天津北大港水库水体的同位素和水化学特征

天津北大港水库蓄水后水质变差,严重影响着水库的安全运行、水资源的合理调配。为研究天津北大港水库水体咸化成因,在2015年丰水期(8月)和枯水期(12月)分别采集河水、水库水和地下水样品,测定水体中的稳定氢氧同位素(δD,δ~(18)O)和水化学组成。结果表明,在丰水期,水体受到强烈的蒸发作用,水体中的稳定氢氧同位素组分比枯水期富集;河水和水库水的水化学类型为Na-Cl(SO_4)型,地下水的水化学类型为Na-HCO_3Cl型。河水和水库水水化学组成受蒸发结晶作用控制,且距海岸越近,水体的电导率越高,同位素越富集。滨海地区的北大港水库,水库水在运移中盐分含量增加,而强烈的蒸发作用加剧了水体中盐分积累,导致水体咸化。需进一步辨析水库咸化的影响因素及贡献,为滨海地区水库管理和运行提供理论基础。     

河套灌区西部浅层地下水咸化机制

浅层地下水水位埋深浅、含盐量高,是导致河套灌区土壤次生盐渍化的重要原因.以河套灌区西部地区为研究区,通过对浅层地下水的水化学和氢氧同位素特征分析以及水文地球化学模拟,探讨了灌区浅层地下水的补给来源和主控水-岩作用过程,并定量估算了蒸发作用对浅层地下水含盐量的影响.研究区内浅层地下水为弱碱性咸水,pH为7.23~8.45,总溶解性固体（total dissolved solids,TDS）变化范围为371~7 599 mg/L;随着地下水咸化程度增大,水化学类型由HCO₃-Na·Mg·Ca型向Cl-Na型过渡.引黄灌溉和大气降水是浅层地下水的主要补给来源,径流过程中浅层地下水受蒸发作用和植物蒸腾作用影响,地下水化学组分主要来源于蒸发盐溶解和硅酸盐风化水解,并受强烈的蒸发作用和离子交换作用影响.水文地球化学模拟和主成分分析结果显示,蒸发作用和岩盐溶解作用对区内浅层地下水咸化贡献最大,石膏和白云石等矿物的溶解、硅酸盐的水解、Na-Ca离子交换以及局部地形起伏对地下水咸化过程也有较大贡献.      

天津北大港水库水体的水化学特征及水质评价

北大港水库是天津市重要的调蓄水库,水库在蓄水后快速咸化,影响到水库功能的正常发挥。为解析北大港水库及周边水体的水质和主要影响离子,在2015～2017年的丰水期和枯水期分别采集北大港水库水库水和独流减河河水样,分析水体的水化学组成及时空特征。结果表明,河水、水库水的水化学类型分别是Na-Cl(HCO3)型和Na-Cl(SO4)型。由主成分分析可知,Cl-,SO42-,NO3-以及溶解氧(DO)四个指标是北大港水库水质的主要影响因子。基于模糊数学理论的水质综合评价表明,水库水和河水中96%的水体隶属于V类。在空间上,水体距离渤海湾越近,水质越差;由于独流减河径流量和入海水量的减少,河水的水质最差点从水库排咸闸处逐渐上移到水库十号口门进水闸处。本研究可为北大港水库的水质改善提供理论依据。     

河北平原浅层地下水地球化学演化模拟

反应路径模拟技术是近十几年发展起来的定量研究地下水地球化学演化的重要方法。文中讨论了反应路径模拟与质量平衡模拟的差异，提出了对复杂水流系统采取分段模拟，以及对浅层成水形成的主要作用即蒸发浓缩作用和海侵的影响采用土壤盐类综合体的溶解来表征的处理方法，论述了研究区浅层地下水的地球化学演化过程。     

和(县)含(山)硬石膏矿成因类型、沉积环境及赋矿规律

通过和(县)含(山)硬石膏矿勘查资料,分析研究了该区含矿地层周冲村组(东马鞍山组)岩矿成因类型和代表性剖面岩相划分,认为周冲村组是在早中三叠世缓慢海退和干旱蒸发作用下形成的一套由浅滩—局限海夹潮坪—咸化潟湖—潮上萨布哈的蒸发岩建造,其中的硬石膏矿体主要沉积于咸化潟湖环境;认为早中三叠世的海退和海水咸化过程是循序渐进式发展的,其间发生了许多次小规模海侵或风暴潮,使得咸化潟湖海水的补给和蒸发保持了相对平衡,形成了巨厚硬石膏矿体沉积所需的持续稳定的海水盐度和环境条件;认为早中三叠世的海退有自西向东的退出趋势。同时指出,由于环境差异,本区东部的硬石膏矿品质好于西部。     

