A Pre-game Evaluation of the Tourism Legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

The role of tourism in social and economic development and stabilizing the Olympic legacy has been widely discussed. Beijing is the first “Dual-Olympic City”. For the first time, the Beijing Winter Olympics has adopted a model of three competition areas, which has attracted much attention to the study of its tourism legacy. In the legacy plan, the construction of the “Beijing-Zhangjiakou Sports Culture and Tourism Belt” was proposed. The development of ice and snow tourism and the cultivation of the ice and snow tourism market is also reflected in many policy documents and government actions. The scientific planning before the competition laid a good foundation for the sustainable development of its ice and snow tourism heritage. This research combines Olympic legacy research with tourism destination theory, and focuses on ice and snow tourism directly related to the Winter Olympics and the significance of pre-event planning for legacy protection. At the same time, the improvement of the quality of ice and snow tourism destinations is embedded in the pre-Olympic legacy, and opinions and suggestions on how to ensure the stability of the legacy after the games are given. This study uses the literature review method and the second-hand materials survey research method, then through establishing a tourism legacy pre-game evaluation model and the use of geographic information, government reports, policies, publicly released statistics and news reports, etc.. It explores the legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, aiming to lay the foundation for preserving the continuous value of the ice and snow tourism legacy during and after the Olympics. The results indicate that the Beijing Winter Olympics has made relatively complete plans and reliable progress in both tangible and intangible legacy. Complete tourism infrastructure, an optimistic sport and cultural atmosphere, and the improvement of residents’ health concept and sports awareness have become boosters for the development of ice and snow tourism in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.     

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism—Theory & Empirical Studies: Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism. It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism. By selecting 18 academic papers, this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects: ice and snow tourism development and management, the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors, and ice and snow tourism impact assessment. Moreover, one part entitled “Tourism Culture and Ecotourism” has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics. It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations. First of all, the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level, including both longitudinal and horizontal research. In additon, the research methods are practical, innovative, and at the frontier of scientific research, and include industrial correlation analysis methods, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods, content analysis methods, sentiment analysis methods, structural equation models, Delphi methods, spatial statistics methods, geographic detector method and many others. In general, this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research, provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory, institutional evolution theory, etc., and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage, the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment, the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development, the model of the relationship between tourists’ experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism, among others. These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era, and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.     

气候变化感知对城市居民冰雪旅游环境责任行为的影响机制——以北京市为例

冰雪旅游是推动冰雪经济与旅游产业高质量融合发展的重要途径,现已成为文旅产业中最具潜力的领域之一。然而在全球气候变化的影响下,冰雪旅游发展面临严峻挑战。文章以北京市为例,运用结构方程模型对冰雪旅游情境中城市居民的气候变化感知、感知价值、旅游意向和环境责任行为等变量间的影响关系及其形成机制进行分析。研究发现：(1)气候变化感知分为气候变化表征和气候变化风险两个维度,且两者显著正向影响冰雪旅游感知价值。同时,气候变化风险显著正向影响旅游者环境责任行为。(2)冰雪旅游感知价值显著正向影响冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为。(3)冰雪旅游意向显著正向影响环境责任行为。(4)旅游经历在气候变化感知对冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为的影响关系中具有显著的正向调节作用。本研究对厘清冰雪旅游情境下气候变化感知对游客环境责任行为的复杂影响机理具有重要的理论价值,同时也能够在一定程度上为相关部门把握“后冬奥”黄金机遇,推动冰雪旅游高质量发展提供决策参考。     

中国冰雪旅游研究：内涵辨析、脉络梳理与体系构建

推动冰雪旅游高质量发展践行了“冰天雪地也是金山银山”发展理念,助推着体育强国、健康中国建设,满足了人民日益增长的美好生活需要。中国冰雪旅游历经三十多年的发展,已形成规模化、整体化发展格局;北京冬奥会的筹办更是给冰雪旅游带来重大发展契机,利好政策陆续出台,消费热情不断高涨。与此同时,冰雪旅游相关研究也持续涌现,取得了丰厚研究成果。文章以“内涵辨析-脉络梳理-体系构建”为逻辑主线,从冰雪旅游基础概念、发展脉络演进、研究内容、研究方法及区域等方面对中国冰雪旅游展开分析和评述。研究表明：冰雪旅游内涵丰富,学者们从资源、动机以及季候等视角展开了概念界定;冰雪旅游研究历经4个阶段,研究与实践联系日益紧密,产业发展受资源、政策、市场等因素驱动;研究内容已形成一定体系,与国家、产业发展战略的结合有待加强;以定性研究为主,缺乏定量、纵深研究;研究区域高度集中在东北、华北地区,且视角较为宏观。最后提出从理论构建及研究视角、研究内容、研究方法、区域等方面进行未来研究的创新。以期推动中国冰雪旅游研究的理论化和体系构建,引领和指导未来冰雪旅游领域研究,推进中国后冬奥时代冰雪旅游高质量发展。     

