资源型城市生境质量空间分异格局及其影响机理研究——以唐山市为例（英文）

退化的生态环境一直是全球资源型城市可持续发展的挑战。尽管此问题已经引起了学界的广泛关注,但从自然与人为因素相互作用的角度探讨资源型城市生境质量的空间分异格局及其影响机理的研究较少。本文以唐山市为例,基于综合生态系统服务价值和InVEST-HQ模型对生境质量进行评估,利用空间自相关识别唐山市生境质量的空间分异特征,并借助地理探测器模型和空间生产理论探讨唐山市生境质量空间分布差异的影响因素及其影响机理。结果表明:(1)2019年唐山市生境质量总值为3.45×10~(10)元,每公顷生境质量价值为24435.05元。唐山市生境质量值呈现出"南北偏热,中西偏冷"的分布格局。(2)县域尺度上迁西县生境质量最优,路北区生境质量最差;乡镇单元上上营乡生境质量均值最高,开平街道最低。(3)自然环境条件是影响唐山市生境质量空间分异的重要基础因素。城市化和工业化因素是唐山市生境质量空间分异的重要外在动力。平均海拔、平均坡度、原材料业密度和人口密度对生境质量空间分异的贡献均大于0.40。任意两因子对生境质量的交互作用均为增强。人口聚集、工业资源丰富、交通便利的区域成为生境质量低值区,景观格局优美、降雨充沛、气候舒适的区域成为生境质量高值区。空间生产理论可以用来解释生境质量空间分异的形成机理。     

渭河流域生境质量时空演变及其地形梯度效应与影响因素

生境质量是关乎人类福祉和区域可持续发展的重要基础,对保护生物多样性、提升生态系统服务功能以及构建区域生态安全格局具有重要意义。基于2000—2020年3期土地利用数据,综合应用InVEST模型、地形位指数、地理探测器及空间统计分析等方法,对渭河流域生境质量空间分布特征及其地形梯度效应与影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）2000—2020年渭河流域生境质量指数呈逐年增加态势,由0.607增长至0.624,增长幅度为2.463%,空间上呈现出两极化分布格局,低等和高等生境质量面积持续增加,而中等和良好生境质量面积有所下降。（2）渭河流域生境质量空间分布受地形因素影响较大,具有显著的地形梯度效应,低等生境质量在低地形梯度上分布广泛,分布指数最高,而高等生境质量在高地形梯度上占据主导优势。（3）土地利用类型是渭河流域生境质量空间分异的主要影响因素,且任意2个因子对生境质量空间分异的交互作用均大于单个驱动因子的作用,土地利用类型与降雨量、气温、海拔、归一化植被指数的交互决定力均大于0.6。研究结果可为渭河流域可持续发展以及生态保护与高质量发展提供科学的理论支撑与决策支持。     

基于InVEST模型的兰州地区生境质量评价

分析不同时期城市的生境质量变化,研究城市土地利用方式对生境质量的影响,对于区域可持续发展具有重要作用。以兰州地区为例,采用InVEST模型测评其生境质量和生境稀缺性。结果表明：2000—2015年,研究区域边界生境存在退化迹象,生境质量分布呈现与土地利用类型格局相似的集聚特征,区域总体生境质量稳定,变化频繁且生境类型稀缺的区块主要表现在草地。     

太行山淇河流域土地利用变化对生境的影响

山地作为陆地表面的特殊地域单元,地形起伏较大,生态系统较为脆弱,对全球变化信号有放大作用。因此,研究山地土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡区域生态保护与发展及土地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST模型,结合土地利用数据,并从地形起伏度视角,对太行山淇河流域2000-2015年生境质量进行研究。结果表明：①2000-2015年期间,淇河流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地面积逐渐减少,草地、建设用地面积逐渐增加。②流域整体生境质量较好,平均生境质量指数均超过0.7,且2015年有明显提升。③淇河流域的生境质量变化受地类变化影响较大。耕地、草地、建设用地由于受到过人为干扰的影响,其生境出现不同程度的退化;采伐、毁林开荒等行为导致林地的生境也开始缓慢退化,但由于林地的植被覆盖度较高,抗干扰能力较强,加上逐渐开始对其进行恢复,生境质量水平依然较高。④该流域生境质量在地形起伏度上的分布特征表现为平坦区和微起伏区以一般等级生境质量为主,小起伏区和中起伏区则以高度重要和极重要等级生境质量为主。     

