Anomalous winter temperature and precipitation events in southern China

This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China.The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ thresholds.Twelve cold Januaries are identified where temperature anomaly below-1σ,and ten wet Januaries are identified where precipitation anomaly above +1σ.Among these events there are three patterns of cold-wet Januaries,namely 1969,1993 and 2008.The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to check the atmospheric circulation changes in association with the anomalous temperature and precipitation events.The results show that the strong Siberian High(SBH),East Asian trough(EAT) and East Asian jet stream(EAJS) are favorable conditions for low-temperature in southern China.While the anomalous southerly flow at 850 hPa,the weak EAT at 500 hPa,the strong Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and the weaker EAJS are found to accompany a wetter southern China.The cold-wet winters in southern China,such as...更多 January of 2008,are mainly related to a stronger SBH,and the circulation in the middle to upper troposphere is precipitation-favorable.In wet winters,the water vapor below 500 hPa is mainly transported by the anomalous southwesterly flow and the anomalous southern flow over the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea area.The correlation coefficients of MEJS,EAMW(East Asian meridional wind) and EU(Eurasian pattern) to southern China precipitation in January are +0.65,-0.59 and-0.48 respectively,and the correlations for high-pass filtered data are +0.63,-0.55 and-0.44 respectively,the significant level is all at 99%.MEJS,EAMW and EU together can explain 49.4% variance in January precipitation.Explained variance for January and winter temperature by SBH,EU,WP(west Pacific pattern) and AO(Arctic Oscillation) are 47.2% and 51.5%,respectively.There is more precipitation in southern China during El Nio winters,and less precipitation during La Nia winters.And there is no clear evidence that the occurrence of anomalous temperature events in winter over southern China is closely linked to ENSO events.     

Wavelet analysis of quasi-3-year temperature oscillations in China in last 50 years, and predicted changes in the next 20 years

The wavelet analysis method is used to analyze the annual and winter temperature data of 98 observation stations in China in eight climate zones during the last 50 years （1961-2009）. The periodicities of temperature changes are investigated, and the possible temperature change trends in China in the next 20 years （2012-2029） are also predicted. Our results show that in the inter-annual temperature variability there are pervasive quasi-3- to quasi-4-year cycles, and these cycle changes are relatively steady. The periodic characteristics of the annual temperature changes are clearly different between northern and southern China, and our period superimposition extrapolation shows that both annual and winter temperatures in China will continue to increase in the next 20 years, more so in northern China and in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP） than in the southern region, except in the southwest. If temperatures follow historic increasing linear trends, the overall temper- ature is expected to increase by 1℃ between 2010 and 2029.     

Responses to climate warming of hydrological processes in the upper Kelan River in the Altay Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Kelan River is a branch of the Ertix River, originating in the Altay Mountains in Xinjiang, northwestern China. The upper streams of the Kelan River are located on the southern slope of the Altay Mountains; they arise from small glacial lakes at an elevation of more than 2,500 m. The total water-collection area of the studied basin, from 988 to 3,480 m, is about 1,655 km2. Almost 95 percent of the basin area is covered with snow in winter. The westerly air masses deplete nearly all the moisture that comes in the form of snow during the winter months in the upper and middle reaches of the basin. That annual flow from the basin is about 382 mm, about 45 percent of which is contributed by snowmelt. The mean annual precipitation in the basin is about 620 mm, which is primarily concentrated in the upper and middle basin. The Kelan River system could be vulnerable to climate change because of substantial contribution from snowmelt runoff. The hydrological system could be altered significantly because of a warming of the climate. The impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle and events would pose an additional threat to the Altay region. The Kelan River, a typical snow-dominated watershed, has more area at higher elevations and accumulates snow during the winter. The peak flow occurs as a result of snow-melting during the late spring or early summer. Stream flow varies strongly throughout the year because of seasonal cycles of precipitation, snowpack, temperature, and groundwater. Changes in the temperature and precipitation affect the timing and volume of stream-flow. The stream-flow consists of contributions from meltwater of snow and ice and from runoff of rainfall. Therefore, it has low flow in winter, high flow during the spring and early summer as the snowpack melts, and less flows during the late summer. Because of the warming of the current climate change, hydrology processes of the Kelan River have undergone marked changes, as evidenced by the shift of the maximum flood peak discharge from May to June     

