克里雅河流域土壤盐分光谱定量分析

本文对克里雅河流域进行野外调查、采集土壤样品及其光谱反射特性的测量,通过比较不同光谱预处理的方法建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,并利用决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSEP)、残留预测偏差(RPD)对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:反射率一阶微分是预测土壤样本盐分含量的最佳光谱指标。PLSR模型在建立土壤光谱与盐分含量关系时较为适用,R2、RMSE和RPD分别为0.77、0.25和1.88。利用反射光谱估算土壤中盐分含量,通过各种光谱预处理方法可以提高估算精度,可以为该区土壤盐渍化评价和生态环境调查提供依据。     

荒漠-绿洲交错带土壤N、P、K含量的高光谱反演模型

利用新疆奇台县荒漠-绿洲交错带的75个土壤样本,选取土壤可见光-近红外光谱的反射率（R）、光谱反射率倒数之对数（lg（1/R））、光谱反射率一阶导数（FDR）和光谱波段深度（Depth）4个指标,分析了其与土壤N、P、K元素含量的关系,分别建立了反演模型并对其精度进行了检验。结果表明：可见光-近红外反射光谱快速估算荒漠-绿洲交错带土壤N、P、K元素含量的潜力大,其预测精度由高到低的排列顺序为：N>P>K。不同光谱指标反演模型的精度各异,指标Depth和FDR的预测效果明显优于lg（1/R）和R,对N和P元素的拟合效果为：lg（1/R）相似文献   

土壤氯化钠含量高光谱估算模型研究

基于光谱反射率快速、无损的检测优势,以于田地区不同氯化钠含量土壤光谱反射率作为信息源,探讨利用反射光谱估算土壤氯化钠含量的可行性。于2012年7月对于田地区进行野外调查,在测定土壤光谱反射率及氯化钠含量的基础上,对光谱反射率数据进行预处理并建立了逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)模型和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,并利用决定系数R2和均方根误差RMSE对模型稳定性和预测能力进行检验,进而比较不同预处理方法和不同模型估算结果的适用性。结果表明:反射率二阶微分光谱是预测土壤样本氯化钠含量的最佳光谱指标;偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型是建立土壤光谱与氯化钠含量关系的最优模型,R2和RMSE分别为0.812和0.105。利用反射光谱估算土壤氯化钠含量,通过各种光谱预处理方法提高估算精度,可实现在区域尺度上的土壤盐渍化监测和评价。     

若尔盖湿地土壤重金属元素含量的遥感反演

土壤中的重金属元素对植物和动物具有一定的毒害作用,测量湿地土壤重金属元素含量,对评估湿地生态系统健康具有重要意义。以光谱分辨率的优势,高光谱遥感可以获取地物的连续光谱信息,可应用于土壤研究。以四川若尔盖国际重要湿地为研究区,在研究区中采集土样,测定土样的5种重金属元素含量;利用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)方法,分析了环境一号卫星上搭载的超光谱成像仪(hyperspectral imaging radiometer,HSI)的地表反射率数据与实测的土壤重金属元素含量的关系;利用原始地表反射率及原始地表反射率曲线的一阶微分值和倒数的对数值,分别建立了预测土壤中5种重金属含量的3个回归模型。结果表明,土壤锌含量的平均值(62.83 mg/kg)最高,镉含量的平均值(0.18 mg/kg)最小;土壤锌含量与铅、铬含量显著相关,土壤铬含量与铜、铅含量显著相关;在3个回归模型中,利用一阶微分值所建立的模型的预测效果最好,土壤5种重金属含量的实测值与预测值都显著相关,其次是利用原始反射率所建立的模型,而利用倒数的对数值所建立的模型的预测结果相对最差,尽管如此,除了镉和铅含量外,其它重金属元素含量的实测值与预测值也都显著相关。利用高光谱遥感技术反演土壤某些重金属元素含量具有可行性,有利于实时掌握湿地土壤重金属含量及其对湿地生态系统健康的影响。     

水分胁迫条件下棉花生理变化及其高光谱响应分析

利用ASD地物光谱仪,测定水分胁迫条件下棉花不同生育时期内叶片的光谱反射率,应用微分技术处理棉花的反射光谱,并结合棉花叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素(a b)含量(Chlt)、叶片全氮(TN)含量等生物参数进行分析,研究棉花水分胁迫情况下的高光谱特征,结果表明,一阶微分光谱720nm波段的数值与LAI的正相关(R=0．7656);750nm处一阶微分值与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系(R=0．7774);微分光谱690nm～740nm数值积分面积与TN含量呈正相关(R=0．7669),采用比值反射率对反射光谱1300nm～1500nm波段范围内最小值与棉花叶片的含水量作相关分析,达到极显著水平(R^2=0．8298),验证了一阶微分光谱数据与棉花的生理参数有很好的相关性,可见光和近红外波段光谱反射率能够反映出棉花生长发育的动态特征;证明了棉花的花铃期是高光谱遥感对棉花长势和生理参数定量诊断的最佳时期。本研究通过建立一系列线性光谱模型对棉花生理参数进行估测,为基于高光谱数据的棉花生长模型和棉花长势的遥感监测提供了理论依据。     

水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片氮素状况的高光谱估测研究

在不同灌水量条件下，对棉花单叶叶绿素含量和单叶全氮含量做相关分析，并采用地物光谱仪。获取北疆棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据。应用一阶微分光谱，衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法。以红边积分面积(SDr)为白变量，冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量，做相关分析。结果表明：叶绿素含量与TN含量呈显著的正相关(R=0．8723^**。n=39)，叶绿素含量能有效的估计棉花单叶TN含量；红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性，相关系数是0．7394^**(n=40)，利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测新陆早6号、8号冠层叶片的全氮含量，RMSE分别为0．3859和0．4272。研究认为红边积分面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力。     