西北地区农民收入差异的时空演变及影响因素——以陕甘宁县域为例

采用数理统计和地统计方法对陕、甘、宁三省区2002-2011年间县域农民人均收入区域差异和极化程度进行测度,并对农民收入冷热点演变态势进行探讨。研究表明:陕甘宁县域农民收入绝对差异呈加快扩大趋势,相对差异阶段性波动降低而极化程度阶段性波动上升;整体地域分异特征呈现出北高南低、西高东低的趋势;县域农民收入呈空间正相关,收入水平相似的地区在空间上集聚;农民收入的空间格局在10 a间发生了显著变化:农民收入的高值热点区和次热区空间格局呈现出向陕西拓展扩大的趋势,并由此带来次冷区空间格局向西移动,冷点区空间格局总体变化不大,略有西进。最后从自然地理环境、历史发展基础、经济地理区位、社会经济结构、区域发展政策因素对农民收入差异的影响进行分析。     

黄河流域生境质量时空演变及其影响因素

黄河流域是中国重要的生态区域,探究该流域生物多样性时空变化特征对区域生态保护修复具有重要意义。运用InVEST模型评估黄河流域2000—2018年生境质量并结合空间自相关模型探究其时空变化及分布特征,利用地理探测器单因子探测和交互探测方法分析生境质量空间分异特征的驱动因子。结果表明：2000—2018年,黄河流域平均生境质量指数为0.631,整体呈现小幅下降趋势,下降幅度为0.16%,在空间上表现出西高东低的分布特征;黄河流域生境质量在空间上表现高度正相关特征,表现为生境质量相似值在空间上集聚,生境质量低值区域集中在黄河流域下游、关中平原以及汾河谷地区,生境质量高值区域集中在黄河上游青藏高原地区;土地利用/覆被是生境质量空间分异最重要的驱动因子,q值为0.5560,而且任何两种驱动因子对生境质量空间分异的交互作用都要大于单个驱动因子的作用,土地利用/覆被与气温、海拔、降雨量、坡度以及NDVI的交互因子均大于0.5。     

基于NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据的湘鄂赣省际交界区县域经济空间格局及影响因素

采用NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据表征经济发展水平，结合空间自相关分析方法对湘、鄂、赣省际交界区县域经济空间格局进行可视化分析，利用地理加权回归模型（GWR）分析相关影响因素的空间异质性。结果表明：湘鄂赣交界区县域经济存在明显的“金字塔”型等级特征，且低水平县（市）相对其他地区更靠近省界，边界效应特征表现突出；空间集聚性层次较低，具有“连片贫困”特征；热点地区大都位于湘、鄂、赣交界区外围地区，冷点地区位于广大的内部腹部地区，“内冷外热”两极分化的不平衡格局仍未能有效化解；劳动、资本、政府作用均具有积极作用，其中劳动投入与资本投入回归系数高值易集中于热点地区，低值则集中于冷点地区。政府作用影响效应一方面随着地区到中心城区距离的增加而依次递减，另一方面表现为省份间影响差异。交通水平与教育发展水平对经济发展差异影响呈现出正负两极分化特征。     

