金佛山西坡气温的垂直变化特征

山地气温的实测数据是相关学科极其重要的基础资料,其垂直变化特征是研究山地气温的重要内容之一。本研究使用HOBO Onset自动温度记录仪于2017年6月—2018年6月对重庆金佛山西坡14个海拔高度的气温进行30 min间隔的连续监测,分析了金佛山西坡气温的时序差异和垂直变化规律。结果如下:(1)金佛山西坡年平均气温直减率为0.53℃/100 m,气温直减率的月份间差异较小;(2)平均最高气温、平均最低气温及年平均气温随海拔升高而线性降低,极端高温沿海拔梯度的变化不明显;(3)月平均日较差随海拔升高呈二次曲线变化;(4)日平均气温≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃的积温随海拔升高而降低,积温递减率几乎相同(约184.2℃/100 m),相应积温持续天数随海拔升高以平均5 d/100 m的速率递减;(5)各监测点实测气温较气温地理分布模型求得的气温值偏小,而较基于WorldClim数据库所得的插值气温整体偏大。     

京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散气候敏感性的时空变异

基于Penman-Monteith公式和京津风沙源区及周边46个气象站1959-2011年逐日气象数据,分析了潜在蒸散对气温、风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性及其时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)年尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温最为敏感,其次是相对湿度,对风速最不敏感;季节尺度最高气温和日照时数敏感系数的高值发生在夏季,最低气温、风速和相对湿度敏感系数的高值发生在冬季。(2)空间尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温、最低气温和相对湿度的敏感性表现为从东北向西南减少,而对日照时数表现为增加。(3)京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散对气温的敏感性呈下降趋势,而对风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性呈增加趋势。(4)气温的敏感性随温度升高而下降,而日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性随光照和湿度下降而升高。     

球团矿不同气氛下的高温抗压强度

采用自行设计的高温抗压强度在线测定装置,研究了氧化球团矿在不同气氛下的高温强度变化规律,并对高温下强度变化的机理进行了分析和探讨.实验结果表明：球团矿在中性气氛和氧化性气氛下的高温强度变化规律基本一致,表现为在低于800℃的温度范围内,球团矿强度随着温度的上升而增大,但在800～900℃球团矿强度有个明显的下降,900～1100℃球团矿强度随温度的升高略有回升,1100℃以后强度急剧下降,到1200℃时已基本失去强度;中性气氛下的球团强度整体高于氧化性气氛下的强度;在还原性气氛下,球团矿强度随着温度和还原度的提高而降低,至1100℃时强度基本消失.     

简述岩石室内试验方法及物理力学指标的关系

岩石的物理性质包括:饱和吸水率、饱和密度、自然吸水率、颗粒密度以及干密度等。通过试验研究某实际水利输水工程的代表性岩样的物理力学性质,得到岩石的物理参数和岩石在饱和水状态下及干燥状态下的泊松比、单轴抗压强度、内摩擦角及弹性模量等力学性质参数。本文通过对试验结果及数据的整理分析,并对岩石不同力学性质参数以及物理性质参数之间的关系进行探讨,明确岩石力学性质参数和物理性质参数之间的关系,旨在为日后相似工程提供数据参考。     

内蒙古温带草原典型草地生态系统生产力对水分在不同时间尺度上的响应

水分是干旱、半干旱区草地生态系统生产力的主要限制因素,但水分如何影响生产力的季节内变异,以往研究相对不足。本研究以内蒙古温带典型草原为研究对象,基于多通道自动原位监测箱系统获得的生态系统日尺度总初级生产力(GPP)及遥感植被归一化指数估算年尺度的地上净初级生产力数据,在不同时间尺度上研究了水分对生产力的影响。结果表明:年降水量对该典型草原草地生态系统地上净初级生产力年际变异无显著影响,但土壤水分显著影响GPP的季节变异,土壤水分解释了GPP季节变异的22%;其他环境因子对生产力的季节变异也有一定影响;温度是生态系统处于干旱时GPP的主要限制因素,GPP随温度的升高而降低;而辐射是生态系统处于湿润时GPP的主要限制因素,GPP随辐射的升高而升高。本研究结果将有利于提升未来降水格局改变对草地生态系统生产力影响的认识。     

