博州不同级别降水及极端降水事件的时空变化

根据1961—2005年新疆博州（博尔塔拉蒙古自治州的简称,下同）4站逐日降水资料,用阈值检测方法计算出博州地区极端降雨（雪）的阈值,并用气候趋势系数、Kendall-τ秩次相关以及滑动t检验等分析了博州地区不同量级降水日数以及极端降水日数的变化特征。研究表明,博州地区极端降水阈值与年平均降水量的空间分布基本一致：山区大,盆地小,地区间差异极大。3—10月一日降水量≤0.2 mm的微量降雨日数大范围减少;年降水量增加的方式在不同子区域是不同的：①对于年平均降水量仅有100 mm左右的艾比湖一带而言,主要体现在中雨、小雪次数的增加上,其他量级的雨雪日数及强度增加趋势不显著,这种增量对干旱区而言很小,无法改变干旱区的本质。②博河上游地区夏半年主要体现在小雨、大雨次数的增加以及中雨强度的增加上,冬半年主要体现在小雪、大雪或极端降雪日数的增加以及大雪、暴雪强度的增加上。虽然博河上游地区大雨次数显著增加,但强度显著降低。这种增加方式导致博河上游地区冬季牧区易出现雪灾,夏季易出现洪灾。③博河中游地区主要体现在小雪、中雪、大雪（或极端降雪）、中雨频次以及小雨强度的增加上,而且一日降水量≤0.2 mm的微量降雨日数的减少趋势大于其他量级降雨总次数的增加趋势。降水日的这种变化方式在该区域气候显著偏暖的气候背景中,极易造成春夏阶段性极端干旱事件频发。     

阿尔泰山降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

阿尔泰山横亘于亚欧大陆中部,是中纬度西风带气候研究的重点区域之一。利用阿尔泰山地区4个站点的监测数据,研究了该区域降水氢氧稳定同位素的年内变化特征及大气降水线方程,分析了降水同位素的温度效应,并利用后向轨迹探讨了水汽来源。结果表明：（1） 阿尔泰山各站点降水同位素比率在季节上表现为夏高冬低,且南侧站点的季节差异比北侧大,除Novosibirsk外大多数站点的降水氘盈余值为夏低冬高。（2） 除Novosibirsk外,研究区大多数站点大气降水线方程的斜率和截距都低于全球平均值。（3） 各站点降水同位素存在明显的温度效应,体现在季节变化和空间分布上。（4） 后向轨迹表明,研究区受到西风水汽、极地水汽和近源水汽路径的影响,且偏北站点可能受极地水汽路径的影响更大。上述认识有助于明确阿尔泰山不同区域降水同位素时空变化反映的水文气候信息,并为该区域大气水循环及气候变化研究提供参考。     

黑河上游地区气候变化对径流量的影响研究

近42年来,黑河上游年流量呈增多趋势,其中以冬季最为明显,但总体上相对稳定,丰枯转换颇为平衡;降水量是影响黑河上游流量的最主要因子,夏季降水量的增加与夏季流量的增加关系密切,而夏季流量的增加最终影响到了年流量的增加;气温的升高特别是秋季气温的升高导致了高山冰雪消融量的增大,进而使非汛期流量增加,同时加大流域蒸发量特别是夏季蒸发量,增加了地表水资源的消耗,并对降水增加造成的年径流量增加起到削弱作用。     

准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境研究

通过对北疆及准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境效应研究认为,该区一是受气候变化的影响,其次是受地形和人类活动的影响。在气候变化和环境效应研究中,该地区有着不可替代的区域特征和学科意义。尤其是该区域受西风环流控制和受太平洋季风的影响较少,因此具有季风气候和地中海气候的双重性。因此,该研究区荒漠环境的正逆发展过程不仅受降水和温度的重大影响,而且季节性积雪和高山雪冰融水为荒漠植物的萌发与生长提供了有效的水资源。但是,该地区的生态环境十分脆弱,人类的过度开发和扰动对其的影响也非常严重。所以,加强气候变化与环境效应的相互影响研究,保护干旱生态的平衡发展,再造秀美山川,是该地区今后研究的重要任务和发展方向。     

