江淮下游汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的关系——以里下河腹部地区为例

应用综合Niño指数,分析了江淮下游里下河腹部地区1957-2006年间汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的关系及环流形势。结果显示:汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的遥相关具有较为显著的阶段性特征。El Niño、La Nina的翌年汛期降水分别以负、正距平偏多,汛期降水的正负距平转换出现在1970年代末左右。汛期降水与Niño指数具有2-7 a左右的相似周期,且二者在1980年前后出现了明显的相位转换。El Niño翌年汛期降水为正距平的环流场显示,东亚环流经向呈“+、-、+”高度距平配置,且副高范围扩大,偏西偏北,存在典型的梅雨锋面,雨带停留在江淮下游地区,利于降水形成。而La Nina翌年汛期降水为正距平的环流场表明,副高位置偏东偏北收缩,东亚经向环流呈“-、-”位势高度距平,低、中层分别为西南风、偏东南风距平,缺少梅雨锋面,汛期降水偏多的程度较小。     

亚洲夏季风北部边缘带变化及中高纬度行星波对其影响

本文使用1961—2016年NCEP1再分析资料和GPCC全球降水分析资料,确定了亚洲夏季风北部边缘带的空间范围,分析了季风边缘带的南北边界位置、降水、面积的相互关系和年代/际变化特征,讨论了造成季风边缘带夏季降水异常的影响因子。主要结论如下：亚洲夏季风北部边缘带平均位置位于青藏高原中部经黄土高原和中国东北地区向亚洲东岸延伸的带状区域上,根据下垫面性质、区域生态环境和气候特征,将季风北边缘带划分为青藏高原区（85°E~105°E）、黄土高原区（105°E~115°E）和中国东北区（115°E~135°E）3段,季风边缘带降水的年际变化与其南边界位置有显著的正相关,青藏高原季风边缘带面积变化与其南界位置显著负相关,黄土高原季风边缘带和东北季风边缘带面积与北边界位置显著正相关,且3段季风边缘带的位置、面积、降水均有明显的年际、年代际变化特征。季风边缘带夏季降水偏少与欧亚中高纬对流层上层自西向东传播的欧亚（EU）遥相关波列密切相关,季风边缘带夏季降水偏少时期,亚洲低纬度地区对流活动偏弱、非洲东岸近赤道地区200 hPa异常辐合可能造成索马里急流和亚洲夏季风强度整体偏弱,200 hPa亚洲急流强度弱且位置偏北,500 hPa中国北方受西风带异常高压控制,东亚夏季风降水主要集中在中国南方地区,季风边缘带夏季降水异常偏少。季风边缘带夏季降水偏多与欧亚中高纬对流层上层沿亚洲急流向东传播的丝绸之路（SRP）波列密切相关,200 hPa、500 hPa环流形势与季风边缘带夏季降水偏少时期基本相反,东亚夏季风降水空间分布呈北多南少特征,季风边缘带夏季降水异常偏多。     

西南地区冬季气候异常的时空变化特征及其影响因子

利用1961-2010 年的多种观测资料,对西南地区冬季气候异常的时空演变特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：西南地区冬季气温变化主要存在全区一致和东、西部反位相两种模态,这两种模态均存在显著的年代际变化。全区温度的一致变化与东亚冬季风的异常有关,东、西反位相的变化与西太平洋副热带高压和冷空气的异常活动有关。冬季降水异常主要表现为全区一致的变化特征。北半球环状模(NAM,AO) 和ENSO对西南地区气温没有显著的影响。当NAM偏强(弱) 时,西南地区降水偏多(少)。El Niño 年,西南地区降水一致偏多;La Niña 年,西南地区中部降水偏多,东、西部降水偏少。2010 年冬季西南地区的干旱更有可能是由NAM异常引起的,而不是El Niño。     