西南地区冬季气温和降水的时空变化

In recent years,the socio-economic impacts of winter extreme climate events have underscored the importance of winter climate anomalies in Southwest China (SWC).The spatio-temporal variability of surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation in SWC and their possible causes have been investigated in this paper based on observational data from 1961 to 2010.The results indicate that SAT anomalies in SWC have two dominate modes,one is homogenous,and the other a zonal dipole.The former is caused by the anomalies of East Asian winter monsoon;the latter arises from the anomalies of both subtropical west Pacific high and regional cold air in lower troposphere.The most dominant mode of precipitation anomalies in SWC is homogenous and it has a high correlation with northern hemisphere annular mode (NAM,AO).Neither NAM nor ENSO has significant impacts on SAT in SWC.The anomalies of NAM are associated with the anomalies of tropical circulations,and there-fore precipitation over the SWC.When NAM is in positive (negative) phase,the winter pre-cipitation is more (less) than normal in SWC.Winter precipitation increase over the whole SWC is associated with the El Nino.However,during La Nina winter,the pattern is not uni-form.There is an increase in precipitation over the central parts and a decrease in western and eastern parts of SWC.The severe drought in SWC in winter 2010 is more likely caused by anomalies of NAM,not El Nino.     

Trends in precipitation over the low latitude highlands of Yunnan, China

The precipitation regime of the low latitude highlands of Yunnan in Southwest China is subject to the interactions between the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the Indian Summer Monsoon, and the influence of surface orography. An understanding of changes in its spatial and temporal patterns is urgently needed for climate change projection, hydrologi- cal impact modelling, and regional and downstream water resources management. Using daily precipitation records of the low latitude highlands over the last several decades （1950s-2007）, a time series of precipitation indices, including annual precipitation, number of rainy days, mean annual precipitation intensity, the dates of the onset of the rainy season, degree and period of precipitation seasonal concentration, the highest 1-day, 3-day and 7-day precipitation, and precipitation amount and number of rainy days for precipitation above dif- ferent intensities （such as 〉~10 mm, 〉~25 mm and 〉~50 mm of daily precipitation）, was con- structed. The Trend-Free Pre-Whitening Mann-Kendall trend test was then used to detect trends of the time series data. The results show that there is no significant trend in annual precipitation and strong seasonal differentiation of precipitation trends across the low latitude highlands. Springs and winters are getting wetter and summers are getting drier. Autumns are getting drier in the east and wetter in the west. As a consequence, the seasonality of pre- cipitation is weakening slightly. The beginning of the rainy season and the period of the highest precipitation tend to be earlier. In the meantime, the low latitude highlands has also witnessed less rainy days, more intense precipitation, slightly longer moderate and heavy precipitation events, and more frequent extreme precipitation events. Additionally, regional differentiation of precipitation trends is remarkable. These variations may be associated with weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and strengthening of the South Asian summer monsoon, as well as the ＂corridor-barrier＂ effects of special mountainous terrain. However, the physical mechanisms involved still need to be uncovered in the future.     

雅鲁藏布江流域1961-2005年气候变化趋势

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant increasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipitation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming.     

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature,precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between E1 Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date fi‘om the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of E1 Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When E1 Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature,precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.     

新疆气候时空变化特征及其趋势(英文)

Temperature and precipitation time series datasets from 1961 to 2005 at 65 meteorological stations were used to reveal the spatial and temporal trends of climate change in Xinjiang, China. Annual and seasonal mean air temperature and total precipitation were analyzed using Mann-Kendall (MK) test, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, and R/S methods. The results indicate that: (1) both temperature and precipitation increased in the past 45 years, but the increase in temperature is more obvious than that of precipitation; (2) for temperature increase, the higher the latitude and the higher the elevation the faster the increase, though the latitude has greater influence on the increase. Northern Xinjiang shows a faster warming than southern Xinjiang, especially in summer; (3) increase of precipitation occurs mainly in winter in northern Xinjiang and in summer in southern Xinjiang. Ili, which has the most precipitation in Xinjiang, shows a weak increase of precipitation; (4) although both temperature and precipitation increased in general, the increase is different inside Xinjiang; (5) Hurst index (H) analysis indicates that climate change will continue the current trends.     

西北地区山区融雪期气候变化对径流量的影响(英文)

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera-ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe-riod 1960?2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857℃ in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob-served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617℃, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in-creasing by 1.05℃. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.     

