aegyptiaca were not significantly different, while that of A. senegal and D. cinerea were significantly different between the two systems. Poor representation of species in the soil seed bank along transects and in the different height and diameter classes may be attributed to the low density of mature trees as well as the mode and strategy of seed dispersal. Ungulate and wind dispersed species (e.g. A. senegal, A. tortilis and D. cinerea) were highly favoured. Patchiness in the distribution of seeds and advance regeneration was also a result of endozoochory. Dispersal of non-ungulate dispersed seeds (A. senegal, A. seyal and B. aegyptiaca) was restricted to the canopy zone. Piles of seeds ofA. tortilis and D. cinerea that were found in barns were a result of consumption of their pods by cattle. High concentration of seeds in the litter layer may be due to low soil disturbance and larger size of seeds. The height and diameter class distribution of A. senegal (in the open system), A. tortilis and D. cinerea also indicated that the species have good regeneration. Results from the germination tests indicated that seeds of the legumes require pre-sowing treatments to give a rapid, uniform and improved germination. Intervention through artificial regeneration should be employed to improve the density and regeneration capacity of those species with hampered regeneration at both systems.     

Flower orientation in Pachycereus weberi (Cactaceae): Effects on ovule production, seed production and seed weight

Few studies have determined the importance of orientation on flower reproductive success. Flower orientation may affect reproduction of Cactaceae; the interception of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) differs along the different sides of cacti stems, and translocation of resources between cacti ribs does not appear to occur. Therefore, PAR received by each cacti stem face may determine the resources available for reproduction. We examined the reproductive success of Pachycereus weberi flowers with contrasting orientations. Ovule production per ovary, number of seeds per fruit, seed set per fruit and seed weight were used as indicators of reproductive success for flowers facing southeast and northeast. PAR received on opposite stem sides was recorded as an estimator of resource availability for each side. Results showed that flowers facing southwards produced more ovules and seeds and produced heavier seeds. Seed set was not significantly different between flowers with contrasting orientations. The southern stem faces received more PAR than the northern faces. Reproductive success was different for flowers with contrasting orientations, suggesting that there is an association between PAR received on different P. weberi stem faces and floral reproductive success.     

Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina

Cattle grazing is an important disturbance in the Monte plain, reducing grass biomass and rates of fruit setting. Grass seeds are the most important food for granivorous birds (Emberizidae) during winter. The objective of this study was to test whether granivorous bird populations (Emberizidae), grass seed production, and vegetation structure differed at sites with different intensities of grazing. Emberizid density and species richness were higher in the ungrazed site than in the two grazed paddocks. Seed abundance was also higher in ungrazed vs. grazed sites. Woody vegetation, that serve as safe nest sites, did not differ among treatments. Granivorous bird populations seemed to be affected by cattle grazing; however, the main mechanisms of this process remain unknown.     

荒漠植物种子萌发研究进展

 对种子自身结构,水分、温度、光照、沙埋深度等对荒漠植物种子萌发的影响进行了综述。硬实种子的不透水性、不透气性以及物理障碍是影响种子萌发的重要因素,通过热水浸种、擦破种皮或果皮、浓硫酸浸泡、低温或辐射处理可以破除硬实的影响。有些荒漠植物果皮或种皮外包有粘液层,这种结构对种子的萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用;部分植物的种胚覆盖物含有生长抑制物质而抑制种子萌发;胚休眠与后熟是影响胚萌发的重要生理因素。雨量大小、分布,降雨次数及土壤湿度是决定荒漠植物种子萌发的重要生态因子;温度影响种子的萌发,变温促进萌发;部分荒漠植物种子的萌发需要光照,有些要在暗中萌发,有些则对光无特异的需求;沙埋深度可调节光照、土壤湿度和土壤温度,从而调节种子萌发。应重视荒漠植物种子对严酷环境适应的研究,从分子水平上阐述其对严酷生境的适应机制。     

Evaluation ofCitrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil

Citrulus colocynthis(wild gourd) is a desert plant of the Cucurbitaceae, naturally adapted to arid environments. It was known in biblical times as a source of seed oil and its fruits were used as an efficient laxative. Accessions were collected in Israel and evaluated as a potential oil seed crop adapted to arid zones. It was found that its oil composition is similar to safflower oil, with a total of 80-85% unsaturated fatty acids. A potential yield of oil of 250-400 l ha⁻¹was calculated. The best yield was obtained during the first 4 weeks of the 10-week maturation period. Yield potential should be estimated under desert conditions in order to evaluate the plant's economic future as a crop suitable for an arid environment.     

Germination of Callitris seeds in relation to temperature, water stress, priming, and hydration–dehydration cycles

The effects of temperature, water stress, hydration–dehydration cycles and seed priming on the germination of Callitris verrucosa and Callitris preissii, two Australian semi-arid coniferous tree species, were investigated. Optimum germination occurred at 18°C, with a minimum germination time of 8–9 days for both species. At this temperature, germination was inhibited at osmotic potentials lower than −1·0 MPa, but the capacity to germinate at low osmotic stress increased as the temperature decreased. Seed priming and hydration–dehydration cycles did not reduce seed viability, and Callitris seeds appear to retain the physiological changes induced by short-term hydration, as the time to the onset of germination was decreased to about 3 days. The capacity of Callitris seeds for incremental germination is likely to increase overall germination success in a low rainfall environment.