河北平源浅层地下水地球化学演化模拟

反应路径模拟技术是近十几年发展起来的定量研究地下水地球化学演化的重要方法。文中讨论了反应路径模拟与质量平衡模拟的差异，提出了对复杂水流系统采取分段模拟，以及对浅层咸水形成的主要作用即蒸发浓缩作用和海侵的影响采用土壤盐类综合体的溶解来表征的处理方法，论述了研究区浅层地水的地球化学演化过程。     

干旱区地下水咸化机制的区域氘盈余解析

定量研究干旱区地下水的咸化机制对于水资源管理具有重要意义。针对已有研究需要考虑补给源水δ18O和δ2H值的局限,提出了一种利用区域氘盈余计算初始水、蒸发和溶滤对地下水咸化贡献的方法,并以罗山地区第四系地下水为例进行了分析。结果表明:该方法计算误差较小,可以有效区分蒸发和溶滤的贡献。地下水先溶滤后蒸发的自然咸化过程决定了溶滤作用的主导地位,咸化规模主要取决于溶滤作用程度。     

利用TDS和δ18O确定溶滤和蒸发作用对内陆干旱区地下水咸化贡献的一种方法

溶滤和蒸发作用是内陆干旱盆地平原区松散沉积层地下水咸化的主要原因。地下水的TDS直接表达了其咸化程度,δ18O值的变化主要受蒸发作用影响。在地下水TDS-δ18O关系图中,以各样点为起点,做蒸发线的平行线,与溶滤线交于c点,则c点两侧的a段和b段分别代表溶滤和蒸发作用对该样品的咸化贡献。 a=(TDS3-TDS1-b)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%,b=k(δ18O3-δ 18O1)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%。该方法应用于塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水咸化特征的分析,证明虽气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,但地下水的咸化仍以溶滤作用为主。     

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式模拟降水中δ18O的分布

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式,模拟了2012年全球大气水汽和降水中δ18O的空间分布和时间变化以及降水中δ18O与降水量、温度之间的关系.其目的在于检验稳定同位素大气水平衡模式模拟水稳定同位素循环的能力,揭示稳定同位素效应产生的主要原因,改善对水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了全球降水中δ18O的纬度效应、大陆效应和季节差异.在水循环过程中,引起降水中稳定同位素空间变化和时间变化的原因与蒸发对水汽同位素的富集作用、降水对水汽同位素的贫化作用、凝结温度对水汽同位素贫化程度的影响有关.模拟的降水量效应主要出现在中低纬度海洋和季风区,这种分布形势与δ18O季节差和降水量季节差的分布相对应;模拟的温度效应主要出现在中高纬度陆地,这种分布形势与降水中δ18O季节差的分布形势相对应.在一些低纬度地区,伴随强降水量效应的出现,温度效应也同时出现.     

利用TDS和δ^18O确定溶滤和蒸发作用对内陆干旱区地下水咸？…

溶滤和蒸发作用是内陆干旱盆地平原区松散沉积层地下水咸化的主要原因。地下水的TDS直接表达了其咸化程度,δ18O值的变化主要受蒸发作用影响。在地下水TDS-δ18O关系图中,以各样点为起点,做蒸发线的平行线,与溶滤线交于c点,则c点两侧的a段和b段分别代表溶滤和蒸发作用对该样品的咸化贡献。a=(TDS3-TDS1-b)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%,b=k(δ18O3-δ18O1)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%。该方法应用于塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水咸化特征的分析,证明虽气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,但地下水的咸化仍以溶滤作用为主。     

Contribution of shallow groundwater rapid fluctuation to soil salinization under arid and semiarid climate