珠三角县域城市潜力的时空关联结构演变

基于1990、1994、2000、2005 和2009年公路网数据和经因子分析得到的县域城市综合实力指数,采用扩展的潜力模型测度县域潜力指数,运用时空自相关方法探讨珠三角县域潜力的时空关联格局及其演变,并与空间关联格局对比及与交叉相关函数比较检验其准确性。结果表明：① 珠三角县域潜力总体上具正时空关联性,但关联程度不高,1994-2005年缓慢加强而2005-2009年趋于减弱。大多县域潜力的局部时空关联特征相对稳定,且以正相关为主,但部分县市时空关联类型发生了明显转化。② 县域潜力的局部时空关联类型分布差异及其变化明显,时空HH区分布于中部地带和东部的深圳—东莞地带,2000年后中部的时空HH区范围收缩至广—佛核心都市区;西部时空LL区连片分布格局相对稳定,中南部2005年开始出现新的时空LL区,东部时空LL区范围1994-2000年扩大而后逐步收缩,2009年零星分布于东部边缘;时空异质区变化较剧烈。③ 三大地带县域潜力的局部时空关联特征反差鲜明,东部与中部差异趋于缩小,而西部与中、东部的差异进一步扩大。④ 时空自相关方法能有效挖掘县域潜力的时空关联模式,比仅考虑空间效应的ESDA方法更能准确客观揭示县域潜力间的时空交互关系。     

基于土地利用格局重建的区域生境质量时空变化分析

区域生境质量决定了区域内生物多样性状况,是生态系统服务功能和生态系统健康程度的重要体现,生境质量变化研究对区域生态安全具有重要的意义,重建区域生境质量空间格局可以还原历史时期的生态环境本底,为揭示区域生态环境质量演变规律提供科学支撑。选取高程、坡度、坡向、GDP、人口、温度、降雨量、河流距离、城市距离和海岸线距离10个土地利用变化驱动因子,构建CA-Markov模型参数,模拟得到历史土地利用空间数据。在此基础上,运用InVEST模型重建泛长三角地区生境质量空间格局,并对计算得到的生境退化度指数和生境质量指数进行等级划分与统计分析。结果表明：① 土地利用模拟精度验证结果显示Kappa系数为0.88,土地利用空间格局重建方法可行,可以在此基础上开展生境质量模拟研究。② 泛长三角地区1975—2010年生境退化度逐期上升,生境退化等级在空间分布上呈圈层递变分布规律。生境质量则表现为逐期下降,高值区主要分布于山区,低值区大部分位于建成区;1975—2010年期间,低值区逐渐向周边高值区域演变,生境高值区域趋于破碎化。③ 1975—2010年生境质量时空变化特征表明：生境质量差等级区域,其生境难以修复,维持原状居多;生境质量较差等级区域易继续恶化,且易发生在建成区周边区域,占比为研究区总面积的6.40%;生境等级为良好和优等的区域,其生境等级易转换为差等和较差等级,使得该区域的生境破碎化,该类型的面积占比为研究区总面积的5.68%。④ 1975—2010年期间,研究区土地利用变化显著,对生境质量造成了巨大的影响;研究区生境质量逐期变差,其生境质量等级位于较差及以下区域面积占比均达到了60%以上,建设用地为生境质量最大的威胁因子。     

浙江省FDI区域差异及其影响因素分析

分析浙江省FDI投资区位差异,探寻导致FDI差异的因素,对于缩小区域FDI差异,协调区域经济发展,具有积极意义。运用标准差、变异系数、Theil指数定量分析2001年~2012年浙江省11个地级市实际利用FDI在时间尺度上地带间、地带内及市际差异变化状况。浙江省实际利用外资总差异呈现U型变化趋势,2001年~2006年区域总差异逐渐缩小,2007年~2012年呈现扩大的趋势,其中地带间差异大于地带内差异,地带间差异是构成总差异的主要因素;地带间的离散系数呈现逐渐增大的变化规律;然后分析影响浙江省FDI区域差异及其变化的主要因素,最后为浙江省缩小FDI区域差异提出了相关政策和建议。     

基于MOD16监测陕西省地表蒸散变化

基于MOD16数据产品结合气象数据,统计分析了陕西省2000-2013年地表蒸散的时空分布特征,研究表明MOD16蒸散产品能够满足陕西省地表蒸散时空分布研究的要求,结果对陕西省水资源的有效利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。主要结论:(1) 2000-2013年蒸散(ET)、潜在蒸散(PET)年际波动不大,全省ET平均值在490 mm左右, PET平均值在1550 mm左右,年平均ET与PET的差距说明陕西省较为干旱缺水。全省ET、PET的年内变化都呈单峰分布趋势,两者变化存在差异, 6月两者差距最大,此时最为缺水。(2)陕西省不同区域蒸散有明显的空间分布差异,陕西南部水分较为充足,而在陕西北部较为缺水。陕西中西部区域干旱有所缓解,中东部区域干旱加重。(3)各功能区年平均ET与PET大小顺序正好相反,干旱程度顺序为防风治沙工程区>陕北退耕还林区>渭北退耕还林区>关中农业生产区>陕北天然林保护区>陕南退耕还林区>陕南天然林保护区。各功能区年内ET月平均变化差异明显,可分为三类,单峰型、波动型、双峰型。(4)蒸散的时空变化与气候特点,特别是水热条件的时空变化有很高的相关关系,而与植被的分布和生长状况也紧密相关。     