库玛拉克河流域盛夏最大可能融雪雪量估算

利用2002-2008年6~9月EOS/MODIS卫星晴空资料,计算分析了融雪期库玛拉克河流域的积雪面积、覆盖率、雪深及雪水量;利用气象、水文台站的观测资料,对2002-2008年积雪变化与气象因子间的相互关系,2002-2008年7次洪峰时间段内最高温度的有效作用时间和12 h降水的有效影响时间等进行了分析与研究。结果表明：2002-2008年盛夏库玛拉克河流域高温融雪的主导作用比较明显,当流域内山区积雪量在5.5×108 m3以上、0 ℃层平均高度上升到4 500 m以上并且能维持4 d,库玛拉克河流域融雪型洪水的融雪量可达1.8×108~10.3×108 m3,夏季0 ℃层高度的变化可作为融雪型洪水预测的较好指标。2002-2008年这个历史时期实际积雪融化后产生的雪水当量9.88×108 t,全部融化后产生的最大可能雪水当量小于11.18×108 t;这个历史时期理论最大可能积雪融化后产生的雪水当量为17.55×108 t,全部融化后产生的雪水当量小于17.75×108 t。估算实际融化和理论融化的雪水当量,可为积雪融化后产生的最大洪水量估算提供数据支持。     

石羊河流域1961-2005年蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及原因初探

 利用1961—2005年石羊河流域上、中、下游当地气象站的逐月20 cm口径蒸发皿蒸发量、平均气温、平均相对湿度、降水量、平均风速、日照时数、最高气温和最低气温资料,研究了近45 a石羊河流域蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及原因。结果表明,45 a来,石羊河流域及上、下游年蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势,中游年蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势,上游上升趋势最明显。四季中,春、秋、冬季蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势,上升最明显的是冬季,其次为秋季,春季变化不明显,夏季蒸发皿蒸发量变化呈下降趋势。石羊河流域在不同时段不同区域年蒸发皿蒸发量都存在明显的6～7 a周期和1～2 a的短周期,并都发生了突变。相关系数法分析表明,影响石羊河流域及中、下游年蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水,上游的主要影响因子是相对湿度和气温。四季中,春季的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;夏季影响石羊河流域及上、中蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要因子是相对湿度和气温,下游的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;秋季影响石羊河流域及中、下游蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要影响因子是相对湿度和气温日较差,上游其主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;冬季的主要影响因子是气温和相对湿度。影响年以及春、夏、秋最显著的因子是相对湿度,冬季最显著的影响因子是气温。     

Hydrological effects of alpine permafrost in the headwaters of the Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains

Against the background of climate change, alpine permafrost active layers have shown a gradual thickening trend and the hydrothermal conditions have undergone significant changes in the Tianshan Mountains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. At the ice-free cirque basins in the headwaters of the Urumqi River(hereafter referred to as the Ice-Free Cirque) in eastern Tianshan, China, the hydrological effects of the alpine permafrost active layers appear to have also exhibited significant changes recently. The increasing trend of local precipitation is clear in May and June. The onset of winter and spring snowmelt runoff clearly lags behind increases of air temperature, and the runoff peak appears near the beginning of the melting season, which results in the spring runoff increasing. In summer, runoff decreases strongly and the maximum runoff occurs earlier. In our analysis of meteorological and hydrologic data from 1959 to 2010, the runoff and precipitation changes are significantly correlated. In the initial stage of runoff, the runoff-producing process is mainly under the control of the soil water content and soil temperature in the 0–30 cm active layers. Spring precipitation and snowmelt water are mainly involved in the processes of infiltration and evaporation while some melt water infiltrates into the seasonal thawed layer and stays above the frozen layers. During the strong ablation period in summer, the runoff-generating process is mainly controlled by soil water content in the active layers deeper than 60 cm. In the active layer, precipitation and seasonal snowmelt water infiltrates, migrates, collects, and then forms runoff.     

