一种提高栅格成本距离分析准确性的改进算法

在栅格数据模型中进行成本距离分析,栅格单元间可移动方向受限于单元的邻域范围,导致到达目标单元的最短通行路径呈锯齿状,从而高估了到达目标单元的最小累计成本距离。该文引入光在介质中传播的思想,提出一种提高栅格成本距离分析准确性的改进算法:首先,基于单元的邻域关系将成本栅格转换为对应的加权网络模型;然后,采用Dijkstra算法计算源到其他所有单元的最短通行路径;计算过程中保留因单元成本改变而导致的路径偏折,对均质区域中通行路径上的不必要偏折进行及时校正,以减少被高估的行程成本。利用3种典型的成本栅格数据对算法进行验证,结果表明:与传统成本距离算法、细分移动方向方法、后处理校正方法相比,该文提出的改进算法能计算出更为合理和准确的结果。     

基于对象关系数据库的时空数据模型研究

一体化时空数据建模是新一代GIS理论与技术研究的重要基础。基于对象关系数据库探讨时空数据库的数据建模方法,提出综合考虑矢量和栅格数据一体化的时空数据模型。首先基于基本类型派生定义矢量和栅格抽象数据类型,在此基础上定义时空数据类型为一系列空间类型的时间片序列。该抽象数据类型的定义包括其数据对象和相关操作,将其嵌入对象关系数据库中,扩展其时空数据的存储和查询能力。利用该数据模型,可以统一考虑矢量和栅格数据,建立基于对象关系的时空数据库,并支持矢量—栅格一体化时空数据访问和操作,进而对新一代GIS技术的研究与实现起到重要支撑作用。     

“一带一路”地区生态承载力评估系统设计与实现

生态承载力评估需要多源海量数据支撑,耗费大量时间成本与人力成本。该文以"一带一路"地区为例,以冗余存储、按需计算、多尺度表达为主要手段,提出了栅格数据区块存储与分析方法,并开发了生态承载力评估系统架构,实现了多种数据的存储、分析和表达,解决了大范围生态承载力评估中低效率、高成本等问题。栅格数据区块存储与分析方法可有效提高生态承载力评估效率,并在用户所需尺度上快速展现生态承载力评估结果,且该方法中算法的空间复杂度对运算速度影响较大,而时间复杂度对运算速度影响较小;预警推送和自动化报表功能可快速生成生态承载力状态及其变化结果,从而提高生态承载力评估的实时性、高效性和便捷性。     

基于三角形驱动的机载LiDAR数据栅格化算法

针对基于TIN的机载LiDAR点云数据插值为GRID过程中,大量TIN数据I/O操作导致的栅格化效率下降问题,提出了基于三角形驱动的点云栅格化流式算法:以基于直线正负区判别原理的TIN向GRID转换新算法为基础,通过遍历三角形模拟流计算实现三角形生成、三角形插值为GRID以及内存释放,有效避免了TIN数据的I/O操作,并可以提高内存利用率。试验表明:流式算法显著提高了点云栅格化效率,为海量点云的栅格化及并行计算提供了一种算法支撑。     

矢量数据向栅格数据转换的一种改进算法

地理信息系统的发展与空间数据结构的优化密不可分,栅格数据与矢量数据之间的高效转换是GIS的关键技术之一。由于栅格数据十分有利于空间分析中的叠置分析,因而通常需要将矢量数据转换成栅格数据。该文分析对比了地理信息系统的两种基本数据结构,在总结已往矢量数据转换为栅格数据方法的基础上,依据边界代数多边形填充算法的基本原理,结合绘图作业时采用的正负法,提出了一种改进的折线边界(数据串)跟踪方法。该算法原理简单,不需进行复杂的距离比较运算,运算速度快,并且通过简单的角度判断保证了填充的精度。     

RS、GIS支持下高寒草原退化过程中土壤流失及治理模式仿真研究

利用GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,将研究空间离散化为25 m×25 m的栅格;在对土壤流失方程RUSLE进行实例化的基础上根据各算法生成各因子栅格图,借助GIS地图代数运算,实现了该区的土壤流失估算.研究区2002年土壤流失轻度以上面积为1 203.574 3 hm2,占研究区总流失面积的18.02%.总土壤流失总量为91 397.506 t/a,年平均流失模数为l 369.070 5 t·km-2·a-1,按照流失等级划分标准,属于轻度流失.对该区三种治理模式-加速治理型、传统经营型和稳步发展型进行仿真研究,结果表明:土壤侵蚀过程与土地利用和治理强度密切相关,轻度与中度侵蚀面积有明显的滞后增加趋势,加速治理型模式是促进该区农牧业发展和水土保持良性循环的最佳模式.在RS、GIS支持下可以掌握土壤流失面积和流失量,为高寒草原退化过程中土壤流失模拟控制研究提供了方法和科学依据.     