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Eco-asset Patterns and the Factors Driving Change in the Wanjiang Demonstration Area

With the rapid development of the society and the economy, people are paying more attention to the value of natural resources and the benefits of the ecological environment. Evaluating the value of eco-assets has become a focus of concern. Quantitative remote sensing measurements, land data and other auxiliary data were used to measure the eco-assets in 46 regions of the Wanjiang Demonstration Area from 1990 to 2013. This paper analyzes temporal and spatial variations of eco-assets’ distribution, composition, change patterns and the factors driving variations. The results show that the distribution of eco-assets in the regions is very uneven, the central region has higher ecological assets than other regions, and it declined first and then rose during the period 1990-2013. The total amount of eco-assets increased by 3.05%. The change in the amount of ecological assets was not large, but it is important that the amount of assets was basically stable, and increases in the proportion of degraded areas was small. Grassland and water body eco-assets decreased by 11.19% and 0.66%, respectively, and that of cultivated land decreased by 15.54%, but forest land increased by 6.42%. As for the change pattern of ecological assets, the per capita assets of Hefei had the largest reduction, and those of Xuancheng the second largest. The spatial and temporal changes of ecological assets in the Wanjiang Demonstration Area include natural factors and human factors. The government's macro-control and economic policies are the main driving factors for the spatial and temporal changes of the ecological assets pattern.     

Spatiotemporal changes in Chinese land circulation between 2003 and 2013

Land circulation is an important measure that can be utilized to enable agricultural management at a moderate scale. It is therefore imperative to explore spatiotemporal changes in land circulation and the factors that drive these variations in order to maintain and increase the vitality of the land rental market. An initial analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in land circulation is presented in this study on the basis of data from 169,511 farm households between 2003 and 2013. The rural fixed observation point system advocated by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture was utilized for this analysis, and Heckman two-stage models were developed and estimated in order to identify the drivers of regional differences in land circulation at the national scale and at the levels of different terrains. The results of this study show that the rate of land circulation in China rose from 15.09% to 25.1% over the course of the study period, an average rate of 0.8%. More specifically, data show that the rate of land circulation in the south of China has been higher than in the north, that the average land rental payment was 4256.13 yuan per ha, and that 55.05% of households did not pay such a fee during the land circulation process. In contrast, the average rent obtained was 3648.45 yuan per ha nationally even though 52.63% of households did not obtain any payments from their tenants. The results show that land quality, geographic location, transaction costs, and household characteristics have significantly affected land circulation in different regions of China. Specifically, the marginal effects of land quality and geographic location were larger in the plain regions, while transaction cost was the key factor influencing land circulation in the hilly and mountainous regions. The signal identified in this study, rent-free land circulation, is indicative of a mismatch that has led to the marginalization of mountainous regions and higher transaction costs that have reduced the potential value of land resources. Thus, as the opportunity cost of farming continues to rise across China, the depreciation of land assets will become irreversible and the phenomenon of land abandonment will become increasingly prevalent in hilly and mountainous regions in the future. The transaction costs associated with the land rental market should be reduced to mitigate these effects by establishing land circulation intermediaries at the township level, and the critical issues of land abandonment and poverty reduction in hilly and mountainous regions should arouse more attention.     

