甘肃北山地区骆驼山镁铁--超镁铁岩体岩石成因

骆驼山镁铁--超镁铁岩体主要岩石类型有单辉橄长岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、橄长岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩。橄榄石Fo为76~83,为贵橄榄石。辉石化学特征以及主量元素特征表明其属拉斑玄武岩系列,稀土元素配分曲线总体表现为轻稀土稍富集、重稀土微分异的特征。微量元素具有大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr)相对富集,高场强元素Ta、Hf、Th相对亏损的特征。岩浆演化过程中分离结晶作用主要受单斜辉石控制。Nb/U、Ce/Pb值更接近于地壳值以及敏感元素比值协变关系表明岩浆演化过程发生了同化混染作用。Th/Yb-Nb/Yb、La/Ba-La/Nb之间的关系指示岩浆源区可能为流体交代改造的富集型岩石圈地幔。     

中国东部几个地区新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石—熔体平衡温压—兼论幔源包体的成因

以中国东部宽甸、汉诺坝和明溪含有幔源包体的新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑（巨）晶为研究对象,采用最新的单斜辉石－熔体平衡温压计对单斜辉石斑（巨）晶－熔体进行了平衡温压计算。结果表明,碱性玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑晶结晶温度和压力高于共生的亚碱性玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑晶,单斜辉石巨晶的结晶温度和压力高于单斜辉石斑晶。这说明碱性玄武岩的形成深度大于亚碱性玄武岩,单斜辉石巨晶是更高压力下的结晶产物,单斜辉石斑晶在岩浆上升的不同深度均有晶出。回归分析表明,尽管携带幔源包体的玄武岩浆上升速度较快,但并不是绝热上升。单斜辉石斑（巨）晶的结晶温压条件与同一地点幔源包体平衡温压条件的对比表明,单斜辉石巨晶和碱性玄武岩中的部分单斜辉石斑（巨）晶的结晶温压大于幔源包体的平衡温压,表明了包体寄主岩浆的来源深度大于包体的深度。因此,幔源包体是寄主岩浆上升途中捕虏的上地幔碎块,而非寄主岩浆形成源区的残留体。     

东天山云海铜镍矿地球化学特征及成因分析

云海铜镍矿位于觉罗塔格构造带西段,成矿岩体为多期次侵入的杂岩体,岩体分异演化充分,镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石均有发育,主要岩石类型为角闪辉石岩、橄榄苏长岩、辉长岩、闪长岩。主量元素化学组成表明,该杂岩体属拉斑玄武岩系列,岩石具同源演化特征,显示高铁、高镁、低钛、低铝特征,富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,亏损Nb,Ta,轻稀土富集。岩浆源区有部分熔融而交代的岩石圈地幔,岩浆在上升过程中受到地壳物质混染,发生橄榄石、斜方辉石、斜长石的分离结晶。岩体形成于早二叠世,为构造活动和地幔柱双重作用下的产物。     

内蒙古达里诺尔含金云母辉石岩的发现及其地质意义

对华北克拉通北缘达里诺尔地区鸽子山附近玄武岩中的含金云母辉石岩捕虏体进行了岩石学、矿物学的研究,并对其中的单斜辉石、斜方辉石、金云母和粒间熔体进行了原位微区主、微量元素分析。结果显示,单斜辉石和斜方辉石具有低的Mg^#、Cr 2O 3和高的Al2O3含量,斜方辉石还具有高的MnO含量,这些特征表明辉石岩代表了交代熔体在地幔中冷却固结堆晶形成的岩脉。辉石岩中金云母、粒间熔体的出现及其不平衡的地球化学特征说明辉石岩形成以后又遭受到了多期次的硅酸盐熔体地幔交代作用。结晶出单斜辉石的母岩浆在蛛网图上具有K、Pb元素的弱负异常但不具有Nb、Ta、Ti元素的负异常,推测形成辉石岩的熔体可能来自软流圈地幔。粒间熔体的低SiO2,高MgO和FeO的特征指示其形成于地幔超基性岩的部分熔融,蛛网图上明显的K、Pb正异常以及Nb、Ta负异常说明其源区也存在俯冲沉积物的贡献。基于此,认为中国东部新生代岩石圈地幔经历了多期次地幔交代作用。     

