北冰洋浮冰站大气边界层结构的观测研究

利用2003年8月23日-9月3日我国第二次北极科学考察队在北冰洋浮冰站探测的50次大气廓线及相关资料,对北冰洋的大气边界层垂直结构进行了研究。结果显示,观测期间北冰洋(78°N附近,143°-148°W)浮冰区白天的对流边界层高度大于夜间的稳定边界层高度。大气边界层可分为稳定型、不稳定型和多层结构等几种类型。个例分析表明来自高空较强的暖湿气流与冰面近地层冷空气强烈相互作用,会形成强风切变和逆温、逆湿过程,有时100m高度内的风切变达10m/s,逆温达8℃。此种过程会导致北冰洋高纬度地区的大块海冰破裂,形成新的无冰海域,加强了海/冰/气的相互作用。该观测事实将有助于进一步提高对北冰洋高纬度边界层特征及其影响的认识。     

海冰在海气交换中的作用及其与海雾的关系

本文用了 1 999年夏季中国首次北极科学考察队对海冰、大气和海洋进行的同步和准同步的综合立体观测所获取的资料 ,研究海冰在海 气相互作用中扮演的角色。发现海冰的种类、分布、冰厚等变化对海气热交换都有重要影响。在浮冰区海洋以潜热的形式向大气输送热量 ,潜热通量与浮冰密集度的大小密切有关 ,浮冰越少潜热通量越大 ,潜热通量约为2 1～ 2 3 .6W /m2 ,潜热通量大于感热通量 ;在冰盖和大浮冰块上 ,大气以感热的形式向冰雪面上输送热量。新生的浮冰区或冰间湖是海气热交换最激烈的地方 ,是气候最敏感的区域 ,是北冰洋蒸汽雾生成的重要条件。用层结大气整体动力学输送法 ,计算了一次大范围的蒸汽雾过程的海气热交换 ,海洋向大气输送的热量总功率约为 1 4 8亿千瓦 ,相当于中国发电能力的 69倍 ,相当于大西洋向北冰洋输送热量平均功率的 1 / 2 0。北冰洋的夏季能够形成各种类型的海雾 :辐射雾、蒸汽雾和平流雾 ,其重要原因就是因为海冰的存在 ,使下垫面的性质复杂化 ,海气交换复杂化。     

影响北极地区迅速变化的一些关键过程研究

最近研究证明 ,近半个世纪来 ,北极地区正在发生迅速变化。部分地区温度上升了 2- 3°C ,北冰洋海冰退缩 5 %,中心地区海冰厚度变薄 ,海面压力降低 ,中上层水淡化和变暖 ,吸收CO2 能力增加 ,臭氧耗损和紫外线辐射增强。中国于 1 999年开展了“中国首次北极科学考察” ,在楚科奇海、加拿大海盆、白令海以及临近海域开展了海冰气相互作用的多学科综合考察 ,对北极的区域特征及其在全球变化中的作用研究获得一些新的认识。观测到加拿大海盆中层水持续增暖的现象 ,揭示了西北冰洋与白令海水体交换的途径和次表层暖水结构 ,发现了加拿大海盆是北冰洋河水的主要储存区。利用联合冰站观测数据 ,模拟了北冰洋夏季大气边界层结构和下垫面能量平衡的变化特征 ,定量给出了北冰洋夏季海 /气和冰 /气之间湍流通量和边界层参数的差异。海 /气CO2 的通量观测表明 ,考察区的大部分海域均为大气CO2 汇区 ;西北冰洋海冰区具有较高的生物泵运转效率 ,楚科奇海陆架是一个高效的有机碳“汇”区 ,寒冷水体中微生物活动并未受到明显抑制。沉积物的地球化学过程研究表明 ,海底表层沉积物中碘含量存在着由低纬度到高纬度增加趋势 ,北极地区可能是碘的汇区 ,碘可作为极区古海洋中的地球化学元素变化的重要指标。楚科奇海、白令海     

北冰洋浮冰和开阔海面上的能量平衡特征

利用中国首次北极考察队于 1 999年 8月 1 9日～ 2 4日在北冰洋浮冰区获得的大气近地层垂直廓线和辐射等资料 ,依据相似理论方法 ,对比分析了北冰洋无冰海面和冰面上热平衡参数的变化特征。结果表明 ,海面与大气和冰面与大气之间相互作用的边界层物理过程差异十分明显。冰面吸收的净辐射仅为海面的 6%左右 ,主要消耗于感热输送和冰面融化过程 ,不足部分由水汽在冰面上凝结释放的潜热和冰中的热通量来补充。海面吸收的净辐射主要消耗于潜热输送过程 ,占净辐射的 50 % ,其余热量传向水体深层和用于感热输送 ,分别占净辐射的 2 6%和 2 4 %。由此可见 ,在北冰洋夏季 ,无冰海面有大量的水汽向大气输送 ,这对研究北冰洋地区大气边界层的季节变化过程是至关重要的     

2012年夏季北极浮冰生物群落结构及垂直分布特征研究

海冰生物群落是北极生态系统的重要组成部分,在北冰洋初级生产和碳循环中扮演着重要角色。本文利用荧光显微分析技术对2012年度夏季采集于北冰洋中心区的浮冰生物群落进行了分析,结果显示：柱总生物量平均为105.85±53.41 mgC •m^-2,其中细菌占生物量的47.2%,而后依次是硅藻（26.7%）,鞭毛虫（18.2%）,鞭毛藻（6.9%）和纤毛虫（1.0%）。最高纬站位（123°43.454′E 87°39.598′N）出现冰底鞭毛藻藻华现象,生物量可达329.6 μg C•L^-1,该站位生物群落处于硅藻藻华后期,海冰上层存在较大程度的融冰作用,底部冰芯营养盐N/P比较高,可能形成有利于鞭毛藻生长的小生境。与已有研究结果的对比表明,近年来夏季北极海冰的快速融化对浮冰生物群落结构产生了明显影响,异养类群生物量升高,细菌取代硅藻成为优势类群。     

夏季西北冰洋表层淡水分布的总碱度示踪研究

利用中国第三次北极科学考察在西北冰洋所进行的海水总碱度的测量,通过海水、海冰融化水以及河源淡水三个端元总碱度特征的显著差异计算西北冰洋夏季表层海水中淡水所占的比例。研究表明,西北冰洋海冰融化水所占比例最大区域在加拿大海盆区75°N附近,这是冰缘带位置,往北向高纬度的冰密集中逐渐增加。而河源淡水的组份则与北冰洋的环流密切相关,并且在西北冰洋水体中逐渐累积。     

2010年夏季北极海冰反照率的观测研究

雪和海冰作为北极地区反照率最高的地表类型,可以将大部分入射辐射能量反射回天空,其表面反照率的变化对整个地表-大气辐射平衡系统和全球气候变化都会有重要影响。在2010年中国第4次北极科学考察期间用ASD光谱仪对北极太平洋扇区不同类型的海冰表面反照率进行了现场测量,观测时段为7月27日至8月23日,地理范围在72°18′-87°20′N和152°34′-178°22′W之间。观测结果表明积雪覆盖海冰的反照率最高,干雪覆盖时均值达到0.82,融化的湿雪覆盖时反照率会有一定程度地降低。夏季北极地区存在大量融池,融池海冰按颜色划分为白冰,蓝冰和灰冰,白冰的平均反照率为0.54,蓝冰的为0.31,灰冰的只有0.20,融池水的反照率只有0.16。融池是北极夏季反照率变化的重要原因。     

中国第二次北极科学考察海冰物理数据的解释

2003年7-9月间,为了探讨北冰洋海冰变化同气候的关系,中国第二次北极科学考察对海冰物理及其相关的物理海洋、大气边界层进行系列合作观测。观测的冰形态、海洋和气象要素将用于确定调查期间大气海冰海洋之间的热力和动力交换。本次考察获得的冰物理性质方面的原始观测数据将在中国南北极考察网公布。为了方便各方人员使用这些数据,本文给出这套资料的描述和解释。     

基于遥感影像的北极海冰厚度和密集度分析方法

基于2003年7月至9月中国第二次北极科学考察所获取的大量海冰影像资料,完成了走航期间74.11°N-79.56°N,144.17°W-169.95°W范围内海冰厚度和密集度的提取。本文总结了从船侧录像中提取冰/雪厚度以及从航拍图像中提取冰密集度的方法,并描述了提高所取参数可靠性应采取的分析技术和现场调查的处理措施。本文方法具有一定的普适性,可以应用到渤海海冰和极地海冰的研究中。     

内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面近地面能量收支研究

利用2000年7月18日~8月12日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的大气边界层观测资料,分析了地表能量收支各项的日变化、总体输送系数日变化及其与稳定度的关系;比较了涡旋相关法、波文比-能量平衡法所得到的感热通量。得到奈曼流动沙丘下垫面平均地面阻曳系数Cd为4.69×10-3;感热通量总体输送系数Ch为2.25×10-3。在近中性层结条件下,Cd和Ch分别为4.83×10-3和1.34×10-3。近地面层湍流方差在不稳定层结下均满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论。     

Experiment of near surface layer parameters in ice camp over Arctic Ocean

Estimates of near surface layer parameters over 78°N drifting ice in ice camp over the Arctic ocean are made using bulk transfer methods with the data from the experiments operated by the Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 22-September 3,2003.The results show that the net radiation received by the snow surface is only 3.6 W/m2,among which the main part transported into atmosphere in term of sensible heat and latent heat,which account for 52% and 31% respectively,and less part being transported to deep ice in the conductive process.The bulk transfer coefficient of momentum is about 1.16×10-3 in the near neutral layer,which is a little smaller than that obtained over 75°N drifting ice.However,to compare with the results observed over 75°N drifting ice over the Arctic Ocean in 1999,it can be found that the thermodynamic and momentum of interactions between sea and air are significant different with latitudes,concentration and the scale of sea ice.It is very important on considering the effect of sea-air-ice interaction over the Arctic Ocean when studying climate modeling.     

北冰洋浮冰区的气象要素特征

利用中国首次北极科学考察队观测的气象资料 ,初步分析研究了 1 999年 8月 1 9～ 2 4日北冰洋浮冰 ( 75°N,1 60°W)上的温、压、湿、风、云量、辐射、海表温度、冰面及冰中温度等气象要素变化特征 ,并结合 50 0 h Pa高度场分析了该期间的天气过程。结果表明 :在考察期间海面与冰面温度日变化差异明显。除晴天夜间出现逆温外 ,气温随高度增大而减小 ,冰面为热源 ,不断有向上的热量输送。海温则稳定少变。冰中热交换主要发生在冰下 0～ 40 cm深度。由于有海上湿平流等影响 ,存在“逆湿”现象。晴天反射率具有明显日变化 ,早晚大 ,中午小。海冰表面平均反射率约为 0 .76。辐射与云量特别是低云量的关系密切     

北冰洋海冰/气候系统及其对全球气候的影响

结合前人对北冰洋海冰、气候系统的研究成果和 1 999年 8月在北冰洋对海冰的现场观测 ,本文综述了海冰分布、厚度的变化 ,海冰表面特征、积雪变化及北冰洋天气、气候特征和分区。讨论了北极海冰与南极海冰的差异。文章认为 ,北冰洋与周围地区气候变化趋势的不一致 ,主要是由于夏季在北冰洋海冰与开阔水域的相间分布、海冰漂移、融化吸热 ,均衡了周围大气、海洋温度的变化。     

Role of sea ice in air-sea exchange and its relation to sea fog

Synchronous or quasi-synchronous stereoscopic sea-ice-air comprehensive observation was conducted during the First China Arctic Expedition in summer of 1999. Based on these data, the role of sea ice in sea-air exchange was studied. The study shows that the kinds, distribution and thickness of sea ice and their variation significantly influence the air-sea heat exchange. In floating ice area, the heat momentum transferred from ocean to atmosphere is in form of latent heat; latent heat flux is closely related to floating ice concentration; if floating ice is less, the heat flux would be larger. Latent heat flux is about 21 23 6 W·m -2, which is greater than sensible heat flux. On ice field or giant floating ice, heat momentum transferred from atmosphere to sea ice or snow surface is in form of sensible heat. In the floating ice area or polynya, sea-air exchange is the most active, and also the most sensible for climate. Also this area is the most important condition for the creation of Arctic vapor fog. The heat exchange of a large-scale vapor fog process of about 500000 km 2 on Aug. 21 22,1999 was calculated; the heat momentum transferred from ocean to air was about 14 8×10 9 kW. There are various kinds of sea fog, radiation fog, vapor fog and advection fog, forming in the Arctic Ocean in summer. One important cause is the existence of sea ice and its resultant complexity of both underlying surface and sea-air exchange.     

Particle-laden Eurasian Arctic sea ice: observations from July and August 1987

During the summer 1987 expedition of the polar research vessel'Polarstern'in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, sea ice at about 84-86°N and 20-30°E was found to have high concentrations of particulate material. The particle-laden ice occurred in patches which often darkened more than half the ice surface at our northernmost positions. Much of this ice appeared to be within the Siberian Branch of the Transpolar Drift stream, which transports deformed, multi-year ice from the Siberian shelves westward across the Eurasian Basin. Lithogenic sediment, which is the major component of the particulate material, may have been incorporated during ice formation on the shallow Siberian seas. Diatoms collected from the particle-rich ice surfaces support this conclusion, as assemblages were dominated by a marine benthic species similar to that reported from sea ice off the coast of northeast Siberia. Based on drift trajectories of buoys deployed on the ice it appears that much of the particle-laden ice exited the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait and joined the East Greenland Current.
Very different sea ice characteristics were found east of the Yermak Plateau and north of Svalbard and Frans Josef Land up to about 83-84°N. Here sea ice was thinner, less deformed, with lower amounts of lithogenic sediment and diatoms. The diatom assemblage was dominated by planktonic freshwater species. Trajectories of buoys deployed on sea ice in this region indicated a tendency for southward transport to the Yermak Plateau or into the Barents Sea.     

High resolution simulations of Arctic sea ice, 1979–1993

To evaluate improvements in modelling Arctic sea ice, we compare results from two regional models at 1/12° horizontal resolution. The first is a coupled ice-ocean model of the Arctic Ocean, consisting of an ocean model (adapted from the Parallel Ocean Program, Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL]) and the "old" sea ice model. The second model uses the same grid but consists of an improved "new" sea ice model (LANL/CICE) with a simple ocean mixed layer. Both models are forced with European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data for 1979–1993. A comparison of the two sea ice models focuses on the winter of 1987 to emphasize the internal ice stress and to minimize biases towards a particular Arctic climate regime. The "new" sea ice model gives improved ice deformation and drift fields. These improvements are associated at least in part with the multi-category representation of the ice thickness distribution and more realistic parameterization of the ice strength. Long, narrow features in ice divergence and shear fields resemble those observed in SAR imagery, except that their average width is overestimated, possibly due to insufficient horizontal resolution. We also compare the mean sea ice drift and its decadal variability in two "old" sea ice models at different horizontal resolutions: 18-km and 9-km. We find no significant change in ice drift between the two models, except in areas of significant ice-ocean interactions due to more realistic ocean currents and water mass properties in the 9-km model.