地籍信息系统中动态地块存储的实现

该文归纳了地籍信息系统中地块动态变化的基本类型，提出了存储动态变化信息的两种解决方案，分别称之为基于多边形的数据结构和基于弧段的数据结构，讨论了它们具体的实现，并比较其优缺点。     

多解析度八叉树数据结构理论探索与应用

随着计算机技术的发展和GIS理论研究的深入，三维GIS已逐渐成为研究热点。该文从理论上对不同八叉树数据结构的优缺点进行了比较研究，并讨论了基于多解析度的八叉树数据结构的三维物体表示及其相关的存储技术。在此基础上，实现了一个基于支持多解析度的指针八叉树数据结构的原型系统，取得了较好的效果，从理论向实践又迈进了一步。     

基于3S与模型方法的湿地景观动态变化研究述评

湿地景观格局及其动态变化研究是湿地生态学和景观生态学研究的热点。该文总结和探讨基于3S技术与模型方法的湿地景观格局及其动态变化研究,包括研究尺度与区域选择、景观数据获取与处理、景观分类体系构建及指数模型与动态模型的选取与应用等;结合湿地景观格局与动态变化的研究内容,评价湿地景观格局的分异特征、变化过程及其驱动机制等,指出当前湿地景观格局与动态变化研究中存在的问题及改进建议。     

基于GIS-GOCAD耦合技术的三维地质建模

常规GIS技术建立的伪三维模型不能满足复杂地质体三维建模的需要,也不能用于三维数值模拟计算.GOCAD采用离散平滑内插方法(DSI)计算三维图形中线段或三角形的节点位置,降低了线或面的粗糙程度,实现了真三维模型的构建.为了充分发挥GIS空间数据处理能力和GOCAD真三维建模能力,研究基于GIS-GOCAD耦合技术的三维地质建模,实现了从GIS的2D数据结构到GOCAD的3D数据结构的自由转换,提升了GOCAD的三维地质建模能力.选取成兰铁路(成都—兰州)龙门山段作为示范研究区,建立其三维地质模型,直观、立体地展示了研究区地质体结构的宏观基本形态,并为进一步的三维数值模拟奠定了几何模型基础.     

高原湖泊和平原湖泊遥感动态监测的对比分析——以洱海和鄱阳湖为例

湖泊及其动态变化在区域生态环境保护中占据极其重要的作用,监测并对比分析不同类型的湖泊动态变化对区域生态环境保护意义重大。应用Landsat TM遥感数据,基于ENVI遥感图像处理软件和Arc GIS空间分析软件,分别以洱海和潘阳湖为例,利用单波段阈值法、波段组合法等方法提取了湖泊水体现状信息;通过波段运算、波段替换等方法提取了湖泊的动态变化信息;对比分析了高原湖泊和平原湖泊两类湖泊动态变化信息提取监测效果。研究表明:应用波段组合法提取湖泊水体信息有较高的准确度,而缨帽变换法提取湖泊水体信息准确度偏低;受湖泊界限标准不统一、季节性水域变化,湖泊周边地理环境等影响,平原湖泊水体分布状况较高原湖泊水体分布状况复杂,多种遥感图像处理方法结合使用更适用于平原湖泊遥感动态监测。     

基于强约束Delaunay-TIN的三维地学模拟与可视化

该文以煤层为例,在分析地层底板空间信息特征的基础上,以地层底板等高线为数据源,基于强约束Delau－nay三角形研究含量断层约束的三维地学模拟的数据组织方法,设计地层底板要素的数据结构,并讨论底板各要素的拓扑关系。进而以Delphi和OPGL编程,在CeoMo^3D系统中开发插件,实现了地层底板的3D可视化和基于Voronoi图的地层体积与矿层的储量计算。     

地下水含水层可视化方法研究与实现

该文阐述基于可视化技术的地下水含水层结构的立体表达方法。为了实现基于水文地质钻孔数据库的各种专题图形的自动生成，讨论了结合水文地质钻孔数据库的平面格网数据的组织模型，以及在该模型基础上的数据结构设计、算法设计和程序设计方法。给出了地下水含水层可视化具体实例的计算结果。由实例可知，该方法是有效的，且在地下水含水层可视化、地下地质体的立体表达等领域有一定的应用价值。     

基于爬虫技术的城际信息流网络测度及其经济意义研究

随着信息技术的发展,基于大数据支撑的城际信息流、产业流等为基于"流空间"的城市网络研究提供了新的研究视角。为了进一步研究城际信息流的经济意义,通过编写Python爬虫程序对基于百度搜索的我国271个城市之间信息流进行统计和数据结构化。结果表明:城市信息流总量是一个城市发展程度的综合反映,同时通过对结构洞理论的延伸,证明了在城际网络中,中心节点具有较高的冗余度。通过回归分析算法证明了城市信息流总量受到城市人均GDP、货运量、互联网接入用户数、城市的区位及其行政等级的显著影响。     