A GIS-based modeling of snow accumulation and melt processes in the Votkinsk reservoir basin

Coupled hydrological and atmospheric modeling is an efficient method for snowmelt runoff forecast in large basins. We use short-range precipitation forecasts of mesoscale atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model combining them with ground-based and satellite observations for modeling snow accumulation and snowmelt processes in the Votkinsk reservoir basin (184,319 km²). The method is tested during three winter seasons (2012–2015). The MODIS-based vegetation map and leaf area index data are used to calculate the snowmelt intensity and snow evaporation in the studied basin. The GIS-based snow accumulation and snowmelt modeling provides a reliable and highly detailed spatial distribution for snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow-covered areas (SCA). The modelling results are validated by comparing actual and estimated SWE and SCA data. The actual SCA results are derived from MODIS satellite data. The algorithm for assessing the SCA by MODIS data (ATBD-MOD 10) has been adapted to a forest zone. In general, the proposed method provides satisfactory results for maximum SWE calculations. The calculation accuracy is slightly degraded during snowmelt periods. The SCA data is simulated with a higher reliability than the SWE data. The differences between the simulated and actual SWE may be explained by the overestimation of the WRF-simulated total precipitation and the unrepresentativeness of the SWE measurements (snow survey).     

Distribution of winter-spring snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with summer precipitation in Yangtze River

The distribution of winter-spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and its relationship with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV) during 2003–2013 have been investigated with the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer(MODIS) Terra data(MOD10A2) and precipitation observations. Results show that snow cover percentage(SCP) remains approximately 20% in winter and spring then tails off to below 5% with warmer temperature and snow melt in summer. The lower and highest percentages present a declining tendency while the middle SCP exhibits an opposite variation. The maximum value appears from the middle of October to March and the minimum emerges from July to August. The annual and winter-spring SCPs present a decreasing tendency. Snow cover is mainly situated in the periphery of the plateau and mountainous regions, and less snow in the interior of the plateau, basin and valley areas in view of snow cover frequency(SCF) over the TP. Whatever annual or winter-spring snow cover, they all have remarkable declining tendency during 2003–2013, and annual snow cover presents a decreasing trend in the interior of the TP and increasing trend in the periphery of the TP. The multi-year averaged eight-day SCP is negatively related to mean precipitation in the MLYRV. Spring SCP is negatively related to summer precipitation while winter SCP is positively related to summer precipitation in most parts of the MLYRV. Hence, the influence of winter snow cover on precipitation is much more significant than that in spring on the basis of correlation analysis. The oscillation of SCF from southeast to northwest over the TP corresponds well to the beginning, development and cessation of the rain belt in eastern China.     

Spatiotemporal index for analyzing controls on snow climatology: application in the Colorado Front Range

Mountain snowpacks are important water supplies that are susceptible to climate change, yet snow measurements are sparse relative to snowpack heterogeneity. We used remote sensing to derive a spatiotemporal index of snow climatology that reveals patterns in snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation. Then we examined how this index relates to climate, terrain, and vegetation. Analyses were based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer eight-day snow cover from 2000 to 2010 for a mountain watershed in the Colorado Front Range, USA. The Snow Cover Index (SCI) was calculated as the fraction of years that were snow covered for each pixel. The proportion of SCI variability explained by independent variables was evaluated using regression analysis. Independent variables included elevation, northing, easting, slope, aspect, northness, solar radiation, precipitation, temperature, and vegetation cover. Elevation was the dominant control on SCI patterns, due to its influence on both temperature and precipitation. Grouping SCI values by elevation, we identified three distinct snow zones in the basin: persistent, transitional, and intermittent. The transitional snow zone represents an area that is sensitive to losing winter snowpack. The SCI can be applied to other basins or regions to identify dominant controls on snow cover patterns and areas sensitive to snow loss.     

中国天山积雪垂直分布异质性研究

基于2001—2018年MOD10A2积雪产品和MOD11A2陆地表面温度数据,采用精细分区统计和相关性分析方法,研究了中国天山不同海拔高度上积雪垂直分布特征及其与地表温度（Land surface temperature,LST）的响应关系。结果表明：中国天山积雪覆盖率（Snow cover percentage,SCP）随海拔的变化呈现春、夏、秋、冬4种不同的季节变化模式。SCP在海拔4200 m以下呈秋冬季增加、春夏季减少态势,在海拔4200 m以上呈秋冬季减少、春夏季增加态势。除冬季外,春、夏、秋3个季节的SCP与LST均具有显著强负相关性。     

西北地区山区融雪期气候变化对径流量的影响(英文)

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera-ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe-riod 1960?2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857℃ in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob-served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617℃, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in-creasing by 1.05℃. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.     