河西走廊春末夏初降水异常与大气环流及海温场关系

使用1961-2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料、NOAA月平均海表温度资料和河西走廊月降水资料,在分析河西走廊春末夏初降水变化特征的基础上,对春末夏初降水异常的大气环流及其与早春3~4月海温场的关系进行了分析。结果表明:河西走廊春末夏初降水变化主要以全区一致型为主,存在3 a、5 a、10a和13~15 a显著周期变化。春末夏初降水异常多年850hPa距平风场河西走廊盛行东风,散度场为辐合;500hPa欧亚中高纬度高度距平场呈"+-+"分布,类似负欧亚遥相关型(EU);距平风垂直环流为印度洋上升,高原下沉、35~45°N上升的经圈环流;整层水汽通量距平场上,我国西北以东地区的东风气流有利于东部暖湿空气向西北地区输送,河西走廊为水汽辐合区;前期3~4月赤道南印度洋和赤道中东太平洋海温为大范围正异常。降水异常少年上述特征正好相反。通过3~4月海表温度与5~6月500hPa高度场相关分析表明,赤道南印度洋海温正(负)异常时,欧亚中高纬度会出现+-+(-+-)的类似EU遥相关型波列,说明前期赤道南印度洋海温异常对后期中高纬度EU遥相关型有激发或增强作用,进而影响河西走廊春末夏初降水异常。     

陕西春季干旱与多雨的环流特征对比分析

选用陕西86个气象站1961-2007年3~4月降水量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用标准化降水指数确定陕西春季干旱与多雨的划分指标,并对陕西省春季干旱与多雨年的同期和前期大气环流特征进行了合成分析,结果表明陕西春季降水具有南多北少,年际变率大等特点。陕西春季干旱少雨年同期500 hPa欧亚中高纬度距平场呈"-+-"分布,反映了中亚长波脊强盛,东亚大槽偏深的主要环流特征;而陕西春季多雨年乌拉尔山和日本海为正距平,鄂霍次克海和咸海、里海为负距平,欧亚中、高纬度距平场呈反位相分布,反映乌山阻塞高压建立与崩溃过程中,中亚长波槽经高原东移的环流特征,东亚中纬度纬向环流发展,冷空气易滞留在偏北地区,暖湿气流活跃更易北上,形成了陕西春季多雨天气。从850 hPa流场分布看,陕西春季多(少)雨通常对应同期对流层低层亚洲大陆东岸偏南气流的增强(减弱)。此外前年冬季乌山高压脊偏弱(强)和东亚大槽偏浅(深)与陕西春季多(少)雨有密切联系。     

海冰和海温对西北地区中部6月降水异常的协同影响

利用1961年以来美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)月平均再分析风场、高度场、NOAA重构海表温度以及西北地区中部54个气象站6月逐日降水资料、1979年以来北极10个区域的海冰面积,通过分析2019年6月西北地区中部降水异常的成因,揭示出对该区域6月降水具有显著影响的关键海区海冰面积及时段、北大西洋三极子(NAT)关键影响时段,结合厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)事件,分析其协同作用及影响机制。结果表明:1990年以来春季3-4月楚科奇海海冰面积异常容易激发欧亚中高纬度EU2(欧亚2型)遥相关型(即夏季EU(欧亚)遥相关型),有利于西北地区中部降水异常,1992年以来春季NAT对EU2遥相关型有明显影响,但其影响小于楚科奇海海冰面积的影响;当楚科奇海海冰面积偏少和NAT正位相(海冰面积偏多和NAT负位相)协同作用时,西北地区中部降水偏多(偏少)的概率明显增大;ENSO事件对西北地区中部6月降水无明显直接影响,但厄尔尼诺事件次年使得副热带高压异常偏强、偏西。2019年楚科奇海海冰面积异常偏少,春季NAT异常偏强,两者协同作用下使得EU2遥相关型正异常(“+-+-”),尤其使得贝加尔湖附近的阻塞高压异常偏强,鄂霍次克海和乌拉尔山附近低压异常深厚,厄尔尼诺事件使副热带高压异常偏强、偏西,将西太平洋的水汽输送至北太平洋,与鄂霍次克海附近的深厚低压相接,充足的冷空气和水汽导致西北地区中部出现异常降水。研究成果可为短期气候预测提供依据,同时,气-冰-海之间的相互作用需要更进一步研究。     

