中国冰雪旅游研究：内涵辨析、脉络梳理与体系构建

推动冰雪旅游高质量发展践行了“冰天雪地也是金山银山”发展理念,助推着体育强国、健康中国建设,满足了人民日益增长的美好生活需要。中国冰雪旅游历经三十多年的发展,已形成规模化、整体化发展格局;北京冬奥会的筹办更是给冰雪旅游带来重大发展契机,利好政策陆续出台,消费热情不断高涨。与此同时,冰雪旅游相关研究也持续涌现,取得了丰厚研究成果。文章以“内涵辨析-脉络梳理-体系构建”为逻辑主线,从冰雪旅游基础概念、发展脉络演进、研究内容、研究方法及区域等方面对中国冰雪旅游展开分析和评述。研究表明：冰雪旅游内涵丰富,学者们从资源、动机以及季候等视角展开了概念界定;冰雪旅游研究历经4个阶段,研究与实践联系日益紧密,产业发展受资源、政策、市场等因素驱动;研究内容已形成一定体系,与国家、产业发展战略的结合有待加强;以定性研究为主,缺乏定量、纵深研究;研究区域高度集中在东北、华北地区,且视角较为宏观。最后提出从理论构建及研究视角、研究内容、研究方法、区域等方面进行未来研究的创新。以期推动中国冰雪旅游研究的理论化和体系构建,引领和指导未来冰雪旅游领域研究,推进中国后冬奥时代冰雪旅游高质量发展。     

中国冰雪装备制造企业的时空特征及其区位选择影响因素

冰雪装备是冰雪经济高质量发展的关键。本文在构建冰雪装备分类框架的基础上,创新性地基于全国784家冰雪装备制造企业数据并匹配其专利创新数据,分析中国冰雪装备制造企业发展的时空特征;基于演化经济地理学关联视角,探究冰雪装备制造企业区位选择的影响因素。研究发现：(1)冰雪装备制造业历经起步发展、波动增长、冬奥周期3个阶段,高技术复杂度冰雪装备生产能力有限;北京冬奥会周期内冰雪装备制造业快速发展,冰雪场地装备制造企业增长尤为明显。(2)冰雪装备制造企业呈现专业化集群式发展特征。其中,冰雪场地装备制造企业集聚分布在河北、辽宁、黑龙江等传统冰雪产业强省,个人冰雪装备制造企业在广东省集聚明显,配套装备制造企业集聚分布在浙江省。(3)冰雪装备制造企业创新能力不足,专利授权所反映的技术密集程度不高,且主要集中于制造业基础雄厚的城市。(4)从产业动态演化视角来看,产业关联、区域关联、市场关联和政策关联是影响冰雪装备制造企业区位选择的重要因素,产业相关多样化和冰雪市场规模是冰雪装备制造业发展的关键。冰雪装备制造企业区位选择的影响机制相互作用、不断演化,共同塑造着冰雪装备制造业的发展格局。     

冰雪区局地环流及气候特征探讨

本文以西昆仑山崇侧冰帽区为例,根据大量观测资料,讨论了冰川存在对其所在地区气候的影响。得出冰川风是影响冰雪区气候特征的重要因素,是冰-气作用中的一个主要因子。这里的冰川风是一种独成体系的局地环流,它既不同于山谷冰川上出现的冰川风,也不同于山谷风。其强度随着离开冰雪区距离的增长而减弱。在冰雪区前缘地带形成风向、温湿度急剧变化区,使温度梯度从非冰川区到冰川区发生大的变化。     

成都市居民网络消费行为特征分析——基于O2O与C2C电子商务的对比视角

基于问卷调查数据,采用线性回归、因子分析等方法,对比探讨了成都市居民O2O(Online to Offline)和C2C(Consumer to Consumer)网络消费的行为特征。结果表明:(1)城市居民在进行网络消费时受到性别、年龄、家庭周期、职业等因素的影响,享受购物过程、节约成本、方便快捷等动机明显。相对O2O网络消费方式,C2C网络消费方式受年龄、职业、住房条件等因素的限制较小。(2)居民对网络消费方便快捷类影响因子和成本节约影响因子赞同度较高,在一定程度上冲击了传统商业理论。相较于O2O网络消费方式,C2C网络消费方式更倾向于降低出行空间距离、节约时间成本,对空间、时间敏感性较大。     