基于XML Schema的多源地名词典集成方法

目前,我国已经构建大量不同级别、面向不同应用的地名词典,网络大众化地名服务成为地名词典的必然发展趋势。该文提出一种基于XML Schema的多源异构地名词典集成方法,以XML Schema对地名词典进行数据描述,采用XSLT数据转换方法,运用MapForce软件,快速进行地名词典的数据结构映射,能够有效解决地名词典的跨平台及数据类型不统一问题。     

一种顾及属性的游程编码“交”运算方法与实验

考虑到基于直接编码的栅格数据在计算效率和存储能力上的不足,提出一种便于代数操作的游程编码数据结构,以优化基于直接编码栅格数据的代数运算.介绍了基于该数据结构的游程"交"运算的实现方法,并在算法实现过程中完成游程属性的各种代数运算.算法实现思路为:将栅格场中任一行游程集合以链表的形式存储,将欲执行代数运算的新游程单元与对应栅格行游程集合执行游程"交"运算,并在插入删除游程结点的过程中完成属性值的代数运算.该算法通用性较强,在数据精度及计算效率方面比直接栅格编码方法具有优势.     

深圳轨道交通对城市空间结构的影响——基于地价梯度和开发强度梯度的分析

大运量的城市轨道交通系统在一定程度上决定了城市的布局结构和土地利用格局。从时空两个维度出发,基于地价和开发强度两个要素,探讨轨道交通影响下的深圳市空间结构动态演变过程。通过描述性分析和空间计量模型实证发现,轨道交通站点周边地价和开发强度在受到距市中心或组团中心距离影响而空间衰减的同时,呈现出明显的站点导向性。轨道交通对城市空间结构的影响在时间上是超前的,规划方案的公示和轨道系统的建成运营均塑造了土地价格梯度和容积率梯度。并且,由于城市建设和历史原因,深圳原特区内外在轨道交通的影响下,地价和开发强度呈现了差异化的增长趋势。研究结果对理解轨道交通对城市空间结构影响及政府财政效应评估等具有积极意义。     

Incorporating spatial interaction patterns in classifying and understanding urban land use

Land use classification has benefited from the emerging big data, such as mobile phone records and taxi trajectories. Temporal activity variations derived from these data have been used to interpret and understand the land use of parcels from the perspective of social functions, complementing the outcome of traditional remote sensing methods. However, spatial interaction patterns between parcels, which could depict land uses from a perspective of connections, have rarely been examined and analysed. To leverage spatial interaction information contained in the above-mentioned massive data sets, we propose a novel unsupervised land use classification method with a new type of place signature. Based on the observation that spatial interaction patterns between places of two specific land uses are similar, the new place signature improves land use classification by trading off between aggregated temporal activity variations and detailed spatial interactions among places. The method is validated with a case study using taxi trip data from Shanghai.     

基于局部相似的地籍宗地图斑匹配方法

地籍管理工作中,不同来源的宗地数据通常存在着诸多差异,识别和匹配不同数据源中的同名宗地图斑是提高数据更新精度与速度的关键,对地籍数据库的集成与信息共享有着非常重要的意义。该文针对地籍数据中宗地图斑的形状及变化特点,提出了一种基于局部相似的简单而有效的匹配方法来提高匹配率,基本原理是通过搜索两个面实体间最优的点对应或特征对应关系判断两个面实体是否匹配,采用形状相似度作为局部相似的判断指标。     

Simulating urban growth under planning policies through parcel-based cellular automata (ParCA) model

In recent decades, the cellular automata model, among the urban development prediction models, has been applied considerably. Studies show that the output of conventional cellular automata models is sensitive to cell size and neighborhood structure, and varies with changes in the size of these parameters. To solve this problem, vector-based cellular automata models have been introduced which have overcome the mentioned limitations and presented better results. The aim of this study was to present a parcel-based cellular automata (ParCA) model for simulating urban growth under planning policies. In this model, undeveloped areas are first subdivided into smaller parcels, based on some geometric parameters; then, neighborhood effect of parcels is defined in a radial structure, based on a weighted function of distance, area, land-use, and service level of irregular cadastral parcels. After that, neighborhood effect is evaluated using three components, including compactness, dependency and compatibility. The presented model was implemented and analyzed using data from municipal region 22 of Tehran. The obtained results indicated the high ability of ParCA model in allocating various land-uses to parcels in the appropriateness of the layout of different land-uses. This model can be used in decision-making and urban land-use planning activities, since it provides the possibility of allocating different urban land-use types and assessing different urban-growth scenarios.     