Spatiotemporal variations of aridity index over the Belt and Road region under the 1.5℃ and 2.0℃ warming scenarios

Aridity index reflects the exchanges of energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere, and its variation can be used to forecast drought and flood patterns, which makes it of great significance for agricultural production. The ratio of potential evapotranspiration and precipitation is applied to analyse the spatial and temporal distributions of the aridity index in the Belt and Road region under the 1.5℃ and 2.0℃ global warming scenarios on the basis of outputs from four downscaled global climate models. The results show that:(1) Under the 1.5℃ warming scenario, the area-averaged aridity index will be similar to that in 1986–2005(around 1.58), but the changes vary spatially. The aridity index will increase by more than 5% in Central-Eastern Europe, north of West Asia, the monsoon region of East Asia and northwest of Southeast Asia, while it is projected to decrease obviously in the southeast of West Asia. Regarding the seasonal scale, spring and winter will be more arid in South Asia, and the monsoon region of East Asia will be slightly drier in summer compared with the reference period. While, West Asia will be wetter in all seasons, except winter.(2) Relative to 1986–2005, both areal averaged annual potential evapotranspiration and precipitation are projected to increase, and the spatial variation of aridity index will become more obvious as well at the 2.0℃ warming level. Although the aridity index over the entire region will be maintained at approximately 1.57 as that in 1.5℃, the index in Central-Eastern Europe, north of West Asia and Central Asia will grow rapidly at a rate of more than 20%, while that in West Siberia, northwest of China, the southern part of South Asia and West Asia will show a declining trend. At the seasonal scale, the increase of the aridity index in Central-Eastern Europe, Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and the northern part of Siberia in winter will be obvious, and the monsoon region in East Asia will be drier in both summer and autumn.(3) Under the scenario of an additional 0.5℃ increase in global temperature from 1.5℃ to 2.0℃, the aridity index will increase significantly in Central Asia and north of West Asia but decrease in Southeast Asia and Central Siberia. Seasonally, the aridity index in the Belt and Road region will slightly increase in all other seasons except spring. Central Asia will become drier annually at a rate of more than 20%. The aridity index in South Asia will increase in spring and winter, and that in East Asia will increase in autumn and winter.(4) To changes of the aridity index, the attribution of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration will vary regionally. Precipitation will be the major influencing factor over southern West Asia, southern South Asia, Central-Eastern Siberia, the non-monsoon region of East Asia and the border between West Asia and Central Asia, while potential evapotranspiration will exert greater effects over Central-Eastern Europe, West Siberia, Central Asia and the monsoon region of East Asia.     

我国南方冬季异常低温和异常降水事件分析

统计分析1951 年以来1 月份以及1880 年以来冬季, 我国南方的异常低温与降水事件, 结果表明1 月异常低温(温度距平< -1σ) 有12 次, 降水异常偏多(降水距平> +1") 有10 次, 冷湿组合有3 次(1969、1993、2008); 冬季异常低温有29 次, 降水异常偏多有16 次, 冷湿组合有2 次(1886/87、1904/05)。利用NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料等, 采用合成方法分析异常低温与异常降水事件时大气环流特征, 结果表明有利于南方低温的环流特征是: 西伯利亚高压、东亚大槽及东亚急流异常偏强。有利于降水偏多的环流特征是: 东亚大槽偏弱; 200 hPa 上中东急流异常偏强、东亚急流偏弱; 东亚从对流层低层到中高层都有异常南风。当发生冷湿组合时, 低温主要是受到西伯利亚冷高压异常偏强的影响, 而降水主要受对流层850 hPa 至200 hPa 环流异常的作用。南方冬季水汽主要来自南支槽的西南气流和南海上空的转向 气流, 在降水偏多时有异常西南水汽输送距平。西伯利亚高压、欧亚遥相关型、西太平洋遥相关型、北极涛动4 个环流因子能解释南方1 月和冬季气温方差的47.2%和51.5%; 而中东 急流、东亚经向风、欧亚遥相关型则能共同解释南方1 月和冬季降水方差的49.4%和48.4%。 统计降水异常与ENSO 的对应关系表明, 当发生El Niño 事件时南方冬季降水偏多的概率较 大, 当发生La Niña 事件时, 降水偏少的概率较大, 而温度与ENSO 没有明显的统计相关。     