新疆阿尔泰东南缘哈拉乔拉镁铁质岩体地球化学特征与地质意义

哈拉乔拉镁铁质岩体位于新疆阿尔泰造山带东南缘, 主要岩石类型有辉长岩、辉长苏长岩、含长辉石岩、橄榄辉长岩和橄长岩.哈拉乔拉岩体具有低TiO₂(0.09%~1.28%)、低碱(Na₂O+K₂O=0.37%~0.78%)的特点, 属于拉斑玄武岩系列; 富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素, 亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta等), ε_Nd(t)为-2.62~-0.78, ε_Sr(t)为37.49~45.28.元素地球化学和Nd-Sr同位素组成表明, 岩浆源区为被消减板片交代改造过的富集型岩石圈地幔.原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆, 岩浆演化过程中主要发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石以及斜长石的分离结晶/堆晶, 后期有钛铁矿的析出.      

东天山四顶黑山层状岩体岩石地球化学特征

位于东天山黄山岩带最东端的四顶黑山镁铁质-超镁铁质层状杂岩体规模较大,呈北东向展布,可分为南、北2个岩体。主要岩石类型有单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄榄苏长辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉石角闪岩、辉长岩和角闪辉长岩,超镁铁岩相常与辉长岩相呈韵律互层。主量元素化学组成主要属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦型以及Eu的正异常,普遍富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、U),显示明显的Sr正异常以及Nb、Ta的亏损。通过橄榄石最高的Fo值(79.6)估算出母岩浆中MgO和FeO含量分别为6.23%和6.60%。岩浆在演化过程中发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、斜长石的分离结晶/堆晶作用以及较弱的上地壳同化混染作用。岩石高的(La/Yb)N值1.550和1.744值表明岩浆源区的深度可能大于90km;Th/U值特征以及Th/Yb-Nb/Yb和La/Ba-La/Nb图解表明,四顶黑山岩体的岩浆源区可能为受俯冲作用改造的岩石圈地幔。     

土耳其中部阿哲格尔火山湖新生代玄武岩的地球化学与岩石成因

阿哲格尔火山湖玄武岩是位于卡帕多利亚火成岩省(CVP)东部的第四纪火山岩之一。与CVP中其他火山岩相比,玄武岩具有演化程度较低,成分上更接近原始岩浆的特征。玄武岩记录了两期深部岩浆活动:橄榄石捕掳晶Fo值高达89,尖晶石包裹体具有低Cr~#、高Al的特征,表明了早期岩浆源区可能为受俯冲板片流体交代的岩石圈地幔;除样品TCA02外,玄武岩ΣCe/ΣY比值为1.39~2.11,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值为0.51287~0.51288,Th/Nb比值为0.15~0.16,具有大陆裂谷玄武岩的特征,反应了晚期的碱性岩浆起源于软流圈地幔。与CVP早-中更新世钙碱性岩浆相对比,晚期碱性岩浆的高场强元素(如Nb、Ta)具有弱的负异常,K、Ba等大离子亲石元素富集程度较低,揭示了岩浆在上升演化过程中存在富集交代的岩石圈地幔物质的加入。     

华北克拉通西部陆块北缘新生代岩石圈地幔特征的初步研究

凉城、四子王旗、三义堂和大同的地幔包体的岩石学和矿物的主、微量元素成分显示华北克拉通中、西部北缘总体为过渡型岩石圈地幔,为原始地幔经过不同程度的熔体抽取和后期交代富集作用的残留.凉城岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最低,后期交代富集作用比较强烈,这与其橄榄岩中尖晶石的Cr#较低,并且共存的单斜辉石的Mg#较低一致.三义堂岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最高,后期交代富集作用最强烈,不同样品甚至同一样品中不同单斜辉石颗粒的La/Yb和LREE配分模式变化范围非常大,且矿物边部比核部更富集微量元素.大同、四子王旗岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度介于凉城和三义堂之间,但后期的交代富集作用明显不如凉城和三义堂强烈.研究区的岩石圈地幔主要受硅酸盐熔体交代作用的影响,只有三义堂岩石圈地幔还可能也受到了碳酸盐交代作用的影响.     