新疆天山及北疆地区积雪反照率差异

新疆天山和北疆地区是我国三大稳定积雪区之一，积雪反照率的变化显著地影响其地表吸收的太阳辐射能量。2018年1~3月，在新疆天山和北疆地区进行了积雪反照率观测，发现研究区的积雪反照率存在明显的时空差异。时间上，由于受到气温变化的影响，研究区的积雪反照率整体呈现下降的趋势，而且不同时期的下降幅度有差异，1月末~3月初反照率的降低相比1月初~1月末反照率降低更加明显。空间上，由于受到污化物的影响，各区域（阿勒泰地区、塔城地区、天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率之间存在差异，其中天山地区（天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率低于北疆地区（阿勒泰地区和塔城地区），天山北坡的反照率最低；在积雪稳定期及消融期，污化物对积雪反照率的影响最为明显。     

伊犁河流域降水和气温的若干特征

本文详细分析了天山山区伊犁河流中低山区降水和气温的变化规律。结果表明，夏季中低山带的降水和气温与其对应高度的关系较好，且梯度值较大；不同年份降水量越大，降水梯度值亦越大，在此基础上结合邻近地区高山区观测资料，获取了伊犁河流域高山区的降水和气温。     

新疆夏季0 oC 层高度变化对河流年径流量的影响

按气候特点和河流径流情况把新疆划分为阿尔泰- 塔城、天山山区和昆仑山北坡3 个研究区域。采用1960~2002 年新疆12 个探空站逐日观测资料和34 个水文站的年径流资料, 利用经过5 点平滑处理的曲线趋势对比和线性相关的研究方法, 定性与定量相结合分析了43 年来新疆夏季0 ^oC 层平均高度变化和河流径流变化趋势及空间分布差异, 并建立了二者的定量关系式。研究表明: 新疆夏季0 ^oC层平均高度与河流年径流量变化具有较好的一致性, 尤其是1970 年代以来, 两者的变化趋势更加亦步亦趋。各区变化不尽相同, 阿尔泰- 塔城和天山山区为1990 年代初以来夏季0 ^oC层平均高度为显著升高地区, 昆仑山北坡为下降区。与之相对应, 同期前两个地区的河流径流量也显著增大, 后一个区域的径流量略为减少。就相关 性而言, 新疆全区和分区的天山山区以及昆仑山北坡等地的夏季0 ^oC层高度与河流径流量均有较好的相关性, 均通过了0.01 显著水平的统计检验。表明新疆近年来不仅近地面发生了气候变化, 高空也同样发生了类似的变化, 并直接导致了夏季0 o^oC层高度的升降。气候变暖, 新疆夏季0 ^oC层升高, 山区的冰雪消融加快, 河流径流量相应增多, 进入丰水期。反之, 进入枯水期。夏季0 ^oC层高度的升降直接影响新疆河流径流量, 在新疆气候暖湿化过程中, 高空的增温也是一个较直接的因子。     

Heat flux calculations for Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers

This study analyzes long-term (40–60 years) discharge and water temperature records collected near the basin outlets of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. It defines seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature (WT), and heat flux (HF) for the basins, and compares their main features to understand their similarity and difference. Both rivers have similar hydrographs, i.e. low flows in winter and high discharge in summer, with the peak flood in June due to snowmelt runoff. Mackenzie River has many large lakes and they sustain the higher base flows over the fall/winter season. Mackenzie basin is large with high precipitation, thus producing 50% more discharge than the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean. The WT regimes are also similar between the two rivers. Yukon River WT is about 2–3 °C warmer than the Mackenzie over the open water months. Both rivers have the highest WT in the mid summer and they transport large amount of heat to the polar ocean system. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10–60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. They are useful for large-scale climate and ocean model development and validation, and climate/hydrology change research in the northern regions.     