亚洲夏季风北部边缘带变化及中高纬度行星波对其影响

本文使用1961—2016年NCEP1再分析资料和GPCC全球降水分析资料,确定了亚洲夏季风北部边缘带的空间范围,分析了季风边缘带的南北边界位置、降水、面积的相互关系和年代/际变化特征,讨论了造成季风边缘带夏季降水异常的影响因子。主要结论如下：亚洲夏季风北部边缘带平均位置位于青藏高原中部经黄土高原和中国东北地区向亚洲东岸延伸的带状区域上,根据下垫面性质、区域生态环境和气候特征,将季风北边缘带划分为青藏高原区（85°E~105°E）、黄土高原区（105°E~115°E）和中国东北区（115°E~135°E）3段,季风边缘带降水的年际变化与其南边界位置有显著的正相关,青藏高原季风边缘带面积变化与其南界位置显著负相关,黄土高原季风边缘带和东北季风边缘带面积与北边界位置显著正相关,且3段季风边缘带的位置、面积、降水均有明显的年际、年代际变化特征。季风边缘带夏季降水偏少与欧亚中高纬对流层上层自西向东传播的欧亚（EU）遥相关波列密切相关,季风边缘带夏季降水偏少时期,亚洲低纬度地区对流活动偏弱、非洲东岸近赤道地区200 hPa异常辐合可能造成索马里急流和亚洲夏季风强度整体偏弱,200 hPa亚洲急流强度弱且位置偏北,500 hPa中国北方受西风带异常高压控制,东亚夏季风降水主要集中在中国南方地区,季风边缘带夏季降水异常偏少。季风边缘带夏季降水偏多与欧亚中高纬对流层上层沿亚洲急流向东传播的丝绸之路（SRP）波列密切相关,200 hPa、500 hPa环流形势与季风边缘带夏季降水偏少时期基本相反,东亚夏季风降水空间分布呈北多南少特征,季风边缘带夏季降水异常偏多。     

Interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on general circulation and precipitation

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia–West Pacific region (10o–80oN, 70o–180oE), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of –0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia–West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one.     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其对环流和降水的影响

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia-West Pacific region (10°–80°N, 70°–180°E), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of −0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia-West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one. Foundation: Cooperative Project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, No.2007DFB20210; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90502003; JICA China-Japan Technical Cooperative Project “China-Japanese Cooperative Research Center on Meteorological Disasters”. Author: Yu Shuqiu, Associate Professor, specialized in climate and climate change.     

秦岭—大巴山高分辨率气温和降水格点数据集的建立及其对区域气候的指示

本文建立了秦岭—大巴山高分辨率（~29 m×29 m）的气候格点数据集,包括逐月气温和降水、年均温和年降水、春夏秋冬气温和降水。空间插值方法采用国际上较为先进的ANUSPLIN软件内置的薄盘光滑样条函数,以经度、纬度和海拔为独立变量。空间插值结果与流行的WorldClim 2.0气候格点数据集具有一致性,但是比后者更精确、分辨率更高、细节更突出。本文揭示和证实：秦岭南麓是最冷月气温的0 ℃分界线。秦岭—大巴山气温具有明显的垂直地带性。6月气温直减率最大,为0.61 ℃/100 m;12月气温直减率最小,为0.38 ℃/100 m;年均气温直减率为0.51 ℃/100 m。夏季和秋季降水从西南向东北递减,强降水中心出现在大巴山西南坡。冬季降水从东南向西北递减。大巴山是年降水1000 mm分界线,夏季降水500 mm分界线;秦岭是年降水800 mm分界线,夏季降水400 mm分界线。与大尺度大气环流对比揭示：秦岭—大巴山气温和降水空间分布主要受到东亚季风和地形因子的控制。本文进一步明确了秦岭和大巴山的气候意义：大巴山主要阻挡夏季风北上,影响降水空间分布;秦岭主要阻挡冬季风南下,影响冬季气温空间分布。本文建立的高分辨率气候格点数据集,加深了对区域气候的认识,并将有多方面的用途。     

春季东亚副热带西风急流的变化特征及其与中国沙尘天气的关系

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim全球大气再分析资料及1980-2012年中国北方逐月沙尘暴发生日数资料, 研究了春季东亚副热带西风急流(70°-120°E)的变化特征及其与中国春季沙尘天气之间的关系。结果表明:1980-2012年春季中国上空急流轴存在北移的趋势, 急流中心略向东移, 急流相对强度随年份增强, 与春季沙尘暴发生总站日数的年际变化呈显著负相关。春季沙尘暴多发年, 东亚副热带西风急流有所减弱, 而在哈萨克斯坦东部、蒙古国、中国内蒙古大部分地区及南疆地区等沙尘源地, 200 hPa纬向风速增大; 500、850 hPa风速、位势高度差值场的分布都有利于中国沙尘源地地面风速增大。在中国沙尘源地, 高层西风风速增大, 动量下传, 引起地面大风, 从而容易产生沙尘暴。     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其与环流和降水的关系