新疆冬季气温年际异常的主模态及其成因分析

基于新疆1961—2016年89个观测站冬季平均气温经验正交分解的空间模态，讨论了与各空间模态及其相联系的北半球中高纬度环流特征，结果表明：新疆冬季平均气温的年际异常空间模态分为全区一致类、南北反相类、东西反相类，根据这三类空间模态的正负位相不同分别分为一致偏冷型、一致偏暖型、北冷南暖型、北暖南冷型、东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型等6个空间分布型。新疆冬季平均气温各空间分布型的环流影响因子既表现了极地和中纬度环流相互作用，也有纬圈方向的波列传播的影响。当北半球中纬度西风偏弱，中高纬度环流经向度加大，乌拉尔山地区的高压脊发展和东亚大槽偏深，50°N以南为负高度距平，新疆冬季平均气温一致偏低；反之则一致偏高。北冷南暖型在40°N以北的区域与一致偏冷型的环流特征基本类似，但在中亚至新疆40°N偏南的区域位势高度偏高；北暖南冷型出现时，乌拉尔山负高度距平和东亚大槽偏弱，新疆上空为浅脊控制，新疆南部受脊后的浅槽影响。东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型区别在于中纬度的500 hPa正高度距平中心的位置和700 hPa气流方向。北极涛动（AO）、区域西风指数、乌拉尔山关键区因子、欧亚纬向环流指数、西藏高原-1指数、西藏高原-2指数、斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型指数(SCA)、亚洲区极涡面积指数等8个气候指数都对新疆冬季平均气温产生了重要的影响。     

东亚冬季风对中国东北冬季气温变化的影响

利用国家气象信息中心气温数据集1961~2011年中国东北地区资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对东亚冬季风与东北冬季气温变化特征的对比分析表明:从20世纪90年代起,东北冬季异常冷、暖事件明显增多,冬季风异常强、弱事件也相对增多;1986年前后东北冬季气温发生增暖性气候突变,冬季风同时进入转弱阶段;冬季风在2004年进入偏强阶段,东北冬季气温在2009~2011年出现转入低温阶段迹象。冬季风通过影响200hPa东亚急流,500hPa东亚大槽、乌拉尔高压,850hPa风场,地面西伯利亚高压等的异常导致东北冬季气温的年际和年代际异常。     

初夏东亚季风强度指数与陕西降水异常关系

应用1979-2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和陕西地面月降水资料,分析计算东亚初夏季风强度指数和陕西降水距平一致率,采用统计相关分析方法分析初夏东亚季风强度指数与陕西降水异常的统计关系,并采用合成分析方法讨论了初夏强(弱)东亚季风年陕西多雨(少雨)的大气环流特征。结果表明:初夏东亚季风偏强,陕西易多雨,且陕北、关中比较显著,而初夏东亚夏季风偏弱,陕西易少雨,偏少的程度陕北北部最明显;初夏东亚季风偏强时,欧亚中高纬度距平场自西向东呈"+-+"的波列分布,环流场中乌拉尔山长波脊偏强,贝加尔湖到巴尔喀什湖低槽偏深,西太平洋副热带高压偏强,相应的对流层低层青藏高原东侧为偏南距平风,而华北为弱偏东距平风,在西北地区东部形成了距平风的气旋性切变,有利于该区域初夏多雨;初夏东亚夏季风偏弱时,欧亚中高纬度距平场距平自西向东呈"-+-"的分布,中亚长波脊强盛,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱且位置偏东。陕西主要受中亚高脊前西北气流控制,陕西初夏多晴热天气,易少雨;但初夏东亚季风偏弱时,东亚中纬度盛行平直西风气流,西风锋区位于40°N附近,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西偏南,青藏高原位势高度偏低,并多短波槽或低值系统活动,陕西初夏受西风带系统和高原东移的低气压系统影响,陕西大部易多雨。     

陕西汛雨开始日期异常的气候特征及其影响系统

利用陕西省1961—2018年逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海温资料,基于合成分析、相关分析等方法,研究了陕西汛雨开始早晚的气候特征及其影响系统。结果表明:陕西入汛日具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,20世纪60年代主要以偏晚为主,70、80年代以偏早为主,90年代偏晚,进入21世纪以后以偏早为主,雨季主要集中在7月上旬至中旬中期。入汛偏早年,东亚副热带西风急流于6月下旬北跳,强度偏强,北跳偏早,欧亚中高纬为两槽一脊,副高偏强、偏西、偏北;低层,孟加拉湾至中国南海为巨大的气旋式距平环流,西北太平洋为显著的反气旋距平环流。入汛偏晚年,环流系统与偏早年相反。入汛早晚与冬春季海表温度相关,当冬季印度洋、春季热带北大西洋海温偏高,有利于入汛。     