基于因果网络的黄河流域植被变化归因分析

人类与自然耦合系统是一个充满大量非线性互馈关系的复杂巨系统。当前对系统内单要素和静态特征的研究,虽有助于理解某个时刻的系统状态,却不能完整地表达其内部不同要素间错综复杂的关联。论文着眼于黄河流域区县尺度植被变化归因(以叶面积指数LAI作为表征植被的指标),综合利用人类—自然耦合系统多源数据和因果诊断方法,构建黄河流域LAI复杂因果网络。通过复杂网络统计方法对网络节点、结构特征进行分解,揭示影响流域LAI变化的关键要素及其空间分布特征。研究结果表明：① 1990—2018年流域LAI以1.3%/a的速率增长,增长速率在空间上由东南向西北逐渐递减。② 在网络视角下,降水量、气温、饱和水汽压差、农业用地、城镇化率和粮食产量为影响流域LAI变化的关键要素。③ 自然要素(如降水量和气温等)主导了流域内259个区县的LAI变化;社会经济(如城镇化率和粮食产量等)和土地利用类型(如林地和草地等)要素主导了流域内76个区县的LAI变化,主要集中于黄土高原且影响强度远大于自然要素。研究在人类—自然耦合系统框架下构建了黄河流域植被变化多层互馈网络,综合认知流域植被演变的自然和社会驱动力,为理解自然—社会系统复杂的互馈关系提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

喜马拉雅中部甘达基河流域尼泊尔国鸟(棕尾虹雉)生境分布变化

甘达基河流域(Gandaki River Basin,GRB)是喜马拉雅中部地区的一部分,该地区栖息着许多珍稀的野生动物。由于气候和人类活动的影响,许多珍稀保护物种的生境处于危险之中。本研究基于最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,运用生物气候、土地覆被和DEM数据,分析各环境要素对棕尾虹雉(Lophophorusimpejanus)的生境适宜性的影响,评估棕尾虹雉现在状况和未来栖息地分布的变化。研究表明,目前棕尾虹雉的高度适宜栖息地面积约为749 km^2,主要分布在流域北部、东部和西部,尤其是郎塘国家公园、马纳斯卢峰自然保护区和安纳布尔纳峰自然保护区等保护区内。到2050年,棕尾虹雉的高度适宜栖息地面积将减少至561 km^2,主要在流域北部和西北部(即Chhyo,Tatopani,Humde和Chame地区)。未来环境变化的模拟表明,由于适宜栖息地面积的减少,棕尾虹雉面临的生存风险将增加。     

中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素（英文）

Land circulation is an important measure that can be utilized to enable agricultural management at a moderate scale.It is therefore imperative to explore spatiotemporal changes in land circulation and the factors that drive these variations in order to maintain and increase the vitality of the land rental market.An initial analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in land circulation is presented in this study on the basis of data from 169,511 farm households between 2003 and 2013.The rural fixed observation point system advocated by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture was utilized for this analysis,and Heckman two-stage models were developed and estimated in order to identify the drivers of regional differences in land circulation at the national scale and at the levels of different terrains.The results of this study show that the rate of land circulation in China rose from 15.09% to 25.1% over the course of the study period,an average rate of 0.8%.More specifically,data show that the rate of land circulation in the south of China has been higher than in the north,that the average land rental payment was 4256.13 yuan per ha,and that 55.05% of households did not pay such a fee during the land circulation process.In contrast,the average rent obtained was 3648.45 yuan per ha nationally even though 52.63% of households did not obtain any payments from their tenants.The results show that land quality,geographic location,transaction costs,and household characteristics have significantly affected land circulation in different regions of China.Specifically,the marginal effects of land quality and geographic location were larger in the plain regions,while transaction cost was the key factor influencing land circulation in the hilly and mountainous regions.The signal identified in this study,rent-free land circulation,is indicative of a mismatch that has led to the marginalization of mountainous regions and higher transaction costs that have reduced the potential value of land resources.Thus,as the opportunity cost of farming continues to rise across China,the depreciation of land assets will become irreversible and the phenomenon of land abandonment will become increasingly prevalent in hilly and mountainous regions in the future.The transaction costs associated with the land rental market should be reduced to mitigate these effects by establishing land circulation intermediaries at the township level,and the critical issues of land abandonment and poverty reduction in hilly and mountainous regions should arouse more attention.     