单轴张力下雪的力学特性及结构

在下列情况下进行了雪的力学特性研究:温度-10℃,单轴张力下雪块滑动的速度范围6.8×10~(-8)至3.1×10~(-4)米·秒~(-1),雪的密度240—470公斤·米~(-3)。从阻力—变形曲线发现,雪以两种不同的方式变形,即分别以高应变率和低应变率进行的脆性变形和延性变形。已经发现,区分两种变形模式的临界应变率取决于雪的密度。在延性变形的情况下,出现许多贯穿整个雪样的小裂隙。用制备的薄切片观察它们的特点,并且将它们和山坡上自然积雪中形成的小裂隙进行比较。已经发现,雪的最大强度取决于应变率:在应变率高于10~(-5)秒~(-1)左右时,最大强度随应变率下降而增加,但应变率低于10~(-5)秒~(-1)时,最大强度却随应变率下降而降低。     

夏季南极固定冰单轴压缩强度及试样破碎规律研究

2012年11月—2013年4月中国第29次南极科学考察期间,针对南极夏季固定冰单轴压缩性质开展了研究。使用冰芯钻直接在平整冰层钻取力学试样,取样冰厚为149 cm,其中颗粒冰、柱状冰和片状冰分别占采样冰芯总长度的15.4%、72.5%和12.1%;单轴压缩试样只采用柱状冰部分,加工好的力学冰样尺寸为直径9 cm,长度为18 cm;共设置5个试验温度(-2、-4、-6、-8和-10℃),加载应变速率在10-6—10-2s-1。利用统计方法分析试验结果,建立了南极夏季海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率和应变速率的关系式,以及综合考虑应变速率和温度影响下的单轴压缩强度定量表达式;同时,基于分形理论对单轴压缩试样破碎块分布规律进行了分析,结果显示碎块长度分形维数随着温度和应变速率的降低有增大趋势。在特别低应变速率下海冰试样整体发生蠕变时,无法采用分形方法讨论海冰内部破碎程度。     

藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林线地带地上生物量随海拔的变化特征

从亚高山森林到高山林线,逐渐严酷的生长环境影响了生物量的积累和分配.本研究采用相对生长法和样方收获法估算了藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林在禾同海拔(4 190 m,4 270 m和4 326 m)的地上生物量,分析了群落中不同层次地上生物量、各器官生物量及其分配比例随海拔的变化格局.结果表明:1.急尖长苞冷杉群落地上生物量在181～284 t/hm2之间,其中,乔木层在11～-248 t/hm2,灌木层为35～62 t/hm2,草本层为0.9～1.5 t/hm2;2.群落地上生物量随海拔升高急剧降低,降低的平均幅度为73.1 t/(hm2·100 m);3.随海拔升高,群落地上生物量分配到非光合器官(树干和枝条)的比例显著降低,分配到叶的比例呈增加趋势.随海拔的增加,急尖长苞冷杉群落通过增加叶生物量所占比例(高叶寿命)以延长养分在植物体内的存留时间,提高生态系统的养分利用效率,从而适应高海拔地区的低温胁迫环境.     

地下水封洞库施工巷道开挖对仰坡稳定性的影响规律

巷道或隧道开挖对洞口仰坡稳定性有重要影响,处理不慎极易酿成工程事故。以山东某地下水封洞库施工巷道洞口风化花岗岩仰坡为研究对象,基于离散元模拟和监测数据,选取仰坡最大位移、塑性区体积及稳定系数作为评价指标,研究了巷道开挖进尺、断面尺寸及W值(上覆地层厚度与巷道跨度之比)对仰坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着开挖进尺的增加,坡面最大位移增长速率呈匀速—加速—稳定的变化规律,塑性区体积不断增大,且开挖断面越大,位移、塑性区增长速率越大;仰坡稳定系数随进尺的增加先降低后趋于稳定,且断面尺寸越大其降低速率和幅度越大,最终降低幅度为6.9%~27.6%;随着W值增大,仰坡稳定系数先降低后趋于稳定,降低速率随断面尺寸增大而增大,根据特定断面下稳定系数降低速率不同,将关系曲线划分为骤降区、缓降区、陡降区和平稳区。研究结论可为类似工程洞口段划分、施工及稳定性评价提供参考。     

孤立冰块流拖曳系数的优化辨识

流拖曳系数是海冰动力学模型中的重要参数,实际海冰运动时受到水流的底面剪切作用和侧面正压力作用,相应的拖曳系数分别为摩拖曳系数和形拖曳系数。利用实验室波流水槽设备,对长方平底、长方粗糙底和圆饼型淡水冰试样进行拖曳运动试验,获得26组冰样运动数据。根据这些试验数据,利用动量法原理和数学优化方法构造了摩拖曳系数和形拖曳系数的辨识模型,将摩拖曳系数和形拖曳系数两项分开。在此基础上,分析了冰样粗糙度指标(支承长度率和冰厚均方根偏差)对这两个系数的影响；发现了摩拖曳系数同冰样水平尺寸和垂直尺寸之比的关系,该关系能将冰山和浮冰的摩拖曳系数归结到同一条曲线上。     