Rising saline shallow groundwater and associated soil salinization problems are widespread especially in arid and semiarid areas. There have been numerous studies on groundwater-associated salinity, but more information is required on the effects of groundwater frequent and high fluctuations on soil salinization. In the present study, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations using HYDRUS-1D model were carried out for this purpose. The experimental and modeling results showed that groundwater fluctuation caused not only the accumulation of more salt in the soil profile compared to stable groundwater, but also an enhancement of the mechanism. Water table fluctuation induced a much greater spreading of the bromide (Br) tracer within the column than the constant water table. The Br content was on average five orders of magnitude greater under a fluctuating water table than under a constant one. Further, the numerical simulations showed that an increase in the groundwater fluctuation frequency brought about an increase in soil surface salinization under the same evaporation boundary conditions. Additional simulations with HYDRUS-1D were used to study the effects of various management strategies on soil salinization induced by shallow groundwater. Hence, by reducing the evaporation rate through the application of surface mulching, a significant reduction of salt concentration at the soil surface was observed. Moreover, frequent irrigations with small quantities were effective to reduce soil surface salt accumulation induced by saline shallow groundwater.     

Assessment of soil salinization based on a low-cost method and its influencing factors in a semi-arid agricultural area,northwest China

An investigation of soil salinization was carried out in the Nanshantaizi area (Northwest China) with WET Sensor. This device can measure such soil parameters as bulk soil electrical conductivity, water content, and the pore water electrical conductivity that are important for soil salinization assessments. A distribution map of soil salinization was produced, and the factors influencing soil salinization and its processes were discussed in detail. The study shows that moderately salinized to salt soils are mainly observed in the alluvial plain, where groundwater level is high and lateral recharge water contains high salinity. Nanshantaizi is covered by slightly salinized soils. The soil salinization distribution estimated by WET Sensor is generally consistent with the actual levels of salinization. Soil salinity in Nanshantaizi is mostly of natural origin and accumulated salts could leach to deeper soils or aquifers by water percolation during irrigation. Groundwater evaporation, groundwater level depth and quality of recharge water are important factors influencing soil salinization in the alluvial plain.     

银川平原主要水环境问题及其对策

基于野外调查、取样分析以及遥感影像等,介绍了银川平原水文地质条件及水资源利用概况,探讨了土壤盐渍化、湖泊湿地萎缩、地下水盐化、地下水超采以及土地荒漠化等水环境问题及其演化成因。结果表明：银川平原地下水主要接受渠系渗漏及灌溉入渗、大气降水入渗、平原周边地下侧向径流、洪水散失、黄河水等补给,地下水排泄方式主要是排水沟排泄、蒸发和人工开采等,大部分地区潜水埋深在3 m以内;地表水主要来源于黄河引水,水资源利用效率不高;土壤盐渍化总面积8.17×104hm2,呈逐年缩减的趋势,主要分布于银川平原北部,平原南部仅分布在邵岗东部、灵武东部秦渠和东干渠等;湖泊湿地总体呈逐渐减少趋势,主要分布在银川平原北部,永宁以北、平罗以南区域比较集中,滩涂沿黄河两岸分布;潜水总含盐量自西向东、自南向北不断增大;银川和石嘴山深层地下水超采严重,地下水降落漏斗面积已超过500 km2;沙漠化土地分布在银川平原的东西两侧;土壤盐渍化及地下水盐化主要由潜水位埋深过浅,蒸发强烈造成的。最后,提出了防治上述水环境问题的对策：进一步加强水资源管理以及地表水与地下水联合调配;提高农业水资源利用效率;完善田间工程配套,实现渠道防渗管道化;改进田间灌溉技术;严格污水排放,积极开展污水净化处理,实行污水资源化;加强对水土环境质量的系统监测。     

Distribution and evolution features of salinized soil in Hebei Plain

In order to study the distribution and evolution features of saline soil, the correlations between the groundwater depth, salinity and salinization of soil are examined through analyzing the hydrometeorological data and distribution maps of saline soil, groundwater depth and salinity in 1957 and 2005. The results show that the area of salinization has generally decreased. The area of salinization decreases with the increasing groundwater depth, and the dynamic evolution characteristics appeared between the groundwater depth and area of salinization. The area of heavy salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is > 5 g/L, the area of moderate salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is between 2-5 g/L, the area of light salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is 1-2 g/L and the area of non-salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is <1 g/L. The area of heavy salinization was characterized with groundwater depth <2.5 m and salinity >1.8 g/L. The area of non-salinization was characterized with groundwater depth >4.0 m and salinity 0.2-1.5 g/L.     

Salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water in southwest Bangladesh

To identify the causes of salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water on an embanked island (i.e., polder) in the tidal delta plain of SW Bangladesh we collected and analyzed water samples in the dry (May) and wet (October) seasons in 2012–2013. Samples were collected from rice paddies (wet season), saltwater ponds used for brine shrimp aquaculture (dry season), freshwater ponds and tidal channels (both wet and dry season), and rainwater collectors. Continuous measurements of salinity from March 2012 to February 2013 show that tidal channel water increases from ~0.15 ppt in the wet season up to ~20 ppt in the dry season. On the polder, surface water exceeds the World Health Organization drinking water guideline of 10 μg As/L in 78% of shrimp ponds and 27% of rice paddies, raising concerns that produced shrimp and rice could have unsafe levels of As. Drinking water sources also often have unsafe As levels, with 83% of tubewell and 43% of freshwater pond samples having >10 μg As/L. Water compositions and field observations are consistent with shrimp pond water being sourced from tidal channels during the dry season, rather than the locally saline groundwater from tubewells. Irrigation water for rice paddies is also obtained from the tidal channels, but during the wet season when surface waters are fresh. Salts become concentrated in irrigation water through evaporation, with average salinity increasing from 0.43 ppt in the tidal channel source to 0.91 ppt in the rice paddies. Our observations suggest that the practice of seasonally alternating rice and shrimp farming in a field has a negligible effect on rice paddy water salinity. Also, shrimp ponds do not significantly affect the salinity of adjacent surface water bodies or subjacent groundwater because impermeable shallow surface deposits of silt and clay mostly isolate surface water bodies from each other and from the shallow groundwater aquifer. Bivariate plots of conservative element concentrations show that all surface water types lie on mixing lines between dry season tidal channel water and rainwater, i.e., all are related by varying degrees of salinization. High As concentrations in dry season tidal channel water and shrimp ponds likely result from groundwater exfiltration and upstream irrigation in the dry season. Arsenic is transferred from tidal channels to rice paddies through irrigation. Including groundwater samples from the same area (Ayers et al. in Geochem Trans 17:1–22, 2016), principal components analysis and correlation analysis reveal that salinization explains most variation in surface water compositions, whereas progressive reduction of buried surface water by dissolved organic carbon is responsible for the nonconservative behavior of S, Fe, and As and changes in Eh and alkalinity of groundwater.     

Physico-chemical characterization of saline subsurface system near small endorheic ponds in Thailand

The problem of salt-ravaged lands is reported in many parts of the world and could be exacerbated by the presence of an endorheic pond normally associated with a saline low-lying area. An endorheic or playa pond accumulates dissolved salts which can be carried primarily by groundwater before discharging into the pond; then, intense evaporation produces salt residues which can wreak havoc on the adjacent areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the subsurface conditions and groundwater interactions beneath two endorheic saline ponds of Thailand’s Great Mekong Basin to have a better understanding and thereby efficiently manage the resources. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and geochemical properties (limited to pH, specific conductance and salinity) of the subsurface system was performed to determine the processes that regulated the migration of dissolved salt. The data collected from the deep and shallow groundwater of the basin were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical properties. Soil samples of various depths were examined to determine their respective geologic, chemical and unsaturated properties. The groundwater near the salt ponds was different from that of other areas in that its groundwater table was closer to the surface soil and its deep groundwater, which is of high pressure, was more saline than its shallow groundwater. As the capillary rise influences the topsoil, particularly in the saline pond areas, the vertical upward flow and the capillary force are thus the additional mechanisms of salt transportation to the endorheic ponds. Since these surface water bodies are the discharge sites for saline groundwater and are not perennial, a practical solution is to localize the saline groundwater.     