青海南部地区40多年来气候变化的特征分析

利用1961-2003年气温、降水、积雪等气象观测资料,分析了青海南部地区年际、年代际及各季气候变化的特征和规律。结果表明:该地区秋季气温升高最为明显,这有别于我国华北、东北、西北东部和新疆等地区冬季增温最为显著的特点;降水量冬、春季呈增加的趋势,而夏、秋季呈减少趋势;地表积雪量冬、春季的平均增加量分别为15.1cm和3.8cm,而夏、秋季的平均递减量分别为0.3cm和0.2cm。气候变暖和冬、春季降水增多以及冬、春季平均积雪量的跨季节异常或持续维持是导致青海南部地区20世纪80~90年代雪灾增多的最直接原因之一。冬、春季降水和地表积雪的增加,使得雪灾发生的频次增加,危害程度加重;而夏、秋季降水和积雪减少、气温升高、地表蒸发加大、水资源量减少,干旱出现的几率增大,影响畜牧业生产,制约当地经济发展。     

1960-2015年青海三江源地区降水时空特征

青海三江源地区是中国生态系统最为敏感和脆弱的地区,其降水特别是生长季降水的波动,是影响本区及江河中下游水资源安全、生态系统可持续发展的关键因素。综合线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、BG分割算法、R/S、EEMD等多方法细致辨识了1960-2015年研究区降水量序列的时空特征。结果显示：① 三江源降水量总体呈现弱增趋势,21世纪以来降水量显著增加,各子源区气候倾向率不尽相同;② 年、季降水量自东南向西北递减,澜沧江源区夏季降水和黄河源区秋季降水呈弱减趋势,雨量弱减区在空间上呈斑块状分布;③ 年、季降水量年代际变化和增湿率的空间差异较明显,春夏季降水气候倾向率与经纬度、海拔的复相关性显著高于冬季;④ 20世纪90年代中后期,各子源区降水总体显现增强信号,并于2002年前后发生突变;⑤ 年际和低值年代际显著周期是造成降水量变动的主要因素;⑥ 除澜沧江源区夏季降水趋于减少外,其他年、季降水量变化呈现增幅不一的转湿趋势;⑦ 横向比较各子源区可见,长江源区降水变化更能表征高原气候变化。研究结果显示,研究区降水时空序列变化具有明显的区域和季节差异性特征,与以往类似研究存在些许差异,可见为有效提高气候序列演变过程及突变诊断的准确性,仍需进一步融合多方法实施集成分析。     

天山山区典型内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

通过对天山南北坡的两个典型流域降水、地下水、河流、融冰雪水δD和δ¹⁸O及水化学检测,基于同位素径流分割模型定量分析了年内径流组分特征。结果表明：（1）两条河流的径流组成中地下水为构成径流的主要成分,其次是冰川融水,融雪水及降水,但南北坡径流组分表现出较明显的差异,乌鲁木齐河流域中冰川融水的比重要大于黄水沟流域,对气候变化响应明显。（2）两条河流在不同季节径流组分也表现出较大差异,春季径流组分差异最为明显。     

沙漠绿洲-高山冰雪气候带的垂直变化特征研究

气候变化在垂直方向上的分布规律是气候变化研究的一个重要方面。利用在天山北坡中部径向剖面上的6个不同海拔高度的气象站的气象资料,研究了沙漠绿洲-高山冰雪气候带在冬季、夏季和年度的年际气候变化对高度的响应,指出20世纪90年代(1991-2000)与前30 a(1961-1990)相比,平均气温、年降水量增加幅度随高度呈现非线性变化,不论在哪个高度上,冬季的增温幅度都要大于夏季;在最靠近沙漠的低海拔地区,年降水量增加幅度并不是最大的,而在海拔较高的山前绿洲地带和在3 500 m的高山区降水量增幅相对较大。此外,对气温、降水、相对湿度、蒸发等气候因子的变化趋势倾向率进行了分析,比较了不同高度的线性倾向率,揭示了沙漠绿洲边缘至高山冰雪带的气候变化在垂直方向上的分布特征,表明不论在哪个高度上,冬季、夏季和年度的平均气温变化都具有上升趋势;在山前地带和高海拔山区,降水增加趋势相对明显;蒸发能力减弱,相对湿度增加。