Test on dynamic characteristics of subgrade of heavy-haul railway in cold regions

Dynamic characteristics of heavy-haul railway subgrade under vibratory loading in cold regions are investigated via low-temperature dynamic triaxial tests with multi-stage cyclic loading process. The relationship between dynamic shear stress and dynamic shear strain of frozen soil of subgrade under train loading and the influence of freezing temperatures on dynamic constitutive relation, dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are observed in this study. Test results show that the dynamic constitutive relations of the frozen soils with different freezing temperatures comply with the hyperbolic model, in which model parameters a and b decrease with increasing freezing temperature. The dynamic shear modulus of the frozen soils decreases with increasing dynamic shear strains initially, followed by a relatively smooth attenuation tendency, whereas increases with decreasing freezing temperatures. The damping ratios decrease with decreasing freezing temperatures. Two linear functions are defined to express the linear relationships between dynamic shear modulus (damping ratio) and freezing temperature, respectively, in which corresponding linear coefficients are obtained through multiple regression analysis of test data.     

Experimental research on acoustic wave velocity of frozen soils during the uniaxial loading process

Ultrasonic P-wave tests of frozen silt and frozen sand were conducted during uniaxial loading by using an RSM^®-SY5(T) nonmetal ultrasonic test meter to study the velocity characteristics of P-waves. The experimental results indicate that the P-wave velocity is affected by soil materials, temperature, and external loads, so the P-wave velocity is different in frozen silt and frozen sand, but all decrease with an increase of temperature and increase at first and then decrease with strain during the loading process. There is an exponential relationship between uniaxial compressive strength and P-wave velocity, and the correlation between them is very good. The characteristic parameters of acoustic waves can, to some extent, reflect the development of internal cracks in frozen soils during loading.     

Experimental investigation of transverse isotropy in ice/clay thin-layered periodic models

Summary. The paper presents experimental data on elastic anisotropy of ultrasonic waves in thin-layered periodic models composed of ice and clay, and how such models were constructed. Experiments were carried out in the temperature range from -1° to -12°C. The dependence of the anisotropy coefficient on moisture and temperature is analysed. A comparison is given of theoretical and experimental data on elastic-wave velocities.     

The Verification and Significance of Three Approaches to Longitudinal Stresses in High–resolution Models of Glacier Flow

With the purpose of improving the ice physics underpinning time–dependent glacier flowline models, three independent approaches for solving longitudinal stresses in glaciers are discussed and verified by application to Haut Glacier d'Arolla. To highlight any shortcomings, the reduced and much utilised driving stress approximation is also applied and compared. Modelled velocity patterns using the three full stress schemes exhibit consistency with one another and good coincidence with observed velocities for the 1991 summer melt season. Furthermore, these stress patterns indicate that longitudinal stresses are significant and of a similar order of magnitude as the basal shear stress components. However, the driving stress approximation yields erratic fluctuations in the stress and velocity fields which are neither realistic in terms of mass continuity nor agree with observations. Basal decoupling experiments indicate a complex relationship between basal velocity and englacial stresses with considerable dampening of any basal perturbation occurring as it is dissipated towards the surface and transferred throughout the ice mass. The driving stress approximation fails to account at all for any such coupling. Experiments to identify the length scale over which longitudinal effects operate indicate that they are significant even up to 10 ice thicknesses. The implication here is that longitudinal stresses play a significant role in determining glacier dynamics on length scales up to at least 2 km and that the predictive power of models of glacier flow based purely on the driving stress approximation is therefore subject to significant limitations. Inclusion of longitudinal stresses overcomes one of the main limitations imposed on such models and, given the potential ease of incorporation of the schemes described here, this deficiency may readily be resolved.     

Wave propagation characteristics in frozen saturated soil

Ultrasonic detection technology is of great significance in the detection and evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil, but wave propagation characteristics in frozen soil are unclear. Based on the three-phase composition of frozen saturated soil and the mixture theory, considering Bishop's effective stress formula, the wave propagation equations are establish for frozen saturated soil. In wave propagation, an entropy inequality was introduced to describe the coupling of different phases. The analytic expressions of propagation velocity and attenuation law of waves in frozen soil are obtained, and wave propagation characteristics in frozen saturated soil are discussed. Results show that four types of waves(i.e., P1, P2, P3 and S) are found in frozen saturated soil and all four wave types are dissipative waves, in which the attenuation of P3 is the maximum. The velocity of four waves increases sharply at the excitation frequency range of 10~3–10~9 Hz,but the wave velocity at high-frequency and low-frequency is almost constant. When volume ice content increases, the wave propagation velocity of P1 and S decreases dramatically, and the velocity of P2 increases gradually, but P3 velocity increases first and then decreases to zero with increasing saturation. The attenuation coefficients of P1 and S waves begins to increase gradually when the volume ice content is about 0.4, P2 increases first and then decreases with an increase of volume ice content and P3 increases with the volume ice content and decreases rapidly from extreme to zero.     

北冰洋浮冰站大气边界层结构的观测研究

利用2003年8月23日-9月3日我国第二次北极科学考察队在北冰洋浮冰站探测的50次大气廓线及相关资料,对北冰洋的大气边界层垂直结构进行了研究。结果显示,观测期间北冰洋(78°N附近,143°-148°W)浮冰区白天的对流边界层高度大于夜间的稳定边界层高度。大气边界层可分为稳定型、不稳定型和多层结构等几种类型。个例分析表明来自高空较强的暖湿气流与冰面近地层冷空气强烈相互作用,会形成强风切变和逆温、逆湿过程,有时100m高度内的风切变达10m/s,逆温达8℃。此种过程会导致北冰洋高纬度地区的大块海冰破裂,形成新的无冰海域,加强了海/冰/气的相互作用。该观测事实将有助于进一步提高对北冰洋高纬度边界层特征及其影响的认识。     

单轴向拉伸实验晶粒组构的变化

采用实验室制备的具有随机取向的细晶粒多晶冰 ,在温度为 - 3 .0± 0 .0 5℃、初始八面体剪应力为 0 .2 MPa和 0 .3 MPa下 ,对六个样品进行了单轴向拉伸实验。对应于八面体剪应力为0 .2 MPa的一次实验 ,最小应变率为 2 .6× 1 0 - 8s- 1;对应于八面体剪应力为 0 .3 MPa的其余五次实验 ,最小应变率平均值为 8.6× 1 0 - 8s- 1。六次实验最小应变率均出现在总八面体剪应变为1 .1～ 1 .6 %之间。晶粒 c轴组构随总应变增大向大环型发展 ,最终形成以组构平均半角趋于稳定在 6 5度左右的大环型组构 ,但在总八面体剪应变达 2 0 %之前 ,可能受组构图本身几何性质影响 ,组构平均半角随应变增加反而减小。对比压缩实验结果 ,拉伸实验最小应变率值与同等条件下压缩实验得到的最小应变率值一致 ,但最小应变率出现时对应的总应变稍大 ,c轴组构转变所需的总应变则更大。     

Radial variation of compressional and shear velocities in the Earth's lower mantle

Summary. This paper extends an earlier study (Sengupta & Julian) of travel times of P waves of deep-focus earthquakes to include shear waves. Primary advantage of deep-focus earthquakes is the reduction of anomalies caused by complex structures near the source. The standard deviations of travel times and station anomalies of this study are about half as large as those determined from the data of shallow-focus earthquakes (e.g. Herrin et al.; Hales & Roberts). Spherically-symmetric velocity models derived from the travel times by a linearized inverse technique have resolving lengths of about 70 km for standard errors in velocity of about 0.02 km/s. No pronounced reversal of either compressional or shear velocity was required at the base of the mantle to satisfy the data, though a small velocity decrease could not be entirely ruled out. Some anomalous rapid changes in compressional velocity gradient were, however, found centred around the depths of 2400 and 2600 km. The models derived in this study agree most closely with that of Herrin et al . for compressional velocity and the model 1066B of Gilbert & Dziewonski for shear velocity.     

北冰洋78°N冰站近地层参数的观测研究

利用2003年8月22日-9月3日中国北极科学考察队在北冰洋78°N浮冰站获得的近地层观测资料,采用整体输送法对北冰洋浮冰近地层特征参数进行了分析研究。结果表明,在考察期间,雪面吸收的净辐射仅为3.6 W/m2,其中以感热和潜热向大气输送的能量分别占52%和31%,向海冰深层传导的热量很少;近中性层结条件下的平均拖曳系数Cdn为1.16×10-3,略小于75°N北冰洋浮冰上近中性层结的Cdn。与1999年75°N附近冰站观测结果的对比表明,当海冰密度及冰站所在浮冰的尺度不同时,海冰与大气相互作用的热力学和动力学过程的差异显著,在研究北冰洋地区海/冰/气相互作用对气候过程影响时,应考虑这一问题。