Introducing scale parameters for adjusting area objects in GIS based on least squares and variance component estimation

In this paper, a least‐squares based cadastral parcel area adjustment in geographic information systems (GIS) is developed based on (1) both the areas and coordinates being treated as observations with errors; and (2) scale parameters being introduced to take the systematic effect into account in the process of cadastral map digitization. The area condition equation for cadastral parcel considerations of scale parameters and geometric constraints is first constructed. The effects of the scale error on area adjustment results are then derived, and statistical hypothesis testing is presented to determine the significance of the scale error. Afterwards, Helmert's variance component estimation based on least‐squares adjustment using the condition equation with additional parameters is proposed to determine the weight between the coordinate and area measurements of the parcel. Practical tests are conducted to illustrate the implementation of the proposed methods. Four schemes for solving the inconsistencies between the registered areas and the digitized areas of the parcels are studied. The analysis of the results demonstrates that in the case of significant systematic errors in cadastral map digitization, the accuracies of the adjusted coordinates and areas are improved by introducing scale parameters to reduce the systematic error influence in the parcel area adjustment. Meanwhile, Helmert's variance component estimation method determines more accurate weights of the digitized coordinates and parcel areas, and the least‐squares adjustment solves the inconsistencies between the registered areas and the digitized areas of the parcels.     

The Slums of Aspen: Immigrants vs. the Environment in America's Eden. Lisa Sun-Hee Park and David Naguib Pellow

In the past decade, Beijing has experienced dramatic spatial restructuring. In this paper, we test whether the conventional monocentric model of urban spatial structure can explain recent developments in Beijing’s land market. Using official land transaction data from 2008 through 2012, we find that (1) for commercial, mixed-use, and residential land parcels, both land prices and development intensities do not decline with distance from the urban center; (2) for industrial land parcels, land prices increase with distance from the urban center. These insignificant and positive land-price gradients defy the predictions of the monocentric model; such results are explained by examining Beijing’s evolution from a monocentric to a polycentric spatial configuration, which has been driven by various urban planning efforts and institutional reforms. Our analysis of post-Olympic Beijing land market dynamics leads to a fresh understanding of the city’s emerging polycentric metropolitan structure.     

地籍实体的时间变化过程分析

宗地、土地证书和权利人是地籍信息系统中最基本的两个实体,宗地是土地证书的客体,权利人是土地证书的主体。宗地实体的生命周期实际上就是宗地空间形状及空间拓扑关系不发生变化的时间范围,土地证书的生命周期就是指土地证书客体以及土地证书主体都不发生变化的时间范围。在探讨地籍实体变更规律基础上,本文设计和研究了利用地理信息系统技术和数据库技术记录和回溯地籍实体随时间变化的方法。为地籍信息系统解决历史地籍信息管理提供了理论和技术基础     

Lots for greening: Identification of metropolitan vacant land and its potential use for cooling and agriculture in Phoenix,AZ, USA

The greening of vacant parcels for urban sustainability continues to gain attention from researchers and practitioners, including its use to ameliorate the urban heat island effect and food deserts. Planning for such uses requires accurate inventories of the amount and distribution of vacant parcels, which may prove difficult to produce for large, sprawling urban complexes. This study provides a systematic approach that combines remote sensing and cadastral data to distinguish different forms of vacant land for the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area while reducing computation time. The approach identifies vacant parcels for potential greening, focusing on privately owned land lacking buildings and impervious surfaces. The results for the Phoenix area reveal hot spots of these parcels, many of which reside along the fringe of the metropolis awaiting development. A large number of vacant parcels, however, reside within the metropolitan core and are suitable for greening as well, potentially serving to mitigate the urban heat island effect and food deserts in this region. The identification method and parcel results are detailed.     

基于农户视角的耕地细碎化程度评价——以湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”为例

农户是耕地最主要的经营主体,基于农户视角构建耕地细碎化程度评价指标体系更为合理。本文选取湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”作为研究区域,采用改进的TOPSIS法,利用农户问卷调查数据,对耕地细碎化程度评价进行了实证研究。结果表明：①耕地细碎化程度衡量指标的选取应基于耕地细碎化的属性特征,从农户微观视角,选取地块平均面积、地块数量、地块间的平均距离3个指标,衡量某一区域的耕地细碎化程度;②耕地细碎化在岗地平原地区与低山丘陵地区间存在显著差异,岗地平原地区的耕地细碎化程度低于低山丘陵地区;③研究区域地形地貌呈现出“北部岗地平原—南部低山丘陵”的分布特征,耕地细碎化的综合程度基本上呈现出“北部低—南部高”的分布规律;④在不同经济发展水平地区耕地细碎化存在显著差异,在岗地平原地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越高;而在低山丘陵地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越低。     

基于土地开发强度的长春市城市空间效率分异研究

以地块容积率和建筑密度为基础数据,从土地开发强度这一微观视角出发,针对长春市建成区圈层式快速发展的现实,运用替代原理和竞租理论分析长春市中心城区1 460个地块的土地开发强度的分布特征,并采用核密度估计法对城市空间扩展过程中的低效地块和“超效”地块进行判断,总结分异特征和原因。研究发现：长春市土地开发强度的分布不符合替代原理,地块容积率的分布总体呈现“高-低-高”的环状分布特征;长春市城市空间结构组织总体上符合竞租理论,公共服务设施对传统竞租函数及其空间结构组织模式具有很大的影响;长春市在城市空间扩展过程中,低效与“超效”并存;商业用地和居住用地是低效地块和“超效”地块的主要用地类型,以商业、居住、娱乐、休闲、办公为一体的城市商业综合体建设或许可在一定程度上缓解该矛盾。