Analysis of Multiple Tourist Agents’ Symbiotic Relationship on the View of Tourist Enterprises Based on a Grey Correlation Model: A Case Study of Qinghai Lake,China

Tourism symbiosis is a social phenomenon consisting of many complex factors, and the reciprocal cooperation among multiple tourist agents at tourist destinations is the crux of the sustainable development of tourism. This study is from the perspective of tourist enterprises, and introduces the Symbiosis Theory of genecology. A quantitative evaluation is used to analyze both the equilibrium state of the combined symbiotic behavior routes and the behavior patterns of tourist enterprises with local governments, community residents, tourists and tourist enterprises around Qinghai Lake. The findings reveal: (1) the symbiotic behavior routes of the multiple tourist agents “E→G-R-T-E” in the Qinghai Lake area are constituted of intense symbiotic indications, while the maximum dimensionality of symbiotic interest of “E→G-R-T-E” is still in the state of disequilibrium and dissymmetry; (2) the symbiotic model of multiple tourist agents “E→G-R-T-E” in the Qinghai Lake area is an asymmetrically positive symbiotic model. It is proposed that, by establishing symbiotic mechanisms for guidance, decisions, supervisory control and profit distribution, the participation mechanism for multiple agents “E-G-R-T” can be further standardized. Moreover, tourist enterprises should be regarded as the primary agents to optimize the symbiotic model for “E→G-R-T-E” through the reinforcement of integrative supply and the construction of integrative effect, and finally promote the integrative symbiotic model of symmetrical reciprocity of the E-R-G-T model “driven by scenic areas, responsive to community residents, affected by local governments and enjoyed by tourists.”     

Evolution of Landscape Pattern and Tourism Service Value in Zhangjiakou City

Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou's rate of landscape pattern change, the landscape ecological security level, and ecosystem service value, particularly the tourism ecological service value during its construction. With land use data from 2000 to 2020, this study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic changes in Zhangjiakou, including land use dynamics, the land use transfer matrix, landscape vulnerability, landscape disturbance, ecosystem service value, tourism ecological service value, and other aspects. The results show that the landscape pattern in Zhangjiakou was greatly disturbed from 2015 to 2018, and the landscape ecological security was threatened in the process of landscape pattern adjustment. By 2020, after the landscape pattern was adjusted and stabilized, the landscape ecological security was restored, and the ecosystem service value was significantly improved, especially the tourism ecological service value. The results of this study will play an important role in promoting the optimization of Zhangjiakou's ice and snow landscape pattern and the improvement of tourism ecological value. In addition, it provides important lessons for the development of other ice and snow tourist destinations.     

社区关系、效益感知与亲旅游行为研究：一个有调节的中介作用模型

目的地居民作为旅游活动的重要参与主体,对旅游业的行为态度不仅影响着游客的感知和体验,也对目的地旅游业的可持续发展起着重要作用。在旅游支持态度与亲环境行为等相关研究的基础上,提出亲旅游行为的概念,表达居民促进旅游业在当地更好发展的行为意向。以社会表征理论研究框架为基础,构建“社区关系—效益感知—行为态度”模型,实证考察了社区关系对亲旅游行为的影响,探讨了旅游效益感知的中介作用和旅游事件依恋的调节作用。结果表明：社区关系对目的地居民经济效益、社会效益、环境效益感知均具有显著的正向影响,积极的旅游影响感知又对亲旅游行为产生显著的正向影响作用。居民对经济、社会、环境效益的感知在社区关系与亲旅游行为之间存在多重链式中介作用,传统的中介模型低估了旅游效益感知的影响作用。旅游事件依恋正向调节了社区关系与旅游社会效益感知、环境效益感知的关系。研究结论为揭示旅游介入情境下社区关系、效益感知与亲旅游行为之间的影响机制提供了一定的理论依据,对于目的地社区旅游开发与管理具有一定的实践参考价值。     