基于包含检验法的多边形栅格化并行算法研究

随着对地观测技术的快速发展和数据规模的急剧增长,矢量数据快速栅格化已成为业界关注的重要研究内容。该文将并行计算技术应用于矢量多边形栅格化中,探索了矢量数据划分方法、边界栅格单元处理方法等关键问题,设计并实现了基于包含检验法的矢量多边形栅格化并行算法。基于土地利用现状数据对并行算法的精度、并行效率等进行了测试与分析。试验证明,在进程数不超过CPU核数时,并行算法的加速比随进程数增长显著;而当进程数达到CPU核数以后,并行算法加速比总体趋于稳定。并行效率与数据的划分方式、数据的存储方式密切相关,划分方式的正确与否将直接关系到算法的并行效率。     

缓冲区生成的边界追踪算法优化技术

利用缓冲区边界曲线上各点距缓冲目标距离相等的性质,建立一种基于矢量追踪思想的缓冲区生成方法.提出并探讨了以下优化技术:进行缓冲目标弧段重采样;扩展弧段数据结构以提高点、弧距离计算的效率;闭合边界追踪过程中采用折半逼近的追踪策略并进行动态数据压缩;对缓冲目标集合进行自适应分组和运用分治算法等.结果表明.该算法在内存占用、计算精度等方面具有优势,其计算效率亦可满足一般的GIS应用需求;此外,该算法中边界追踪的思想可以推广应用于空间分析算法设计中.     

多条件约束应急疏散路径分析的几何代数方法

面向突发事件的应急响应与疏散路径分析的需求,基于几何代数构建多目标约束应急疏散路径分析方法,利用多重向量实现了多维地理场景建模及路径距离计算.其中利用几何基进行网络编码,构建多维地理网络拓扑结构的几何代数邻接矩阵表达,建立了基于几何代数的最短路径算法,进而构建多目标约束的应急疏散模型.基于德国Waldbruecke村三维场景中污染物扩散条件下的应急疏散分析表明,该方法可较好地支撑阈值限制条件下网络路径的动态生成,可为虚拟场景中应急疏散的决策与模拟提供理论与技术支撑.     

基于数据分治与双层索引的并行点面叠加分析方法研究

地图叠加分析是一种计算密集型算法,并行化计算是加快算法执行速度的一种有效方法。该文研究分布式环境下的点面图层并行化叠加分析方法与实现。首先根据点面叠加的特点设置并行数据分解的方式,基于分治法分解空间数据,在并行系统下将地理要素分而治之。然后引入双层索引的并行叠加机制,一是对面图层根据Hilbert空间索引的排序方式分发数据,二是对点图层建立四叉树索引,对每一个进行相交运算的多边形进行快速过滤和求交。最后在Linux集群系统下实现该并行算法,其一利用MPI分布式计算环境实现在整体计算框架下的消息通讯模式的并行,其二在每个子节点中实现基于多核OpenMP工具的本地并行化。结果表明,利用双层空间索引分治的方法可实现并行数据分块,各子节点实现独立计算,减少并行系统中的I/O冲突,并行加速比明显。该方法对矢量地图运算的并行化进行了有益的尝试,为大数据时代的空间数据分析提供一种有效的途径。     

Bibliography of Journal Articles on Educational Media 1956-1966

Abstract

Many universities are introducing courses to teach students the principles of geographic information systems (GIS). In addition to lectures, exercises with commercial GIS software are offered to show basic operations. Although students learn to execute such operations, the software may hide their internal structure and logic. We propose using a spreadsheet program as a teaching tool for raster operations such as filter and overlay. Spreadsheets offer a practical way to demonstrate and experiment with raster operations, because the raster structure is captured in the form of rows and columns. With this tool, students are able to perform and visualize operations as well as to see how the data are processed by the algorithms. Our approach is new in that we concentrate on the algorithms of operations. We make explicit which raster functions are actually evaluated when performing a particular operation. We conclude that there are good reasons for using spreadsheets in comparison to traditional GIS software when teaching raster operations. These are demonstration in class, simple user interface, familiarity to students, low cost, flexibility of changing cell values, ease of changing parameters, easy programming environment, and the possibility to look behind the scenes of operations by viewing the code.     

基于矢量数据的土地利用类型分维数计算程序设计及其应用

当前用来计算分形维数的原始数据通常是栅格图像,但是现有的土地利用数据大多以矢量形式存放,若将其转为栅格形式后计算分维数,则将面临基于栅格图像所得到的分形维数的计算精度与像元尺寸以及图像自身大小有较大关系,并且在对栅格图像进行不规则形状提取时容易造成数据丢失等问题。鉴于此,本文利用Visual C#完成了基于Windows平台的矢量数据分形维数计算程序设计,并利用该程序对20世纪90年代三个时期的秦岭中段和鄂东南地区土地利用类型的分维数进行了求算。结果表明该程序是一种方便、实用而且精确的分维数计算方法。此外,从三期各类土地利用类型的稳定性指数来看,在秦岭中段地区表现为：居民点及工矿用地>未利用土地>水田>旱地>草地>林地>水域,而鄂东南地区则表现为：水田>未利用土地>居民点及工矿用地>旱地>林地>草地>水域,这说明在上述两个地区,林地、水域、草地的稳定性都相对较差,它们的潜在变化趋势也较大。     