海南岛晚古生代洋岛玄武岩(OIB型)的发现及地球动力学暗示

海南岛西部的军营-邦溪地区产出一套变质的、晚古生代镁铁质-超镁铁质熔岩系列.根据地质学、岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究,该套岩石可划分为高镁和低镁两个系列,前者以高镁(Mg# =76.9～81.3)为特征,后者以低镁(Mg#=40.7～48.4)、高钛含量(2.34％ ～3.27％)为特征.这套镁铁质-超镁铁质熔岩具有LREE富集[(La/Yb)N =2.40～7.58]和无明显Eu异常的稀土配分模式,以及无Nb亏损、但略具轻微Ta正异常的微量元素原始地幔标准化曲线;87Sr/86Sr (270Ma)和εNd(270Ma)比值的变化范围分别为0.70645 ～0.70956和+4.7～ +6.5,这些地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)极其相似.一些反映源区特征的比值,如Ta/Hf、Th/Nb、Nb/Zr、La/Ta、La/Sm、(La/Nb)PM、(Th/Ta)PM等均指示其地幔柱成因,是石榴子石二辉橄榄岩地幔低程度部分熔融形成的产物.橄榄石斑晶的矿物化学进一步揭示,岩石的高镁性质是由橄榄石堆晶引起的,而橄榄石斑晶低的Fo(68 ～77)值,暗示其原始岩浆为低镁的玄武质岩浆;低镁系列相对于高镁系列明显低的Cr、Ni含量,说明岩浆随后发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用.军营-邦溪地区晚古生代OIB型洋岛玄武岩可能代表了东古特提斯洋在海南岛的又一记录,该认识对深入探讨华南古特提斯洋的演化及其在海南岛的响应提供了新的证据.     

鲁西邹平盆地中生代火山岩的演化:对地幔源区的约束

邹平盆地中生代火山岩可分为三个亚组：中、下亚组具有相似的岩石组合,岩性主要为玄武岩-粗面玄武岩-玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩;上亚组岩性主要为粗面安山岩。火山岩由早期基性向晚期中偏碱性方向演化,与正常岩浆房酸度增高的岩浆分异趋势相同。具有Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）富集,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）相对亏损,类似于岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。Nb／La、Hf／Sm比值随MgO的降低而升高或基本不变,说明高场强元素亏损是岩浆的原始特征。各亚组火山岩相似的稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图,表明它们具有共同的岩浆源区和密切的成因联系,分离结晶起了关键性作用。La／Nb、La／Ta、Ba／Nb比值较高,说明成岩物质可能主要来自岩石圈地幔。拆沉的大陆中、下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体与古生代岩石圈地幔（亏损的地幔橄榄岩）的相互作用是岩石圈地幔富集的重要方式,随之该富集地幔在陆内岩石圈伸展和区域热异常的双重作用下发生减压部分熔融而形成具有岛弧特征的邹平盆地火山岩。     

岩浆侵位机制研究综述

岩浆侵位机制是研究地球动力作用的重要依据,综合国内外资料,对岩浆侵位机制提出了按侵位深度,岩浆迁移距离,岩浆结晶程度的分类方案及其联合侵位类型。分别对各类侵位机制 岩浆侵位过程,特点,研究现状进行了综述,并讨论了岩浆定位空间问题和影响岩浆定位的因素。     