Impact of Land Use Changes on Habitat Quality in Altay Region

Altay region is located in the northern part of Xinjiang, and has complex and diverse internal geomorphic types, undulating terrain and a fragile ecosystem. Studying the impact of land use changes on habitat quality is of great significance to regional ecological protection and development, rational planning and utilization, and ensuring the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Based on the InVEST model, combined with land use panel data and topographic relief data of the Altay region, this paper studied the habitat quality from 1995 to 2018. The results show that cultivated land, water area and construction land increased gradually from 1995 to 2018, while grassland and unused land decreased. Forestland remained stable in the first five periods, but increased significantly in 2018. During 1995-2018, all land use types were transferred, mainly between cultivated land, forestland, grassland and unused land in the flat and slightly undulating areas. Poor habitat quality was dominant during 1995-2018. Habitat quality decreased significantly in 2015, which was related to the rapid expansion of cultivated and construction land as threat sources, as well as the decrease of forest and grassland as sensitive factors. However, habitat quality improved significantly in 2018, because a large amount of cultivated land and unused land were converted into forest land and grassland with high habitat suitability. Land use type has an important influence on habitat quality. The distribution characteristics of habitat quality for topographic relief types from good to bad were: large undulating area>medium undulating area>small undulating area>flat area>slightly undulating area. The findings of this study are of great significance for coordinating social, economic, and ecological development in this region and in similar areas.     

中国土地利用变化生态环境效应的空间分异性与形成机理

中国复杂的自然要素、社会经济要素、区域发展战略和政策调控形成了当前中国不均衡的经济发展空间格局、土地利用空间格局和生态环境质量空间格局。厘清中国生态环境质量的空间格局及形成机理对中国土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境的有效保护具有重要的实践意义和价值。以往研究缺乏对中国县域尺度土地利用/土地覆被变化生态环境效应的空间分异性及形成机理的相关研究,本研究基于1995—2015年间中国土地利用现状遥感监测数据,尝试采用生态环境质量指数方法测度中国土地利用变化的生态环境效应,并且综合运用重心分析、热点分析工具（Getis-Ord G_i*）和地理探测器等研究方法,分析1995—2015年中国生态环境质量时空演变特征及形成机理。研究结果如下：① 东部季风区生态环境质量指数高于青藏高寒区和西北干旱区,东部季风区生态环境质量低值区主要分布在人口和经济集聚的城市群以及省会城市周边地区。研究期间中国生态环境质量重心持续向西北方向迁移;② 1995—2015年间中国生态环境质量变化的热点区域主要分布在西藏地区、新疆、重庆、贵州以及位于黄土高原的省份（青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、山西、陕西以及河南）境内,冷点区域主要分布在长江经济带沿线地区省份以及东南部沿海地区省份;③ 土地利用程度对于生态环境质量影响力显著强于其他因子,东部季风区的社会经济和交通区位因子对生态环境质量影响力强于青藏高寒区、西北干旱区和生态大区过渡带;④ 影响因子之间相互作用主要包括非线性增强作用和双因子增强作用两种类型,以非线性增强作用为主。     

Analysis on the Spatio-temporal Patterns of Water Conservation Services in Beijing

The shortage of water resources is a key factor limiting the sustainable development of the economy and society in Beijing. This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s water conservation services (WCS) based on the water balance equation at multiple scales, including city, main functional areas and key districts and counties, determined the differences in the water conservation amount among different land cover types and investigated the reasons for the spatiotemporal differences in the water conservation amount. The results indicated that: (1) compared to 2005, water conservation amount increased substantially in 2010. However, the overall water conservation capacity was low. (2) Among the various land cover types in Beijing, the average water conservation capacity decreased in the following order: wetland, forest, grassland, cropland, bare land and artificial surface. (3) The average water conservation amount in the main functional areas of Beijing varied substantially and was positive only in the ecological conservation area (ECA). (4) The water conservation capacity of each district and county varied substantially within ECA, among which the contribution of the forest in Miyun District, Huairou District and Pinggu District was the highest. The changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s WCS were the synthetic effects of changes in the land covers and meteorological conditions. This study is helpful in achieving the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing.