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正"中国极地科学考察研究三十年进展"系列专著(共三册)由中国海洋出版社于近期出版发行,全面系统地记载了我国极地考察从1984年起始的30年期间在南极和北极进行的科学考察活动、取得的主要研究进展和重要研究成果。三册专著按研究的地域分别介绍了我国南极陆基科学考察研究、南大洋考察研究以及北极科学考察研究,每册专著按研究的学科领域分为若干章。 相似文献
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1980年1月,中国首次派出两名科学家赴澳大利亚的南极凯西站,参加澳大利亚组织的南极考察活动,从而揭开了中国极地考察事业的序幕。20多年来,中国南极长城站、中国南极中山站和中国北极黄河站相继建成,这三个科学考察站的建立,既为我国开展极地科学考察提供了重要平台,又为我国进行对外科学交流打开了重要窗口。2004年10月25日从上海出发的第21次南极科学考察又在为我国的第三个南极科学考察站进行选址准备。 相似文献
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<正>南北极是地球系统中的重要组成部分,是全球气候变化最显著、响应最敏感的区域,也是研究地球气候系统的关键区域,对过去全球气候变化起着极其重要的作用和影响。自从1999年中国首次北极科学考察以来,国家海洋局极地考察办公室组织并实施了五次北极科学考察;尤其值得一提的是,2012年中国第五次北极科学考察期间,"雪龙"号首次穿越北冰洋,到达北大西洋极区的格陵兰海和挪威海,并访问了冰岛。在中国首次至第五次北极科学考察期间,"雪龙"号分别在亚北极的白令海和鄂霍茨克海、北冰洋、格陵兰海、挪威海以及冰岛周边海域进行了海洋地质调查,共获得了199个站位的箱式样,61个站位的多管 相似文献
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我国从1999年开始已实施了四次北极科学考察,对白令海、楚科奇海、波弗特海、加拿大海盆和马卡若夫海盆进行了广泛的考察。全球变化导致的北冰洋夏季海冰覆盖面积不断减少,导致冰期以来北极东北航道和西北航道的首次同时开通。北极航道集中在陆架海域,不仅是海冰变化最为显著的海域,同时也是陆地-北冰洋相互作用最为显著的区域,对北冰洋区域气候、生态系统和生物多样性、以及经济和当地土著居民生活等具有重大影响。本文对北极航道关键海域近年来国际相关科学考察进行了总结,对科学考察背后的各国北极策略进行分析,并从科学需求的角度对我国在今后北极科学考察中针对北极航道相关海域应开展的科学考察与研究提出了相关建议。 相似文献
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冰穹A(DomeA)是南极冰盖最高区域,其独特的地理位置和蕴藏的科学资源受到国际科学界的普遍关注,近年来成为国际南极科学考察研究的重要前沿区域。中国第24次南极考察(CHINARE24,2007/2008年度)继续开展DomeA地区考察活动,具体执行内陆建站选址任务和国际极地年中国行动计划--PANDA计划。本次内陆冰盖队在到达DomeA后,在DomeA核心区域以及中山站-DomeA断面上开展了多学科系统性的科考工作,取得了以"南极DomeA科学考察"、"内陆建站选址"和"中国南极内陆考察支撑能力建设"为代表的新进展,提升了我国南极内陆考察的支撑保障能力和科学认知水平。 相似文献
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受常年海冰限制, 北冰洋科学考察程度远低于其他大洋。系统的北冰洋科学调查始于20世纪90年代, 得益于科考破冰船、潜艇等新型调查设备和手段的使用, 科研人员可以主动选择研究目标和对象, 并成功开展了多次地质与地球物理科学考察, 包括海冰科学探索项目(SCICEX)、北极洋中脊考察航次(AMORE 2001)、加科尔洋中脊热液硫化物考察(AGAVE)、北极钻探航次(IODP 302)等。回顾了北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展, 归纳了主要科学问题: 北冰洋主要地质单元大地构造属性及演化、超慢速扩张洋中脊构造与成矿特征、北冰洋新生代古海洋演化。北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展表明: (1)调查手段是制约北冰洋科考水平的关键因素; (2)破冰船与常规探测手段结合是北冰洋科考的重要发展趋势; (3)近底探测手段有助于解决北冰洋主要地质科学问题。 相似文献
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《亚热带资源与环境学报》2017,(4)
北极涛动和南极涛动是调节全球中高纬度年际气候变率的主要因子。目前已有大量研究分别针对其变率、机理及其对区域气候的影响,然而对北极涛动和南极涛动之间的协同变化特征和机理仍然认识不清,限制了对南北半球气候变化相互作用的理解。研究北极涛动和南极涛动指数之间的差值与它们的和来讨论二者之间的反相与同相变化。结果表明,北极涛动与南极涛动之间的反相变化主要受到北极涛动异常的影响,南北半球之间气候带的移动及其伴随着北极涛动异常可能是导致二者出现反相变化的主要原因。北极涛动和南极涛动之间的同相变化对应于两个半球中纬度高压区的同相变化,这可能是两个半球哈德莱环流增强导致两个涛动出现同相变化。基于树轮重建的北极涛动和南极涛动能较好地恢复低频变化(如年代际变率),但对重建其高频变率(如年际变率)方面的效力不足。 相似文献
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冰冻圈变化的自然过程影响着国家领土博弈地缘关系的建构。基于人地关系思想,以变化-影响-适应为主线建立气候变化影响下冰冻圈国家领土博弈的研究框架,分析自然因素对冰冻圈地缘结构的塑造和对冰冻圈国家身份-利益的建构,以及极地海权、陆权和其他地区领土博弈所形成的双多边地缘关系。研究结果:① 冰冻圈领土博弈地缘结构初步形成。理念层面,自然要素成为气候政治的力量之一,冰冻圈领土博弈体现出传统地缘逻辑;空间层面,气候变化释放极地、高山等新运筹空间,北极、南极成为大国博弈焦点;物质层面,极地海权和陆权利益是大国博弈的主要目标。② 冰冻圈国家身份-利益影响其冰冻圈地缘政治行为,其身份认同的客观基础之一是在冰冻圈分布结构的相对位置。③ 冰冻圈国家领土博弈地缘关系有“趋利”“避害”两类。“利”指为赢得极地海权、陆权,气候变化下西方大国和地区大国开始争夺南北极200海里外大陆架权属,加强极地实质性“硬、软存在”战略布局,美国和丹麦强化格陵兰岛北极战略支点作用;“害”指冰冻圈灾害引起的跨境气候移民等国家利益受损问题。 相似文献
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The interaction between the cryosphere and atmosphere is an essential and extremely sensitive mutual action process on the earth. Due to global warming and the cryospheric melting, more and more attention has been paid to the interaction process between the cryosphere and atmosphere, especially the feedback of the cryosphere change to the atmosphere. A comprehensive review of the studies on the interaction between the cryosphere and atmosphere is conducted from two aspects: (1) effects of climate change on the cryosphere or responses of the cryosphere to climate change; and (2) feedback of the cryosphere change to the climate. The response of the cryosphere to climate change is lagging. Such a lagging and cumulative effect of temperature rise within the cryosphere have resulted in a rapid change in the cryosphere in the 21st century, and its impacts have become more significant. The feedback from cryosphere change on the climate are omnifarious. Among them, the effects of sea ice loss and snow cover change, especially the Arctic sea ice loss and the Northern Hemisphere snow cover change, are the most prominent. The Arctic amplification (AA) associated with sea ice feedback is disturbing , and the feedback generated by the effect of temperature rise on snow properties in the Northern Hemisphere is also of great concern. There are growing evidence of the impact of the Arctic cryosphere melting on mid-latitude weather and climate. Weakened storm troughs, steered jet stream and amplified planetary waves associated with energy propagation become the key to explaining the links between Arctic cryosphere change and atmospheric circulation. There is still a great deal of uncertainty about how cryosphere change affects the weather and climate through different atmospheric circulation processes at different spatial and temporal scales due to observation and simulation problems. 相似文献
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The Arctic vortex is a persistent large-scale cyclonic circulation in the middle and upper troposphere and the stratosphere. Its activity and variation control the semi-permanent active centers of Pan-Arctic and the short-time cyclone activity in the subarctic areas. Its strength variation, which directly relates to the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic, can affect the lower atmospheric circulation, the weather of subarctic area and even the weather of middle latitude areas. The 2003 Chinese Second Arctic Research Expedition experienced the transition of the stratosphereic circulation from a warm anticyclone to a cold cyclone during the ending period of Arctic summertime, a typical establishing process of the polar vortex circulation. The impact of the polar vortex variation on the low-level circulation has been investigated by some scientists through studying the coupling mechanisms of the stratosphere and troposphere. The impact of the Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SFW) events on the polar vortex variation was drawing people's great attention in the fifties of the last century. The Arctic Oscillation (AO), relating to the variation of the Arctic vortex, has been used to study the impact of the Arctic vortex on climate change. The recent Arctic vortex studies are simply reviewed and some discussions on the Arctic vertex are given in the paper. Some different views and questions are also discussed. 相似文献
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南极冰盖自形成以来就一直是全球环境体系最重要的组成部分 ,其扩展和消融的动态演化过程不仅是南极大陆最重要的地质过程 ,而且也是全球气候和环境变化最直接的反映和体现。因此 ,有关这一课题的研究一直是国际地质学界所关注的热点。本文回顾了南极冰川和气候演化研究的历史 ,总结了当前这方面研究的成果以及所存在的问题 ,探讨了其未来的发展趋势 ,在此基础上 ,对我国南极考察队发现格罗夫山 (GroveMountains)地区新生代沉积岩的意义进行了阐述 相似文献
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Glen MacDonald Benjamin Felzer Bruce Finney Steven Forman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2000,24(1):1-13
Although paleoclimatic research in the Arctic has most often focused on variations in temperature, the Arctic has also experienced changes in hydrologic balance. Changes in Arctic precipitation and evaporation rates affects soils, permafrost, lakes, wetlands, rivers, ice and vegetation. Changes in Arctic soils, permafrost, runoff, and vegetation can influence global climate by changing atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, thermohaline circulation, and high latitude albedo. Documenting past variations in Arctic hydrological conditions is important for understanding Arctic climate and the potential response and role of the Arctic in regards to future climate change. Methods for reconstructing past changes in Arctic hydrology from the stratigraphic, isotopic, geochemical and fossil records of lake sediments are being developed, refined and applied in a number of regions. These records suggest that hydrological variations in the Arctic have been regionally asynchronous, reflecting the impacts of different forcing factors including orbitally controlled insolation changes, changes in geography related to coastal emergence, ocean currents, sea ice extent, and atmospheric circulation. Despite considerable progress, much work remains to be done on the development of paleohydrological proxies and their application to the Arctic. 相似文献
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海洋大气化学是一门海洋化学与大气化学交叉的新学科。中国的南大洋海洋大气化学研究与我国的南极考察事业同步成长。30多年来, 随着南极科学考察的经验积累和数据集成, 我国的南大洋海洋大气化学关键过程研究即大气-海洋生物地球化学循环, 碳、氮、硫、磷、铁等的海气交换研究都有了长足的进步。与气候变化关系密切的碳、氮、硫的海-气循环等研究, 取得了一批新的认知和成果, 引起国际学界的关注。自20世纪80年代早期开始至今, 我国已开展了三十多次南极科学考察, 在这些考察中开展了南大洋大气气溶胶物质来源研究, 探究了大气-海洋生物地球化学的一些关键过程, 估算了硫、磷、氮、铁的海气交换通量。随着国家重大计划“南极在全球变化中的响应与反馈作用”项目实施及后续研究的开展, 对全球变化的敏感要素碳、氮、硫、铁在南大洋的源汇特征及其环境和气候效应等进行了研究, 对其有了更深的了解。我们还对南大洋海冰区碳汇格局演变, DMS、MSA、N2O、Fe等的海气交换过程及其对生态环境的影响有了新认知。同时, 在对上述化学物种的实时走航观测关键技术研发上也取得了重要突破, 为未来开展相关研究提供了坚实的技术支持; 在站区大气污染特征分布上进行了深入探讨, 为了解人类活动对站区环境的影响提供了评估依据。 相似文献
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Contrasting climate change in the two polar regions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The two polar regions have experienced remarkably different climatic changes in recent decades. The Arctic has seen a marked reduction in sea-ice extent throughout the year, with a peak during the autumn. A new record minimum extent occurred in 2007, which was 40% below the long-term climatological mean. In contrast, the extent of Antarctic sea ice has increased, with the greatest growth being in the autumn. There has been a large-scale warming across much of the Arctic, with a resultant loss of permafrost and a reduction in snow cover. The bulk of the Antarctic has experienced little change in surface temperature over the last 50 years, although a slight cooling has been evident around the coast of East Antarctica since about 1980, and recent research has pointed to a warming across West Antarctica. The exception is the Antarctic Peninsula, where there has been a winter (summer) season warming on the western (eastern) side. Many of the different changes observed between the two polar regions can be attributed to topographic factors and land/sea distribution. The location of the Arctic Ocean at high latitude, with the consequently high level of solar radiation received in summer, allows the ice-albedo feedback mechanism to operate effectively. The Antarctic ozone hole has had a profound effect on the circulations of the high latitude ocean and atmosphere, isolating the continent and increasing the westerly winds over the Southern Ocean, especially during the summer and winter. 相似文献