土壤氧化铁光谱特征研究

土壤光谱反射特性的研究是土壤遥感的物理基础,土壤氧化铁含量影响土壤反射率。对采集的174个土样350~2 500 nm谱段的光谱数据进行分析,着重探讨下述3类光谱变量,寻找对土壤氧化铁含量敏感的光谱特征。1)原始光谱反射率及其各种变换形式;2)基于光谱吸收峰特征的变量,因为已知三价铁在870 nm附近有吸收峰存在,提取该吸收峰的面积、宽度、深度等变量;3)基于植被指数的变量,构建土壤氧化铁指数。研究结果表明,各类变量中土壤氧化铁指数对土壤氧化铁含量最敏感,建立相应的回归预测模型,模型拟合度R2为0.534。     

基于离子光谱特征波段反射率的土壤碱化指标反演模型

以新疆奇台地区碱化土壤为研究对象,通过分析碱化土壤实测光谱反射率曲线与八大离子、pH、碱化指标相互间的相关关系,建立基于离子光谱特征波段反射率的各碱化指标一元及多元光谱反演模型,并对其精度进行验证。结果显示:Na^+、CO_3^2-、HCO_3^-含量与光谱反射率正相关,最高点的相关系数分别为0.710、0.798、0.749,而Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量与光谱反射率负相关,相关系数最高均不超过-0.370,反映出前3类离子含量与光谱反射率关系更为密切。SAR(钠吸附比)和ESP(碱化度)与Na+相关系数同为0.954,TA(总碱度)、RSC(残余碳酸钠)、pH与CO_3^2-的相关系数分别为0.946、0.949和0.953,总体上Na^+和CO_3^2-含量对各碱化指标的影响更大。各碱化指标与土壤光谱反射率的相关性TA>RSC>ESP>pH>SAR;其中TA与光谱反射率的相关系数达到0.863。碱化指标TA的离子光谱特征波段反射率反演模型精度最好,其R^2为0.703,比利用实测光谱反射率建立的pH反演模型的R^2高约14%,说明前者精度更高,能更好地反映研究区内土壤的碱化程度。利用离子光谱特征波段反射率实现对土壤碱化的预测会成为今后研究的重点。     

基于偏最小二乘法的土壤汞含量高光谱反演

采集新疆准东煤田典型土壤样品44个,在实验室测定风干后的土样汞含量和光谱反射率,经预处理后分析两者的相关性,运用偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立土壤汞含量高光谱估算模型,由均方根误差RMSE和决定系数R2检验模型的预测能力和稳定性,并比较不同预处理方法的适用性。结果表明:反射率一阶微分光谱是估算土壤汞含量较好的指标,估算R2为0.77、RMSE为0.032。通过各种光谱预处理方法可提高土壤汞含量的估算精度,为研究区生态环境的恢复和评价提供依据。     

新疆南部土壤有机质含量的高光谱特征分析

土壤有机质含量是衡量土壤肥力的一个主要指标,也是影响土壤光谱特性的一个重要因素,本研究以南疆地区的草甸土、灌淤土、盐土、水稻土、4种主要土壤类型为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内理化分析与光谱测试,研究了土壤有机质含量与土壤光谱特征的关系,结果表明土壤去有机质后光谱反射率不管在全波段还是在紫外、可见光和近红外波段都有明显的提高;反射率经不同形式的数学变换后与有机质含量的相关性有所变化,其中倒数与对数变换后在360~520 nm波段经倒数变换后相关系数有所提高,而在520~1 072 nm波段相关系数反而有所降低,而一阶微分变换后相关系数变化起伏波动较大,缺乏规律性,最显著的效果是个别波段相关性得到增强;利用光谱反射率与反射率的一阶微分均能较好的预测土壤有机质含量,反射率在600.5 nm处预测有机质的精度为72.3%,反射率的一阶微分在539.2 nm处预测有机质的精度为87.0%。     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study

A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO₂), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.     

A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu,China

Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.     

Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient

The altitudinal distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the southern Canadian Cordillera was analyzed by means of head capsules preserved in surficial sediments of 30 lakes. Taxa characteristic of late-glacial deposits of southern, coastal British Columbia are extant at high elevations, particularly in the Rocky Mountains, and in large, deep, low-elevation lakes. Many chironomid taxa common at low elevations in the southern Canadian Cordillera were not found in alpine and upper subalpine lakes. These faunal differences are probably climatically related. The differences in fauna between high and low-elevation lakes parallel differences between arctic and temperate lakes.     

“THIS TERRITORY WAS NOT EMPTY”: PACIFIC POSSIBILITIES

ABSTRACT. Narratives concerning Pacific Ocean territories are often historically derived from European and American mainland visions of great, empty oceans dotted with deserted and uninhabited islands. However, research by indigenous and outlander scholars, along with struggles for political and cultural autonomy in the Pacific, has brought attention to vital island communities and 6has raised questions about a Pacific‐island way of understanding the world. This understanding is traced through scholarly and artistic engagements with history, island‐community studies, and navigational philosophies and is framed by a growing theoretical literature on epistemologies of place from the disciplines of geography and oceanography.     

Comparison of precipitation products to observations in Tibet during the rainy season

Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations.     

Modern and fossil Potamids (Gastropoda) in saline lakes

Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor.