Inferring properties and revealing geographical impacts of intercity mobile communication network of China using a subnet data set

This article provides a novel and practical approach for investigating the characteristics of intercity telecommunication network whose overall and complete information is unavailable. Using a mobile phone call data set covering 4.39 million subscribers registered in a particular region, we construct two intercity mobile communication subnets and infer characteristics of the whole intercity mobile communication network of China. Results confirm that intercity communication intensity is characterized by the gravity model. The communication intensity based on mobile call number decreases along the distance with a scaling exponent 0.5, whereas the scaling exponent for the communication intensity based on mobile call duration is 0.4. Moreover, we uncover the rank-size distribution of tie strength (mobile call number and duration) between a city and its neighbours. The rank-size law of tie strengths between cities is mainly determined by the rank-size distribution of cities. The distance between cities plays a less decisive role than the size distribution in the network, but significantly impacts mobile communication patterns. The call duration of individual intercity mobile communication is generally positively correlated to the communication distance, explaining why the distance decay of communication intensity based on call durations is slower than that based on call numbers. The contribution of this research is twofold. First, we identify the distance decay effect in intercity mobile communications of China and uncover the dominant impact of the rank-size distribution of cities. Second, a method for estimating the properties of the whole network according to the observed interactions of its subnets is developed.     

基于道路网络的商业网点市场域分析

社会经济活动中人们的空间行为往往是基于道路网络来实现的。但是,目前多数研究都假设地理空间是一个均质空间,采用基于平面欧氏距离的空间分析方法,这是有局限的。本文阐述了基于网络距离的网络Voronoi图基本概念和实现方法,以武汉市商业零售连锁企业为例,分别采用基于欧氏距离的普通Voronoi图方法和基于网络距离的网络Voronoi图方法来确定商业零售网点的市场域,结果表明武汉市主城区商业网点市场域较小、主城区外围市场域较大。市场域大小与城市路网密度呈现一定相关关系,路网密度高、市场域小,路网密度低、市场域大。两种方法的计算结果存在一定差异,差异大小与路网密度有关,路网密度大、差异小,路网密度小、差异大。这表明在路网密度大的情况下,可以采用普通Voronoi图粗略地模拟商业网点的市场域。     

The Shape of Mobility: Measuring the Distance Decay Function of Household Mobility

A well-known challenge to studies examining the distance of residential mobility patterns is that the estimates are often constrained to patterns only within a particular metro area or between metro areas. Thus, studies are unable to estimate the entire distance decay functional form. Using a unique data set on the distance of the most recent move for a large sample of households in twenty-three metropolitan areas in the United States over three waves, we flexibly estimate the distance decay function for the entire sample, as well as for a series of subpopulations based on key demographic information.     

Functional analysis of landscape connectivity at the landscape,component, and patch levels: A case study of Minqing County,Fuzhou City,China

Maintaining forest landscape connectivity is one of the most effective ways to alleviate natural forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss problems. Recently, graph theory based metrics have been used as powerful tools in the assessment of landscape connectivity. However, the functional features of landscape units at different structure levels, based on which outcomes can be enriched and advice can be given for practical applications, have been overlooked. In this study, a series of graph-based connectivity indices was calculated to 1) evaluate the optimal threshold distance, 2) identify the key landscape units at the component and patch levels, and 3) classify the functional types of components and patches and analyze functional patterns at different structural levels. The relationship between patch size and patch functional performance in maintaining landscape connectivity was discussed. With a natural forest area in Minqing County of China as the study area, recommendations regarding forest conservation and connectivity enhancement were provided based on the research conclusions. This study provides a way to comprehensively analyze habitat fragmentation and functional patterns for local forest conservation.     

距离欲对旅游者目的地选择影响的解释框架

距离是影响人类各种空间行为的重要因素,也是探索旅游者行为规律的重要变量。然而,现有的旅游者目的地决策模型多将其作为约束条件处理,充分讨论了距离的阻力机制,却忽视了对其引力机制的探索,也因此导致了理论与营销实践层面的不足。本文提出“距离欲”来表述距离的引力作用,基于其审美情感基本属性,将其细分为认知维度、情感维度和旅游动机维度3个维度;根据旅游者旅游审美需求特点,从现代性审美视角切入,将其细分为游戏的距离欲、时尚的距离欲、冒险的距离欲3个层次,并进行了理论阐述。研究进一步指出,距离欲是旅游者对距离意义的解读,距离欲概念的提出为旅游者外出旅游的动机提供了新的解释,旅游者对诗意“远方”的追求,是旅游者基本的审美需求,也是人类超越自我的本质追求,还是高速发展的流动性社会中个体抵御异化的审美救赎。距离欲同时为我们进一步认识旅游的本质提供了新的解读视角,旅游活动带来的距离的审美体验能够参与建构和重塑旅游者的心理结构,在帮助旅游者更好的重返现实世界的同时,还积极的促进旅游者以和谐、宽容、独立的美学境界来重塑现实世界。本文从距离视角切入,进一步证实了旅游活动在旅游者个体、群体乃至全人类生存品质提升过程中所发挥的积极作用。通过对距离欲与其他行为变量的关系的进一步梳理,最终形成了距离与旅游者目的地选择的基本解释框架。对距离欲的深入探索能够为全球化的流动时代下旅游者外出旅游动机分析提供新解释,为旅游本质的解读提供新线索,具有一定的理论意义;同时为进一步提升旅游者目的地选择模型的解释力与预测力提供了可能性,为目的地营销机构针对感知距离的精准营销战略的制定提供新思路,具有一定的实践意义。     

GIS-based method of delimitating trade area for retail chains

Delimitating trade area with accuracy is a major concern for retail and service companies who want to adapt their marketing strategy to be competitive in today's highly competitive chain industry. A collection of methods have been proposed to delimitating trade area, but either some are too simple or the necessary data are not available. In this article, a geographic information system-based method for precisely delimitating trade area is proposed. It is based on the fact that the social and economic activities are actualized along the street networks. The trade area can be delineated in terms of time distance with high precision taking the practical traffic situations into account. In addition, centered on this method of delimitating trade area, a wide array of functions can be extended to support both operational day-to-day and long-term strategic decision making for retailers.     

多重距离对中国入境与出境旅游流的影响:基于组态的视角

中国出境旅游流的高速增长与入境旅游流趋于稳定的增长形成强烈反差,明晰中国出入境旅游流之间的差异关系和影响因素具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。引入包含经济距离、文化距离、地理距离、制度距离的四维度距离理论框架（CAGE）,尝试从多重距离视角剖析近年来中国出入境旅游流发展过程中产生的结构性差异,并通过使用当下社会科学领域新的研究方法——定性比较分析（QCA）对中国出入境旅游流的作用路径进行组态分析。研究结果发现:① 在时间层面上,距离因素对近年来中国出入境旅游流的影响较为稳定;② 对比中国出入境旅游流,距离因素对于出境旅游流和入境旅游流的作用规律存在一定程度的相似性;③ 对比高、非高净值国际旅游流,距离因素对高出入境旅游流和非高出入境旅游流的作用方式不同。其中,经济距离是高净值国际旅游流产生的核心条件;地理距离、文化距离、制度距离分别是非高净值国际旅游流产生的核心条件。     

ESTIMATION IN COMPOSITIONAL DATA ANALYSIS

Compositional data arise naturally in several branches of science,including chemistry,geology,biology,medicine,ecology and manufacturing design.In chemistry,these constrained data seem to occur typicallywhen raw data are normalized or when output is obtained from a constrained estimation procedure,suchas might be used in a source apportionment problem.It is important not only for chemists to be awarethat the usual multivariate statistical techniques are not applicable to constrained data,but also to haveaccess to appropriate techniques as they become available.The currently available methodology is dueprincipally to Aitchison and is based on log-normal models.This paper suggests new parametric andnon-parametric approaches to significantly improve the existing methodology.In the parametric setting,some recent work of Rayens and Srinivasan is extended and a practical regression model is proposed.In the development of the non-parametric approach,minimum distance methods coupled withmultivariate bootstrap techniques are used to obtain point and region estimators.     

新疆天山北坡干旱区GDP时空模拟

针对资源环境研究领域对空间型社会经济数据的需求,本文以新疆天山北坡为试验区,在分析区域经济发展特征的基础上,根据分县控制、分产业建模的思路,建立基于土地利用的1 km栅格GDP空间化模型对统计型经济数据进行空间分布仿真模拟。对第一产业产值采用面积权重的方法进行拟合;对第二产业建立基于道路的反距离加权模型;第三产业则以城镇规模为基础,通过引入城市边缘距离概念建立多中心的距离衰减加幂指数模型。结果表明,天山北坡GDP空间分布模拟在分产业和分县水平上具有较高精度,模拟值与真实值间的相对误差均在1%以内。从研究区GDP的空间分布来看,高值区主要集中在米泉至沙湾一线,以乌鲁木齐市、石河子市以及克拉玛依市为核心向周围地区辐射;城市内部GDP密度由城市中心向外围递减,建成区GDP密度明显高于城郊及农村地区。1995、2000和2007年三期GDP模拟结果的对比较真实地反映了区域经济发展的历程,对准确把握区域经济动态具有一定的实用价值。     

坐标与属性一体化的空间聚类方法研究

通过空间坐标和属性特征的有机结合,定义了3种空间距离,给出了基于空间距离的K平均系统聚类算法,对山东省生态环境质量进行了聚类分析和类型分区。实践表明,空间聚类方法可以较好地反映出空间位置邻近和属性特征相似的空间聚类要求。     

An efficient outlying trajectories mining approach based on relative distance

With a huge volume of trajectories being collected and stored in databases, more and more researchers try to discover outlying trajectories from trajectory databases. In this article, we propose a novel framework called relative distance-based trajectory outliers detection (RTOD). In RTOD, we first employed relative distances to measure the dissimilarity between trajectory segments, and then formally defined the outlying trajectories based on distance measures. In order to improve the time performance, we proposed an optimization method that employs R-tree and local feature correlation matrix to eliminate unrelated trajectory segments. Finally, we conducted extensive experiments to estimate the advantages of the proposed approach. The experimental results show that our proposed approach is more efficient and effective at identifying outlying trajectories than existing algorithms. Particularly, we analyzed the effect of each parameter in theory.     

基于流速衰减特征的泥石流冲出距离预测方法

泥石流冲出距离的确定是泥石流灾害评价及防治中的关键环节。基于泥石流在堆积区流速的变化特征,提出了泥石流流速"衰减系数"的概念。通过对泥石流流速衰减系数的定义和计算公式的推导,提出了一种基于泥石流流速衰减系数来确定泥石流冲出距离的新方法,并以四川省泸定县干沟泥石流为实例进行计算和验证。研究结果表明:当干沟泥石流在堆积区的流速大于初始(沟口)流速的15%时,流速的衰减程度极为显著;而当堆积区流速小于初始速度的15%时,流速的衰减极为缓慢。研究结果对泥石流灾害的危险性评价及防灾减灾具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

基于空间视角的风险投资研究进展与展望

风险投资有利于推动技术创新与高新技术产业发展,随着行业整体的发展以及在投资过程中表现出对信息、时间和成本等要素的较高要求,空间的约束作用逐渐受到重视,成为重要的研究视角。在此背景下,梳理总结国内外空间视角下的风险投资研究进展具有重要的启示意义,可以为相关学科研究提供借鉴与参考。论文首先明确风险投资概念并梳理相关影响因素,分析空间视角下的风险投资研究框架;在此基础上,针对风险投资机构、被投企业与投资活动,归纳风险投资的空间分布特征;再结合风险投资过程,就风险投资的本地偏好以及距离对投资策略和投资绩效方面的影响进行归纳总结;结合交通发展对空间约束作用的克服,总结现有研究对交通影响作用的探讨;最后基于已有研究进展与不足,探讨相关研究启示与展望。     

基于时间距离的C2C电子商务虚拟商圈分析——以位于北京的淘宝网化妆品零售为例

基于超制图学的基本思想,建立模型将物流配送的时间距离,换算成km为单位的空间距离。在此基础上,通过ArcGIS 的地图投影空间变换方法,用换算出的“距离”重新定义两地间距离,变形原地图形成时间距离地图。选取位于北京的50 家淘宝网化妆品C2C电子商务卖家,分析其近6 个月的交易信息,基于时间距离地图,研究其虚拟商圈形态特征及产生原因。结果表明,C2C电子商务在时间距离地图上的虚拟商圈,呈现出与传统零售业商圈类似但又不完全相同的特征:信息技术降低空间摩擦,使得虚拟商圈辐射范围较广;“时间距离”影响了消费决策,虚拟商圈呈现出近圆形圈层;但“时间距离”的“摩擦阻力”不是消费决策唯一影响因素,虚拟商圈的渗透性、重叠性、动态变化较传统商圈增强。     

Food deserts,activity patterns, & social exclusion: The case of Tokyo,Japan

This study attempts to identify areas with a high level of discrepancy in the probability for an individual to exceed the threshold of walking time for grocery shopping. It is based on an assumption that a higher discrepancy is associated with more relative disadvantages for socially excluded people, the elderly, with no car and unemployed. A geographically weighted logistic model that incorporates individual constraints and spatial accessibility is developed to yield a probability, capturing the spatial variation of relations of factors. In the city of Tokyo, the north-eastern area shows a significant discrepancy for the socially excluded group. The distribution of high level of discrepancy differs compared to that of the area with low accessibility. This study's methodology and results provide convincing evidence that in determining food desert areas, relative accessibility estimated with personal attributes should be taken into account.     

Fast Nearest Neighbor Classification Methods for Multispectral Imagery

Nearest neighbor classifiers have not been widely used by remote sensing practitioners. The lack of acceptance of these classifiers may be partially due to their notoriously slow speed of execution which makes them impractical for the classification of mega-pixel images. However, training data reduction, distance measure optimization, and neighbor searching algorithms based on the modified k-d tree can speed nearest neighbor classification substantially.     

基于网络加权Voronoi图分析的南京市商业中心辐射域研究

道路网络在城市社会和经济活动中发挥重要作用.它是联系商业中心与需求间的桥梁.道路系统的更新与变化必然会对它们的关联产生影响Voronoi图足划分势力空间的有效工具,基于道路网络分析构建的加权Voronoi图可以模拟城市商业中心功能辐射的实际情形.本文给出了基于道路网络分析的Voronoi图和加权Voronoi图构建方法.通过对各种Voronoi图的比较分析,认为基于网络路径时间分析构建的加权Voronoi面域图在商业中心辐射域模拟中最为有效.将空间相互作用和断裂点理论与网络加权Voronoi面域图相结合.模拟不同交通条件下南京市商业中心辐射域空间格局及其需求覆盖变化,并提取了辐射域的覆盖面积、覆盖人口、最远辐射路径距离和平均辐射路径距离等信息.对商业中心的地铁邻近度与其辐射域的扩张面积进行相关分析.采用域邻接矩阵描述空间划分平衡与不平衡之间的相互转变过程,可分析道路系统变更后商业中心之间空间竞争的变化趋势.分析结果表明商业中心的地铁邻近度与辐射域的扩张具有较大的相关性,快速轨道交通在商业中心空间竞争中发挥关键作用.     

中国水资源利用效率及其影响因素研究

科学地评价我国水资源利用效率的地区差异,对推进社会可持续发展具有重要意义。将水足迹作为投入指标纳入水资源利用效率的分析框架之中,提出Shephard水资源距离函数,并依据2009—2018年我国大陆30个省份（西藏除外）的面板数据,运用基于Shephard水资源距离函数的随机前沿分析模型对我国区域的水资源利用效率及其影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：（1）在研究期间,我国水足迹总量及其年增长率均有较大的波动,我国各省份的水足迹总量之间的差异较为明显;（2）东部、中部、西部的水资源利用效率存在显著差异,呈现出自东向西依次递减的区域分布特点;（3）经济发展水平与水资源利用效率呈正相关,水资源禀赋、城镇化进程和产业结构（第三产业比重）均与水资源利用效率呈负相关。研究结果有利于探寻促进我国水资源可持续利用和统筹协调发展的有效途径。     

中国旅游经济系统失配度空间格局分异与形成机理分析

将中国省级行政区作为分析单元,以旅游资源开发、旅游产业质量、社会系统支持、公共服务投入、生态环境质量五大子系统构建旅游经济系统失配度评价指标体系,对旅游经济失配度进行系统评价和空间格局测度,并用多元回归模型分析影响因素。研究发现：① 中国省级行政区旅游经济失配呈现极差化与相对差异较大的特点,广东省为失配度最低区、宁夏回族自治区为失配度最高区;② 2015年中国旅游经济失配以低度失配为主,主要影响因素有旅游资源丰富度、旅游劳动生产率、等级公路网密度、互联网普及率、森林覆盖率等;③ 旅游经济系统失配空间分异的主要机制：旅游资源禀赋与开发质量是基础动力,旅游市场经济环境是直接动力,旅游目的地公共服务质量是外在动力。     

兰州市职住空间组织特征

以兰州市为实证研究对象,基于2010年兰州市内1 500份家庭调查问卷数据基础上,利用地理信息系统技术,对兰州市居民的职住空间组织特征进行实证研究。研究发现兰州市居民的居住地和就业地之间的平均距离为2.34 km,有一半居民的通勤距离在1 km内,和北京、上海、广州等东部大城市相比,兰州市的通勤距离比较短,还没有出现类似东部大城市的职住分离比较突出的现象。兰州市作为多中心、带状组团城市,各组团内部就业与居住基本平衡,居民通勤多以本组团内部的通勤行为为主,没有出现大规模的跨区通勤,各组团居民的通勤行为具有“近多远少”特点。各组团职住空间特征存在明显的差异,城关区和安宁区的平均通勤距离较短,七里河和西固区的平均通勤距离较长。职住空间组织特征与城市中居住功能和就业功能的空间差异有关。城关区属于单向外来通勤流为主的区域、七里河区属于双向通勤流比较平衡的区域、安宁区和西固区属于单向外出通勤流为主的区域。