中国南方冬季异常低温和降水事件

This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China.The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ thresholds.Twelve cold Januaries are identified where temperature anomaly below-1σ,and ten wet Januaries are identified where precipitation anomaly above +1σ.Among these events there are three patterns of cold-wet Januaries,namely 1969,1993 and 2008.The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to check the atmospheric circulation changes in association with the anomalous temperature and precipitation events.The results show that the strong Siberian High(SBH),East Asian trough(EAT) and East Asian jet stream(EAJS) are favorable conditions for low-temperature in southern China.While the anomalous southerly flow at 850 hPa,the weak EAT at 500 hPa,the strong Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and the weaker EAJS are found to accompany a wetter southern China.The cold-wet winters in southern China,such as...更多 January of 2008,are mainly related to a stronger SBH,and the circulation in the middle to upper troposphere is precipitation-favorable.In wet winters,the water vapor below 500 hPa is mainly transported by the anomalous southwesterly flow and the anomalous southern flow over the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea area.The correlation coefficients of MEJS,EAMW(East Asian meridional wind) and EU(Eurasian pattern) to southern China precipitation in January are +0.65,-0.59 and-0.48 respectively,and the correlations for high-pass filtered data are +0.63,-0.55 and-0.44 respectively,the significant level is all at 99%.MEJS,EAMW and EU together can explain 49.4% variance in January precipitation.Explained variance for January and winter temperature by SBH,EU,WP(west Pacific pattern) and AO(Arctic Oscillation) are 47.2% and 51.5%,respectively.There is more precipitation in southern China during El Nio winters,and less precipitation during La Nia winters.And there is no clear evidence that the occurrence of anomalous temperature events in winter over southern China is closely linked to ENSO events.     

Interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on general circulation and precipitation

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia–West Pacific region (10o–80oN, 70o–180oE), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of –0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia–West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one.     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其对环流和降水的影响

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia-West Pacific region (10°–80°N, 70°–180°E), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of −0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia-West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one. Foundation: Cooperative Project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, No.2007DFB20210; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90502003; JICA China-Japan Technical Cooperative Project “China-Japanese Cooperative Research Center on Meteorological Disasters”. Author: Yu Shuqiu, Associate Professor, specialized in climate and climate change.     

近百年北极涛动对中国冬季气候的影响

北极涛动 (AO) 是北半球冬季热带外行星尺度大气环流最重要的一个模态,对北半球及区域气候有重要影响。利用中国近50年和近百年气温和降水资料分析了北极涛动对我国冬季气候的影响。当AO指数偏强时,我国大部分地区冬季气温偏高,同时降水也偏多。AO和西伯利亚高压对我国冬季气候的影响在年际和年代际尺度上有不同的特征, 在年际尺度上西伯利亚高压对我国气温的影响要远强于AO,而AO对我国降水的影响则比西伯利亚高压的影响要显著。这种关系也可以通过比较分析对流层低层和中高层环流形势在AO不同位相时的变化得到进一步验证。这说明AO对我国冬季气温和降水影响的机制是不一样的。在年代际尺度上,AO对气温和降水都有显著的影响。AO和西伯利亚高压一起能解释近百年来我国冬季温度和降水方差的35% 和11%。     

北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的联系

利用1975-2015年辽宁省52站逐日最低气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、相关分析等统计方法,对辽宁省冬季最低气温及北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征进行研究,初步探讨了北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的可能联系。结果表明,辽宁省冬季最低气温突变年为1986年,20世纪80年代中期以后气温表现出偏暖特征。北太平洋风暴轴与辽宁省冬季最低气温间存在同步一致地变化特征,风暴轴活动强年,辽宁省受西南气流控制,阿留申低压、西伯利亚高压强度减弱,同时东亚大槽减弱北退,东亚西风急流偏北,东亚冬季风系统活动减弱,不利于冷空气向南侵袭,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏高,反之在风暴轴活动弱年,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏低。与北太平洋风暴轴相关联的中高纬度大气环流异常变化是风暴轴强度与辽宁省冬季最低气温关系产生变化的主要原因。     