Influence of Ice and Snow Sports Participation Experience on Participation Constraints among Residents in Southern China: A Quantitative Analysis based on Propensity Score Matching

Under the initiative of “encouraging 300 million people to participate in ice and snow sports” and the guidance of the ‘Evidence-based’ policy-making process, this study takes the Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints as the theoretical framework to empirically explore the constraints influencing the participation of residents in Southern China in ice and snow sports. After factor analysis, the constraint dimension of residents’ participation was obtained, and the constraints of participants and non-participants were evaluated and compared by Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The results indicate that Chengdu residents have potential interest in and demand for winter sports, and the constraint dimensions are: facilities and services, companions, time, and personal feelings. The predisposition scores of the experimental group and the control group revealed that the constraints on interest, relevant knowledge and skills, and personal feelings of the participating group were significantly lower than those of the non-participating group, while the other constraints were not significant. We suggest that efforts should be made to increase the effective supply according to local conditions in order to reduce structural constraints, and the social attributes should be integrated into ice and snow sports to resolve the inter-personal constraints.     

城市型目的地入境旅游市场演化差异研究——基于中国香港和新加坡市内部结构与外部规模分时段辨析

借鉴区域交通网络建构中的O-D（Origin-Destination）模型提出一个能够从3个维度揭示入境旅游目的地内外部市场变化过程的旅游O-D对接模型,以中国香港和新加坡市为案例,分析了两地入境旅游市场结构与规模的变化。通过内外部多指标对比研究,辨析入境旅游市场集中化与多样性的利弊,比较小型城市型入境旅游目的地的内外部市场结构变化差异。利用2005~2016年相关统计数据,构建了市场重要度-市场偏好和市场偏好-市场占有率2个组合矩阵,取2005和2006年的平均值与2015和2016年的平均值,对中国香港和新加坡市的入境市场进行了比较。结果显示,从旅游目的地内部客源结构来看,10 a间香港入境旅游市场集中度高并呈现进一步集中化趋势,而新加坡入境旅游市场多样性高且相对稳定,这与香港2003年开放内地“自由行”而内地入港旅游持续增长有关;从目的地外部市场规模来看,中国是世界最大的出境游市场,出境游规模远超过印度尼西亚,导致香港旅游市场吨位指数也远大于新加坡。最后,结合已有研究进行文献对话讨论了市场集中化与多样化策略选择对不同规模入境旅游目的地的利弊,分析认为多样性的入境旅游市场策略有利于大型入境旅游目的地实现其全球政经战略需求等的目的。而对于小型城市入境目的地而言,集中性的入境旅游市场策略更有利于节约营销成本、获得稳定客源和实现入境旅游收入的长期稳定增长。     

中国滑雪场空间分布特征及其影响因素

滑雪场是冰雪运动的空间载体和冰雪产业赖以发展的重要依托。研究滑雪场的空间分布特征及其影响因素,对冰雪产业发展具有重要意义。以中国770家滑雪场作为研究对象,运用最邻近指数、不均衡指数、核密度分析等方法对滑雪场的空间分布特征进行分析,在此基础上构建地理加权回归模型探究其空间分布的影响因素。研究发现：① 中国滑雪场主要分布在黑龙江、山东、新疆、河北等北方地区,在空间分布上属于聚类分布型,具有聚集性和不均衡性的分布特征;② 已形成以哈尔滨为中心的黑龙江高密度区和以北京为中心的京津冀高密度区,以及以长治为中心的晋冀豫次级高密度区;③ 地形、气温、经济、城市、交通因素对滑雪场影响的空间差异性显著,包括正负值差异和高低值差异;④ 自然因素和社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响程度呈现出一定的内部差异性,其中自然因素产生的空间差异性更大,社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响具有一致性,整体呈正相关,且主要作用于北方地区的滑雪场。     

基于修正引力模型的中国省际旅游者流空间网络结构特征

高速交通时代旅游者流空间网络结构具有什么特征,是全国旅游流空间组织和管理需要探索的基础问题。贴近客观实际修正引力模型的相关参数,测算中国省际旅游者流,结合复杂网络分析方法,探索空间网络结构的优势、联系和发育水平。分析发现该网络结构稳定,旅游者流大量汇聚于中国的东南半壁、流动不对称、邻近型和跳跃型空间联系结构并存、层级性明显。具体表现为：首先,从优势水平来看,旅游流大量汇聚于上海（东）-广东（南）-四川（西）-河北（北）区域范围内。其次,从联系水平来看,东部三省江苏、浙江、山东是各地优势流量的主要汇聚之所,西藏的排名靠末。最后,从发育水平来看,旅游流动不对称,网络有“紧密团块型”和“飞地跨越型”两种空间联系结构且表现出层级性,不平衡发育状态将在较长时间内保持不变。     

2022冬奥会背景下北京区域居民参与冰雪运动消费调查

运用文献资料、问卷调查和数理统计、应用因子分析方法,结合北京区域滑雪场空间分布情况,对比居民冰雪运动参与倾向和频率,发现北京区域居民参与冰雪运动及消费的主要影响因素为性别、年龄、距离、收入水平和政策红利;分析得出雪场密度和区域经济水平、性别等对参与冰雪运动消费特征的影响。归纳4个主要影响北京区域居民参与冰雪运动的公共因子,分别是冰雪运动基础因子、冰雪运动信息因子、冰雪运动距离因子以及冰雪运动友谊因子。提出不断提升冰雪运动产品服务质量,出台鼓励性冰雪运动消费政策,完善冰雪运动消费环境,创新冰雪运动消费内容,逐步扩大冰雪消费规模等建议。     

Relationships between Tourist Experiential Value and Ice-Snow Tourism Loyalty in Zhangjiakou City,and the Moderating Effects of Travel Companions

The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics has provided a new opportunity for the popularization of ice-snow sports and making improvements in the efficiency of ice-snow tourism in China. Taking Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province as the research object and using questionnaire analysis and the structural equation model (SEM), this paper examined several hypotheses of the relationship between tourist experiential value and tourist loyalty in the context of ice-snow tourism, and a mediation analysis was conducted to explore the moderating role of travel companions. The results show that: (1) The functional value, emotional value and social value have significant positive effects on tourist loyalty; (2) Tourist satisfaction is a partial mediator between functional value, emotional value, social value and tourist loyalty, and a full mediator between cognitive value and tourist loyalty; and (3) Travel companions play a significant moderating role in the influence of emotional value on tourist loyalty. Based on these findings, several suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China, including developing ice-snow family tourism products, building an ice-snow brand with winter Olympics characteristics, constructing the ice-snow industrial system, and cultivating ice-snow culture.     

中国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知的空间相关性

 旅游知名度是游客旅游决策的主控影响因素之一,也是旅游目的地获取潜在客源的重要手段。以我国入境旅游热点城市知名度为研究内容,从入境游客认知视角,在大样本入境游客实证调查资料的支持下,运用Moran指数和相关性检验,分析了我国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知的空间相关性,检验结果显示：我国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知具有正向空间自相关属性,其空间分布特征具有明显的类型与等级差异。相关性检验结果显示：入境旅游热点城市知名度认知存在地域相邻高度相关;沿海入境旅游热点城市知名度认知存在高度相关;入境旅游热点城市知名度认知具有明显的类型或等级相关;国际焦点关注的入境旅游热点城市认知与其它城市之间存在高度相关。     

Spatial Differentiation of Rural Touristization and Its Determinants in China: A Geo-detector-based Case Study of Yesanpo Scenic Area

Tourism has emerged as a major driving force in the growth and expansion of rural settlements. After several studies revealed spatial differentiation of touristization among rural settlements, studies were conducted to explain this phenomenon. However, most of these studies explained spatial differentiation of rural touristization in a qualitative way. More robust and detailed quantitative results are needed to evaluate the relative roles of different factors. In this study, which takes Yesanpo tourism as a case study, the Geo-detector method was introduced to evaluate determining factors of rural touristization. Results show that “distance to core entry”, “tourist number and sojourn time”, and “distance to the nearest scenic area” have had a strong effect on the rural touristization in Yesanpo, whereas “distance to river”, “elevation”, “distance to main road”, and “slope” have had a weak influence. The latter did, however, contribute a lot to touristization when interacting with “distance to core entry”, “tourist number and sojourn time”, and “distance to the nearest scenic”, indicating the importance of these four factors. Higher rural touristization occurred in the zone near the core entry, with many tourists, long sojourn times, and proximity to the scenic area.     