利用1951-2006 年6-8 月NCEP/NCAR 的500 hPa 高度场、850 hPa 高度场和风场、降 水率和海平面气压以及全国600 多站的降水量资料, 选择东亚-西太平洋地区(10^o-80^oN, 70^o-180^oE) 经9 点高通滤波、EOF 分析、合成分析和其它统计诊断手段, 研究了东亚夏季风的年际变化及其与环流和降水的关系, 得到如下的结论: 1. 东亚-西太平洋地区海平面气压 存在着蒙古低压和西太平洋高压之间纬向的偶极子振荡型(APD), APD 指数可以作为东亚夏季风强度指数; 2. 东亚-西太平洋地区500 hPa 高度距平EOF 的第一模态具有明显经向东亚遥相关型特征(EAP)。EAP 指数也可以作为东亚夏季风强度指数。3. APD 指数与500 hPa (或 850 hPa) 的东亚遥相关型关系密切。APD 指数和EAP 指数存在明显的反相关关系, 它们之间的相关系数为-0.23, 已超过了10%显著检验; 4. APD 指数和EAP 指数都和我国汛期降水、东亚-西太平洋降水率关系密切, 超过5%显著性的相关区主要在长江流域以南地区至日本南部海面一带, 前者为正相关, 后者为负相关。     

新疆冬季气温年际异常的主模态及其成因分析

基于新疆1961—2016年89个观测站冬季平均气温经验正交分解的空间模态，讨论了与各空间模态及其相联系的北半球中高纬度环流特征，结果表明：新疆冬季平均气温的年际异常空间模态分为全区一致类、南北反相类、东西反相类，根据这三类空间模态的正负位相不同分别分为一致偏冷型、一致偏暖型、北冷南暖型、北暖南冷型、东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型等6个空间分布型。新疆冬季平均气温各空间分布型的环流影响因子既表现了极地和中纬度环流相互作用，也有纬圈方向的波列传播的影响。当北半球中纬度西风偏弱，中高纬度环流经向度加大，乌拉尔山地区的高压脊发展和东亚大槽偏深，50°N以南为负高度距平，新疆冬季平均气温一致偏低；反之则一致偏高。北冷南暖型在40°N以北的区域与一致偏冷型的环流特征基本类似，但在中亚至新疆40°N偏南的区域位势高度偏高；北暖南冷型出现时，乌拉尔山负高度距平和东亚大槽偏弱，新疆上空为浅脊控制，新疆南部受脊后的浅槽影响。东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型区别在于中纬度的500 hPa正高度距平中心的位置和700 hPa气流方向。北极涛动（AO）、区域西风指数、乌拉尔山关键区因子、欧亚纬向环流指数、西藏高原-1指数、西藏高原-2指数、斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型指数(SCA)、亚洲区极涡面积指数等8个气候指数都对新疆冬季平均气温产生了重要的影响。     

西北东部气候异常特征及其对冬季高原感热的响应

利用1960—2000年西北东部100个测站,经过面积权重区域平均的降水、气温资料,对该区域气候异常进行分析。结果表明：①对异常旱涝年,亚洲西风带环流及西太平洋副热带高压的位置最为关键。异常涝年,亚洲地区经向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏北;异常旱年,亚洲地区纬向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏南。②对异常冷暖年,极涡、西风带环流以及西太平洋副热带高压的状况最为关键。气温异常偏高年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏弱,欧亚地区盛行纬向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大,强度明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,位置偏北;气温异常偏低年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏强,欧亚地区盛行经向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏小,强度明显偏弱,西伸脊点明显偏东,位置偏南。③冬季高原感热与滞后一个季度的夏季降水、气温的相关较春季的相关更好。     

北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的联系

利用1975-2015年辽宁省52站逐日最低气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、相关分析等统计方法,对辽宁省冬季最低气温及北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征进行研究,初步探讨了北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的可能联系。结果表明,辽宁省冬季最低气温突变年为1986年,20世纪80年代中期以后气温表现出偏暖特征。北太平洋风暴轴与辽宁省冬季最低气温间存在同步一致地变化特征,风暴轴活动强年,辽宁省受西南气流控制,阿留申低压、西伯利亚高压强度减弱,同时东亚大槽减弱北退,东亚西风急流偏北,东亚冬季风系统活动减弱,不利于冷空气向南侵袭,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏高,反之在风暴轴活动弱年,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏低。与北太平洋风暴轴相关联的中高纬度大气环流异常变化是风暴轴强度与辽宁省冬季最低气温关系产生变化的主要原因。