Stepwise accumulation and ascent of magmas

One of the currently popular theories on magma ascent is that it mainly occurs by propagating hydrofractures (dykes) and that magma viscosity is the primary rate‐controlling factor. This theory is based on mathematical models for single hydrofractures under idealised conditions. We simulated magma ascent with air ascending through gelatine and observed that the air ascended in batches, following paths made by their predecessors. Multiple batches accumulate at obstacles along the path. Although magma viscosity may control ascent rate during movement, obstacles ultimately control the size and average ascent velocity of ascending batches. We propose that step‐wise movement of magma batches is the mechanism of primary accumulation and ascent from the partially molten source rock of a magma to its first emplacement site and therefore the main ascent mechanism for granitic magmas. ‘Classical’ dyking is the mechanism for secondary ascent from a magma chamber.     

Episodic granite accumulation and extraction from the mid‐crust

The processes of long‐range granitic magma transfer from mid‐ and lower crustal anatectic zones to upper crustal pluton emplacement sites remain controversial in the literature. This is partly because feeder networks that could have accommodated this large‐scale magma transport remain elusive in the field. Existing granite ascent models are based largely on numerical and theoretical studies that seek to demonstrate the viability of fracture‐controlled magma transport through dykes or self‐propagating hydrofractures. In most cases, the models present very little supporting field evidence, such as sufficiently voluminous near‐ or within‐source magma accumulations, to support their basic premises. We document large (deca‐ to hectometre‐scale), steeply dipping and largely homogeneous granite lenses in suprasolidus (~5 kbar, ~750 °C) mid‐crustal rocks in the Damara Belt in Namibia. The lenses are surrounded by and connected to shallowly dipping networks of stromatic leucogranites in the well‐layered gneisses of the deeply incised Husab Gorge. The outcrops define a four‐stage process from (i) the initial formation and growth of large, subvertical magma‐filled lenses as extension fractures developed at high angles to the subhorizontal regional extension in relatively competent wall‐rock layers. This stage is followed by (ii) the simultaneous lateral inflation and (iii) subcritical vertical growth of the lenses to a critical length that (iv) promotes fracture destabilization, buoyancy‐driven upward fracture mobilization and, consequently, vertical magma transport. These field observations are compared with existing numerical models and are used to constrain, by referring to the dimensions of the largest preserved inflated leucogranite lens, an estimate of the minimum fracture length (~100 m) and volume (~2.4 × 10⁵ m³) required to initiate buoyancy‐driven brittle fracture propagation in this particular mid‐crustal section. The critical values and field relationships compare favourably with theoretical models of magma ascent along vertical self‐propagating hydrofractures which close at their tails during propagation. This process leaves behind subtle wake‐like structures and thin leucogranite trails that mark the path of magma ascent. Reutilization of such conduits by repeated inflation and drainage is consistent with the episodic accumulation and removal of magma from the mid‐crust and is reflected in the sheeted nature of many upper crustal granitoid plutons.     

Remobilization of Highly Crystalline Felsic Magma by Injection of Mafic Magma: Constraints from the Middle Sixth Century Eruption at Haruna Volcano, Honshu, Japan

The latest eruption of Haruna volcano at Futatsudake took placein the middle of the sixth century, starting with a Plinianfall, followed by pyroclastic flows, and ending with lava domeformation. Gray pumices found in the first Plinian phase (lowerfall) and the dome lavas are the products of mixing betweenfelsic (andesitic) magma having 50 vol. % phenocrysts and maficmagma. The mafic magma was aphyric in the initial phase, whereasit was relatively phyric during the final phase. The aphyricmagma is chemically equivalent to the melt part of the phyricmafic magma and probably resulted from the separation of phenocrystsat their storage depth of 15 km. The major part of the felsicmagma erupted as white pumice, without mixing and heating priorto the eruption, after the mixed magma (gray pumice) and heatedfelsic magma (white pumice) of the lower fall deposit. Althoughthe mafic magma was injected into the felsic magma reservoir(at 7 km depth), part of the product (lower fall ejecta) precedederuption of the felsic reservoir magma, as a consequence ofupward dragging by the convecting reservoir of felsic magma.The mafic magma injection made the nearly rigid felsic magmaerupt, letting low-viscosity mixed and heated magmas open theconduit and vent. Indeed the lower fall white pumices preservea record of syneruptive slow ascent of magma to 2 km depth,probably associated with conduit formation. KEY WORDS: high-crystallinity felsic magma; magma plumbing system; multistage magma mixing; upward dragging of injected magma; vent opening by low-viscosity magma     