中国滑雪场空间分布特征及其影响因素

滑雪场是冰雪运动的空间载体和冰雪产业赖以发展的重要依托。研究滑雪场的空间分布特征及其影响因素,对冰雪产业发展具有重要意义。以中国770家滑雪场作为研究对象,运用最邻近指数、不均衡指数、核密度分析等方法对滑雪场的空间分布特征进行分析,在此基础上构建地理加权回归模型探究其空间分布的影响因素。研究发现：① 中国滑雪场主要分布在黑龙江、山东、新疆、河北等北方地区,在空间分布上属于聚类分布型,具有聚集性和不均衡性的分布特征;② 已形成以哈尔滨为中心的黑龙江高密度区和以北京为中心的京津冀高密度区,以及以长治为中心的晋冀豫次级高密度区;③ 地形、气温、经济、城市、交通因素对滑雪场影响的空间差异性显著,包括正负值差异和高低值差异;④ 自然因素和社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响程度呈现出一定的内部差异性,其中自然因素产生的空间差异性更大,社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响具有一致性,整体呈正相关,且主要作用于北方地区的滑雪场。     

基于结构方程模型的城市公园居民游憩满意度

城市公园是承载居民日常游憩的主要空间,度量居民在城市公园的游憩满意度对于改善公园的游憩品质具有重要意义。结合城市公园的游憩特征和影响因素,文章构建了用于测度居民游憩满意度(RRSI)的结构方程模型;并以北京城市公园为例,在量表设计和问卷调查基础上,对居民游憩满意度进行了研究。研究结果表明,在影响居民游憩满意度的三大潜变量中,可达程度对居民游憩满意度影响最大,其次分别是感知质量和感知价值。深入分析发现,可达程度中的“公共交通”、“与居住区距离”,感知质量中的“景观品质”、“休憩设施”、“公园治安”、“文娱活动”、“标识系统”,感知价值中的“门票及消费”等观测变量对潜变量的作用更明显,是影响居民游憩满意度的主要因子。在研究结果的基础上,文章提出了改善城市公园游憩品质可资借鉴的政策建议。     

冬奥会的地理韵味

近期,北京作为2022年冬奥会最终的两个候选城市之一,递交了冬奥会申办报告,让人在这个季节自然而然想起冬奥会的味道。冬奥会,全称冬季奥林匹克运动会,是一场地理背景纯美,运动项目独特的世界性运动盛会。每隔四年举办一届。由于冬奥会运动项目对冰雪与地形的天然要求,无论是冬奥会举办城市的选择,还是能够在冬奥会上争金夺银的运动员,均深受地理环境的影响,散发着浓烈的地理韵味。     

极地冰雪环境地球化学指标及其指示意义

极地冰雪中可以反映气候环境的环境地球化学指标主要是可溶性杂质和不可溶性微粒。可溶性杂质主要包括H+、Na+、Mg2 +、Ca2 +、NH4+、Cl- 、NO3- 、SO42 - 、CH3SO3- 等。本文在概述冰雪中的这些化学杂质的来源影响因素和时空分布特征的基础上 ,概述了冰雪中NO3- 沉积的主要来源 (即闪电作用和高层大气光化学作用产生的含氮化合物等 )及其影响因素 (包括太阳活动、火山活动、超新星活动、核爆炸试验和沉积后的蒸发及迁移作用等 ) ,SO42 - 的主要来源 (即海洋生物释放和火山喷发等 )、影响因素 (包括源区温度、ENSO事件及海冰面积等 )和它们的时空变化特点 ;讨论了南、北极地区冰雪中微粒沉积的主要源区和变化特征。。     

极地冰雪氢氧同位素指标及其指示意义

本文综述了水汽来源状况、降水季节变化、火山喷发、太阳活动等气候环境因素对极地冰雪中同位素含量的可能影响及其程度 ,以及降水区域不均衡性、降水年际不均衡性、逆温层和同位素在冰雪中的扩散迁移作用等几种不稳定因素可能对冰雪同位素分析造成的干扰 ;在此基础上 ,综述了极地冰雪中δ1 8O、δD和其差值d(d =δD - 8δ1 8O)与局部或全球气温之间的一些线性关系 (包括全球尺度 ,格陵兰地区 ,南极地区等 )及它们在空间分布上的变化规律     