A parallel method to accelerate spatial operations involving polygon intersections

Polygon intersection is an important spatial data-handling process, on which many spatial operations are based. However, this process is computationally intensive because it involves the detection and calculation of polygon intersections. We addressed this computation issue based on two perspectives. First, we improved a method called boundary algebra filling to efficiently rasterize the input polygons. Polygon intersections were subsequently detected in the cells of the raster. Owing to the use of a raster data structure, this method offers advantages of reduced task dependence and improved performance. Based on this method, we developed parallel strategies for different procedures in terms of workload decomposition and task scheduling. Thus, the workload across different parallel processes can be balanced. The results suggest that our method can effectively accelerate the process of polygon intersection. When addressing datasets with 1,409,020 groups of overlapping polygons, our method could reduce the total execution time from 987.82 to 53.66 s, thereby obtaining an optimal speedup ratio of 18.41 while consistently balancing the workloads. We also tested the effect of task scheduling on the parallel efficiency, showing that reducing the total runtime is effective, especially for a lower number of processes. Finally, the good scalability of the method is demonstrated.     

A Review of: Environmental Modelling with GIS.

Cartographic modelling operations provide powerful tools for analysing and manipulating geographic data in the raster data model. This research extends these operations to the vector data model. It first discusses how the spatial scopes of analysis can be defined for point, line, and polygon features analogous to the raster cell. Then it introduces the local, focal, and zonal operations available for vector features, followed by providing a prototype syntax that might guide the implementation of these operations. Through example applications, this research also demonstrates the usefulness of these operations by comparing them with traditional vector spatial analysis.     

矢量和栅格数据土地利用结构分维值比较——以苏州为例

分形理论对处理土地利用结构之类的非线性对象具有较强实用价值, 分维值作为该理论的重要测度指标, 其计算常基于栅格数据, 由此导致了土地结构边界信息的损失, 也减弱了分维值对土地利用空间结构特性的揭示作用。本文以苏州市1:10 万土地利用数据为例, 对研究区的土地利用空间格局进行分形分析, 通过分析不同栅格大小的土地利用分维值, 建立分维值与栅格粒度之间的定量关系, 并通过栅格数据推算矢量分维值, 分析推算误差及其原因。结果表明, 苏州市土地利用格局符合分形理论的一般规律;苏州市整体土地利用程度较高, 耕地、建设用地结构较为简单, 而未利用地、林草地结构较复杂, 水域斑块结构复杂性较低;随着栅格粒度的增加, 土地利用分维值呈现增加趋势, 且粒度与分维值之间存在二次函数的定量关系, 可以通过此关系式在一定误差范围内推求矢量数据的土地结构分维值, 斑块数量与整体规模是影响推求精度的重要原因。     

The vector to raster conversion: (mis)use in geographical information systems

Abstract

Many geographical information systems offer the possibility of converting vector data to raster data and using the raster pattern for analysis. This conversion process is already well known and has been used for many years. This paper shows how a selection of eight geographical information systems convert vector test data to a raster pattern. Each system handles this process in its own way, giving results that differ both in number and in the location of assigned raster cells in the raster pattern. The results of the conversions are compared with a desired raster pattern based on five simple principles. Suggestions are made about standardizing the process of conversion for all geographical information systems to make it possible to create and exchange data more safely.     

The GRASS GIS temporal framework

The availability of continental and global-scale spatio-temporal geographical data sets and the requirement to efficiently process, analyse and manage them led to the development of the temporally enabled Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS GIS). We present the temporal framework that extends GRASS GIS with spatio-temporal capabilities. The framework provides comprehensive functionality to implement a full-featured temporal geographic information system (GIS) based on a combined field and object-based approach. A significantly improved snapshot approach is used to manage spatial fields of raster, three-dimensional raster and vector type in time. The resulting timestamped spatial fields are organised in spatio-temporal fields referred to as space-time data sets. Both types of fields are handled as objects in our framework. The spatio-temporal extent of the objects and related metadata is stored in relational databases, thus providing additional functionalities to perform SQL-based analysis. We present our combined field and object-based approach in detail and show the management, analysis and processing of spatio-temporal data sets with complex spatio-temporal topologies. A key feature is the hierarchical processing of spatio-temporal data ranging from topological analysis of spatio-temporal fields over boolean operations on spatio-temporal extents, to single pixel, voxel and vector feature access. The linear scalability of our approach is demonstrated by handling up to 1,000,000 raster layers in a single space-time data set. We provide several code examples to show the capabilities of the GRASS GIS Temporal Framework and present the spatio-temporal intersection of trajectory data which demonstrates the object-based ability of our framework.     

数字拓扑研究现状及其在GIS中的应用

数字拓扑主要研究栅格空间中离散几何对象的拓扑性质,这些性质在GIS空间分析和栅格数据处理中非常重要。该文从图论、混合拓扑和公理型3方面对数字拓扑的研究现状进行了分类和综述,并讨论数字拓扑在GIS领域的应用,指出三维数字拓扑和球面数字拓扑是数字拓扑在GIS中的两个发展趋势和研究热点。