声景学及其在旅游地理研究中的应用

声音是旅游者旅游体验的活动构成要素之一,也是强化旅游者对旅游地地方感知的重要内容,对于塑造旅游者完整深刻的旅游体验具有重要意义。从旅游地理研究的现状来看,在旅游资源开发利用、旅游产品包装设计、旅游设施空间配置、旅游形象塑造构建、目的地营销拓展等方面,研究者普遍关注了旅游系统中的视觉要素,对听觉、嗅觉、触觉等其他要素却关注得较少。基于此,在对旅游系统中声音要素进行重要性分析的基础上,将声景学及其相关理念引入旅游研究的范畴,为研究旅游系统中与声音相关的现象和关系提供了新的视角,并指出了拓展现有旅游地理研究的一个重要方向。声景学的引入,对完善和深化旅游地理研究具有重要意义。     

海岛旅游市场调查分析--以南澳岛为例

海岛是中国近些年新兴起的一类旅游地。南澳岛,广东省唯一的海岛县,是一个集观光、休闲、度假等多种旅游功能于一体的综合型旅游地。南澳岛旅游市场具有以下特征:旅游产品吸引范围较广,波及内陆、港澳台、东南亚等地区;客源市场时间变化明显,周变化受双休日影响突出,月变化则呈现出明显的季节性;游客旅游目的结构单一,观光度假旅游是中远途游客的需求主体。对外交通条件、区域政治经济环境、知名度、区域旅游产品竞争是制约目前南澳岛旅游市场进一步开拓的重要因子。     

Sustainable Development and Tourists’ Satisfaction in Historical Districts: Influencing Factors and Features

Determining how to achieve sustainable development and protection of historical districts is a worthwhile research topic. As a vital way to update urban space, tourism development in historical districts is an effective tool for redistributing urban functions and increasing urban vitality. This paper takes the Insa-dong in South Korea as a case study for the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in historical districts, based on 550 questionnaires. The questionnaire contains 33 evaluation indicators, and the subjects' subjective judgment and satisfaction with Insa-dong are measured in the form of the Likert scale. Using SPSS to analyze tourists’ satisfaction with historical districts, this studyfinds that: (1) The tourist satisfaction evaluation of Insa-dong includes six dimensions in total: “Embodiment of historical elements”, “The blend of tradition and modernity”, “Industry distribution and type”, “Consumer demand”, “ Street layout and function” and “Landscaping”. (2) “The blend of tradition and modernity” has the highest weight while “Industry distribution and type” has the lowest one in the analysis of factors influencing overall satisfaction. (3) The analysis of the common factor weights and the common factor satisfaction levels shows that “The blend of tradition and modernity” and “Street layout and function” are the parts that need to be improved. “Consumer demand” also has a lot of room for promotion. The research results will be beneficial for enhancing the tourist experiences of historical districts and they provide a theoretical basis and practical experience reference for effective protection and sustainable development of historical districts.     

High-quality Development Paths of Ice-snow Tourism in China from the Perspective of the Winter Olympics

Preparations for the Beijing Winter Olympics have promoted the rapid development of ice-snow tourism in China, which contributes to achieving the goal of having “300 million people participate in ice-snow sports”. This paper analyzes the status quo and problems associated with the growth of ice-snow tourism in China based on the methods of documentation and field investigation. The results indicate that China’s efforts have born abundant fruits. Notwithstanding, there are still some problems due to the limited time and hastened process of ice-snow tourism development, including unreasonable exploitation, low-quality products and services, imperfect investment and financing system, inadequate management, a single marketing mode, and insufficient talent teams. Compared with developed countries in Europe and the United States, ice-snow tourism in China is in the stage of rapid development. To achieve the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China, this paper proposes actions from eight aspects which involve policy, products and services, marketing, safety management and control, talent teams, standardization construction, science and technology, and community participation. This study can provide references for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China, as well as perfecting Chinese theoretical research on ice-snow tourism.     

传统古村落研学旅行游客满意度影响因素研究——以西递、宏村为例

开展传统古村落研学旅行游客满意度影响因素研究,对于构建以人为本的乡村研学旅行产品体系具有重要意义。论文以皖南地区典型的古村落西递、宏村为例,从游客体验视角,构建了研学旅行游客满意度影响因素的结构方程模型,并进行了模型的因素恒等性检验。结果表明：影响西递、宏村研学旅行游客满意度的旅游体验因素有文化认知、情感体验、审美体验和学习认知4种类型;从路径系数来看,案例地研学旅行者的文化认知(0.510)对游客满意度影响程度最大,情感体验(0.340)和审美体验(0.224)次之,学习认知(0.212)位居最后;论文构建的传统古村落研学旅行游客满意度结构方程模型具有跨样本稳定性特征。研究结果可为西递、宏村研学旅行课程开发和传统古村落研学旅行高质量发展提供决策参考。