秦岭—大巴山高分辨率气温和降水格点数据集的建立及其对区域气候的指示

本文建立了秦岭—大巴山高分辨率（~29 m×29 m）的气候格点数据集,包括逐月气温和降水、年均温和年降水、春夏秋冬气温和降水。空间插值方法采用国际上较为先进的ANUSPLIN软件内置的薄盘光滑样条函数,以经度、纬度和海拔为独立变量。空间插值结果与流行的WorldClim 2.0气候格点数据集具有一致性,但是比后者更精确、分辨率更高、细节更突出。本文揭示和证实：秦岭南麓是最冷月气温的0 ℃分界线。秦岭—大巴山气温具有明显的垂直地带性。6月气温直减率最大,为0.61 ℃/100 m;12月气温直减率最小,为0.38 ℃/100 m;年均气温直减率为0.51 ℃/100 m。夏季和秋季降水从西南向东北递减,强降水中心出现在大巴山西南坡。冬季降水从东南向西北递减。大巴山是年降水1000 mm分界线,夏季降水500 mm分界线;秦岭是年降水800 mm分界线,夏季降水400 mm分界线。与大尺度大气环流对比揭示：秦岭—大巴山气温和降水空间分布主要受到东亚季风和地形因子的控制。本文进一步明确了秦岭和大巴山的气候意义：大巴山主要阻挡夏季风北上,影响降水空间分布;秦岭主要阻挡冬季风南下,影响冬季气温空间分布。本文建立的高分辨率气候格点数据集,加深了对区域气候的认识,并将有多方面的用途。     

西北东部气候异常特征及其对冬季高原感热的响应

利用1960—2000年西北东部100个测站,经过面积权重区域平均的降水、气温资料,对该区域气候异常进行分析。结果表明：①对异常旱涝年,亚洲西风带环流及西太平洋副热带高压的位置最为关键。异常涝年,亚洲地区经向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏北;异常旱年,亚洲地区纬向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏南。②对异常冷暖年,极涡、西风带环流以及西太平洋副热带高压的状况最为关键。气温异常偏高年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏弱,欧亚地区盛行纬向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大,强度明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,位置偏北;气温异常偏低年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏强,欧亚地区盛行经向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏小,强度明显偏弱,西伸脊点明显偏东,位置偏南。③冬季高原感热与滞后一个季度的夏季降水、气温的相关较春季的相关更好。     

Influence of Arctic Oscillation on winter climate over China

In this study the relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and climate in China in boreal winter are investigated. Correlation analysis for the last 41 years shows that the winter temperature and precipitation in China change in phase with AO. High positive correlation (>0.4) between temperature and AO appears in the northern China. High correlation coefficients between precipitation and AO cover the southern China (close to the South China Sea) and the central China (between 30o-40oN and east of ~100oE), with the values varying between +0.3 and +0.4. It is found that during the past several decades the precipitation was strongly affected by AO, but for the temperature the Siberian High plays a more important role. At the interdecadal time scale the AO has significant influence on both temperature and precipitation. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrates that AO and the Siberian High related variance in temperature and precipitation is 35% and 11% respectively. For precipitation, however the portion is rather low, implying that some other factors may be responsible for the changes in precipitation, in addition to AO and the Siberian High.     

Relationship between NAO and drought disasters in northwestern China in the last millennium

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) plays an important role in the Northern Hemisphere climate system. Although there is growing interest in the connection between NAO and precipitation change in China, there are few studies concerning that connection in northwestern China. Based on fine-grained historical drought disaster records and NAO proxies, we explored quantitatively their possible connection in northwestern China over the past millennium at the multi-decadal to centennial timescales. Statistical results show that NAO and drought disaster were negatively correlated, as positive modes of NAO caused northward-displaced, stronger-than average mid-latitude Westerlies with an enhanced latitudinal water vapor gradient into the central Asian drylands, resulting in reduced drought frequency and intensity in northwestern China. But, their correlation was out-of-phase during the Little Ice Age because of the southward shifting of monsoon, Westerlies, and the East Asian Jet Stream brought by long-term land surface cooling. As it has been indicated that the precipitation in northwestern China is also determined by El Niño-Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic sea surface and air temperature aside from NAO, further studies are needed to evaluate their individual roles and combined impacts upon the drought disaster there.