基于手机信令数据的广州市社区建成环境对居民通勤距离的影响研究

通过优化社区建成环境来优化通勤行为是缓解大城市交通压力的重要举措,实施差异化的社区建成环境政策可能更有助于优化通勤行为。在利用手机信令数据构建居委会之间的职住联系OD数据库并计算居委会的居民平均通勤距离的基础上,构建社区建成环境“5D”指标体系,利用地理加权回归模型（GWR）来分析社区建成环境对居民通勤距离的影响。研究表明,包括密度、多样性、通达性、距离等维度的多项指标对居民平均通勤距离有显著影响。人口密度提高能减少居民平均通勤距离,但区域差异明显,人口密度较高的城郊村居民承受着长距离通勤。混合的土地利用能减少居民平均通勤距离,尤其是减少郊区居民平均通勤距离。地铁通达性在一定程度上增加了区域居民平均通勤距离。通过调控改善中心城区与郊区的居住成本差异,增加中心城区局部功能相对单一区域和郊区的土地利用混合度,增加中心城区局部区域轨道交通建设力度,皆有利于优化居民通勤行为和减少区域通勤距离。     

Influence of Ice and Snow Sports Participation Experience on Participation Constraints among Residents in Southern China: A Quantitative Analysis based on Propensity Score Matching

Under the initiative of “encouraging 300 million people to participate in ice and snow sports” and the guidance of the ‘Evidence-based’ policy-making process, this study takes the Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints as the theoretical framework to empirically explore the constraints influencing the participation of residents in Southern China in ice and snow sports. After factor analysis, the constraint dimension of residents’ participation was obtained, and the constraints of participants and non-participants were evaluated and compared by Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The results indicate that Chengdu residents have potential interest in and demand for winter sports, and the constraint dimensions are: facilities and services, companions, time, and personal feelings. The predisposition scores of the experimental group and the control group revealed that the constraints on interest, relevant knowledge and skills, and personal feelings of the participating group were significantly lower than those of the non-participating group, while the other constraints were not significant. We suggest that efforts should be made to increase the effective supply according to local conditions in order to reduce structural constraints, and the social attributes should be integrated into ice and snow sports to resolve the inter-personal constraints.     

Evaluation and Promotion Model of Tourist Satisfaction in Ice and Snow Tourism Destinations

The successful bid for the Beijing Winter Olympics has brought historic opportunities for the development of ice and snow tourism in China. An index system for the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was constructed from the target layer-factor layer-index layer approach in this paper. Taking tourists with ice and snow tourism experience as the research object, and integrating a questionnaire survey and the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method, a total of 840 valid questionnaires were collected to assess the satisfaction of tourists in snow and ice tourism destinations, and the promotion model of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was put forward. This process led to three main results. (1) Ice and snow tourists in China are characterized as young and better-educated, with college students aged 19 to 25 as the main consumer group. More than 70% of ice and snow tourists are pretty satisfied with the current development of ice and snow destinations in China, and are willing to participate again. (2) Other than “ice and snow souvenirs”, tourists’ perceptions of importance are all higher than the level of perceived satisfaction, and the importance values of the 13 indicators including “Scenic spot security” and “Diversity of ice and snow entertainment and sports” are especially high, showing that tourists have high expectations and demands of the destinations. However, the perceived satisfaction level of tourists for all indexes is generally low, mostly at the general satisfaction level, indicating that ice and snow tourism destinations have only partially met the demands of ice and snow tourists, and there is still much room for improvement. (3) After IPA analysis, five suggestions for improving the satisfaction of tourists in ice and snow tourism destinations were put forward, including diversification of the tourism business model, construction of tourism facilities, a market diversified cultivation model, a humanized mode of tourism service and a refined management model. The results of this study will help to enrich the theory of ice and snow tourist satisfaction and promote the high-quality development of China's ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era.     