渤海湾西岸滨海盐渍土的盐渍化特征分析

渤海湾西岸滨海盐渍土的盐渍化特征与滨海平原的地面高程、气候条件、盐渍土的理化性状、地下水的矿化度及人类活动等密切相关。就土盐渍化的程度而言,地面高程较高处的土高于地面高程较低处的土,上层土高于下层土。受蒸发和降水影响,地下水位以上土的盐渍化敏感深度为1 m左右。随着气候的变化,滨海盐渍土显现出春季蒸发,上层土积盐;夏季淋洗,土中盐分向下移动的盐渍化特征。随着深度的增加,土的含盐量逐渐减少,至地下水位附近出现轻微增长。从剖面上地表至地下水位间可划分为3个不同聚盐形态和含盐量的土盐渍化程度分区带,即土蒸发浓缩聚盐带、土盐化变动带和土饱水溶盐带;平面上向海岸线方向延伸,土逐渐由非盐渍土变为弱盐渍土、中盐渍土和强盐渍土,含盐量和盐渍化程度也越来越高。地下水位浅和地下水矿化度高,则上层土的盐渍化程度就愈高。     

山东黄河北矿区土壤盐渍化特征分析

为了研究黄河北矿区土壤盐渍化现状及特征,采用野外调查、钻探、现场采样和室内分析测试等手段获取了土壤盐分含量和地下水特征数据,分析了区内土壤盐分含量、空间分布、垂向变化及与浅层地下水的相互关系。结果显示,研究区土壤主要以潜在盐渍土和轻度盐渍土为主,土壤盐分中阴离子以重碳酸根和硫酸根离子为主,阳离子以钠和钙离子为主。土壤垂向上显示表聚性（0～20 cm）,表层盐渍化严重,深部盐渍化程度有所降低。研究区土壤盐渍土与浅层地下水存在内在的自然的直接关系,土壤全盐量与地下水中溶解性总固体(TDS)含量呈明显正相关关系,而与浅层地下水位埋深呈负相关关系。研究区煤炭的开发利用,将加剧和恶化土壤盐渍化程度,煤炭的开采需要合理确定地表塌陷的程度,以此来倒逼煤炭的开采开发模式,从而减缓土壤盐渍化程度。     

The spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta

In coastal area, salinization is a common and serious problem for crop cultivation and ecological restoration of degraded wetlands. Therefore, the soil salinity has attracted increasing attention from farmers, government and environmental scientists. The factors controlling the soil salinity distribution have become a hot point in saline soil studies. In this study, statistics and geostatistics were used to explore the distribution of soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) based on 150 soil samples that were collected in June 2010. Besides the experimental work, a geographical information system technique was adopted in this study. The results showed that the soil salinity ranged from 0.11 to 10.50 dS m^?1 and the salinity in topsoil was higher than that in subsoil in the YRD, indicating that the salt in subsoil moved up and accumulated in topsoil as a function of evaporation. There was a significant difference among soil salinity spatial variances from different soil depths in the YRD. Generally, soil salinity of the topsoil was higher than that of the subsoil. Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations in soil salinity between different soil depths. In addition, landforms, land uses, soil types and soil texture were important factors affecting soil salinity. The current distribution of soil salinity resulted from the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. The present study results suggest that the impacts of human activities were critical factors for salt redistribution in the coastal wetlands, which should be valuable for agricultural management and ecological restoration in the YRD.     

江苏沿海盐渍土盐渍化程度及其影响因素分析

盐渍土是江苏沿海地区开发建设需关注的地质环境问题之一。本文系统采集5 m以浅的土样,开展易溶盐试验,研究了江苏沿海盐渍土分布规律、盐渍化程度及影响因素。研究结果表明:全区盐渍土平行于海岸线分布;以中、弱盐渍土为主,强盐渍土零星分布。受沉积环境、气候、水文地质条件、人类活动等共同影响,盐渍化程度空间差异明显。平面上,盐渍化程度呈北强南弱、向海岸线方向延伸有逐渐增强的趋势,强盐渍土分布于连云港黏性土区,岩性、地下水矿化度为主导影响因素。垂向上,表层普遍积盐,连云港地区分带不明显,大丰和南通地区自地表而下可划分为三带,表层土蒸发积盐、中层盐动态变化、下层土饱水盐稳定,地下水位、土体结构为主导影响因素。随着沿海大开发的快速推进,为防止次生盐渍化问题,需关注地面沉降导致的地面高程损失诱发海水入侵加重表层土盐渍化,工程建设中可设置隔离层截断高矿化度地下水的毛细作用。