A Pre-game Evaluation of the Tourism Legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

The role of tourism in social and economic development and stabilizing the Olympic legacy has been widely discussed. Beijing is the first “Dual-Olympic City”. For the first time, the Beijing Winter Olympics has adopted a model of three competition areas, which has attracted much attention to the study of its tourism legacy. In the legacy plan, the construction of the “Beijing-Zhangjiakou Sports Culture and Tourism Belt” was proposed. The development of ice and snow tourism and the cultivation of the ice and snow tourism market is also reflected in many policy documents and government actions. The scientific planning before the competition laid a good foundation for the sustainable development of its ice and snow tourism heritage. This research combines Olympic legacy research with tourism destination theory, and focuses on ice and snow tourism directly related to the Winter Olympics and the significance of pre-event planning for legacy protection. At the same time, the improvement of the quality of ice and snow tourism destinations is embedded in the pre-Olympic legacy, and opinions and suggestions on how to ensure the stability of the legacy after the games are given. This study uses the literature review method and the second-hand materials survey research method, then through establishing a tourism legacy pre-game evaluation model and the use of geographic information, government reports, policies, publicly released statistics and news reports, etc.. It explores the legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, aiming to lay the foundation for preserving the continuous value of the ice and snow tourism legacy during and after the Olympics. The results indicate that the Beijing Winter Olympics has made relatively complete plans and reliable progress in both tangible and intangible legacy. Complete tourism infrastructure, an optimistic sport and cultural atmosphere, and the improvement of residents’ health concept and sports awareness have become boosters for the development of ice and snow tourism in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.     

气候变化感知对城市居民冰雪旅游环境责任行为的影响机制——以北京市为例

冰雪旅游是推动冰雪经济与旅游产业高质量融合发展的重要途径,现已成为文旅产业中最具潜力的领域之一。然而在全球气候变化的影响下,冰雪旅游发展面临严峻挑战。文章以北京市为例,运用结构方程模型对冰雪旅游情境中城市居民的气候变化感知、感知价值、旅游意向和环境责任行为等变量间的影响关系及其形成机制进行分析。研究发现：(1)气候变化感知分为气候变化表征和气候变化风险两个维度,且两者显著正向影响冰雪旅游感知价值。同时,气候变化风险显著正向影响旅游者环境责任行为。(2)冰雪旅游感知价值显著正向影响冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为。(3)冰雪旅游意向显著正向影响环境责任行为。(4)旅游经历在气候变化感知对冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为的影响关系中具有显著的正向调节作用。本研究对厘清冰雪旅游情境下气候变化感知对游客环境责任行为的复杂影响机理具有重要的理论价值,同时也能够在一定程度上为相关部门把握“后冬奥”黄金机遇,推动冰雪旅游高质量发展提供决策参考。     

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism—Theory & Empirical Studies: Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism. It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism. By selecting 18 academic papers, this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects: ice and snow tourism development and management, the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors, and ice and snow tourism impact assessment. Moreover, one part entitled “Tourism Culture and Ecotourism” has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics. It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations. First of all, the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level, including both longitudinal and horizontal research. In additon, the research methods are practical, innovative, and at the frontier of scientific research, and include industrial correlation analysis methods, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods, content analysis methods, sentiment analysis methods, structural equation models, Delphi methods, spatial statistics methods, geographic detector method and many others. In general, this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research, provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory, institutional evolution theory, etc., and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage, the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment, the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development, the model of the relationship between tourists’ experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism, among others. These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era, and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.     

南极纳尔逊冰帽的雪层及其成冰作用研究

纳尔逊冰帽雪—粒雪的演化依赖于融水渗浸冻结作用下的暖变质过程。积雪的密实化过程的快慢,取决于温度条件和融水的参与程度,以及自身的物理状况。粒雪的密实化过程表现为均匀且变幅小。纳尔逊冰帽成冰深度在23～25m,成冰历时17～19年。成冰带分为暖渗浸—重结晶带,渗浸—冻结带,消融带。     

南极威尔克斯地SGR钻孔处雪冰转化过程中的密度变化特征

本文着重描述了SGR钻孔处冰盖上的积雪在密实化过程中的特征变化,并对该过程进行了分段的和全面的回归分析.结果表明,冰盖密度随深度增大,但增长幅度随深度减小.作者提出密度变化减小度的概念.计算得出的所研究冰芯钻取点的密度变化减小度为-0.15kg/m~3·m~2,粒雪成冰前的密实速率平均值为4.08kg/m~3·a.本文得到的冰盖密度变化“临界点”与以往报道的有所不同.分析这一现象时,作者强调当积雪还在活动层时冰盖温度的影响,并以此解释密度剖面的异常变化以及离差的回升.特别指出,积雪的密度变化具有气候学意义,它在一定程度上能够反映出积雪形成及变化过程中气候变化的某些信息.本文由密度变化确定的钻孔点雪冰转化深度为50米.     

南极内陆冰盖表面地貌特征监测系统设计及应用分析

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