Pervasive granitoid magma transfer through the lower–middle crust during non-coaxial compressional deformation

Granitic magmas migrated through Early Proterozoic middle–lower crust at Mt Hay, central Australia, via a diverse network of narrow structurally controlled channelways, during a period of progressive W–SW-directed thrusting (D1a–D1d). They utilized existing folds, boudins and shear zones, or created new channels by magmatic fracture either parallel to layering or, rarely, in irregular arrays. The magmas rose obliquely, parallel to the plunging (50–60°) regional elongation direction, which was defined by coaxial folds, boudin necks and a strong mineral-elongation lineation. Megacrystic charnockitic magmas migrated through metre-scale conduits during D1a–D1b, but leucosomes were generally restricted to smaller (centimetre-scale) structures that existed throughout the entire deformation history. Thus, D1a/D1b leucosomes were potential feeders of in situ partial melts to the adjacent larger conduits of charnockite magma, thereby providing a pervasive interconnected network that allowed efficient migration of all magma types during the early stages of thrusting. The upper–middle crust of the Anmatjira–Reynolds Range area contains abundant megacrystic granitoid sheets that are of similar age and geochemistry to those at Mt Hay. They are considered to have formed as syntectonic intrusions emplaced during W–SW-directed thrusting, as at Mt Hay, suggesting that granitic magmas formed near the base of the continental crust passed through the mid-lower crustal level (25–30 km) exposed at Mt Hay and accumulated, in batholithic proportions, at shallower crustal levels (12–20 km) such as the Anmatjira–Reynolds Range area. The observations imply that granitoid magmas in the deep crust are capable of pervasive migration through the crust during major compressive, noncoaxial shear deformation. Localization of magmas by sequentially developed, narrow, compressive structures suggests that dilatancy followed successive foliation-forming events, a situation that can occur during steady-state deformation if the effective confining pressures are low, which would be a result of high and possibly variable rates of magma influx. The inferred rapid melt segregation and migration during deformation suggest that large chambers do not form until magma reaches neutral buoyancy in the middle to upper continental crust.     

岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的若干特征

摘　 要　 在内生成矿作用中成矿流体有 3 种:岩浆、 热液和岩浆 热液过渡性流体。 从地质研 究、 矿物包裹体、 成矿实验 3 个方面简介了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床研究的进展。 指出岩浆 热 液过渡性流体有 2种形成方式:一是在岩浆结晶过程中挥发分不断集中而形成, 另一是由熔 离作用所形成。 并从矿体与岩浆岩的关系、 矿体与围岩的关系、 矿石的结构构造、 围岩蚀变、 分带现象、 矿物包裹体 6 个方面总结了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的特征。     

河南维摩寺—草庙A型花岗岩岩浆物理性质及定位机理

岩石动力学是一门刚刚兴起的边缘学科。本文是岩浆动力学理论的应用。文中基于岩石化学成分,计算了河南维摩寺—草庙A型花岗岩熔体在不同温度下的粘度和密度,阐述了岩浆上升通道和上侵时的温度,继之依据粘性流体力学理论,通过各种计算探讨了岩浆上升速度,岩浆冷凝速度和钾长石斑晶的沉浮行为及其分布机理,对有关地质问题做出定量化解释。     

南澜沧江结合带火山岩岩浆成因——洋脊洋岛与弧岩浆作用的性质

在对滇西南昌宁—孟连带石炭—二叠纪火山岩和南澜沧江带二叠—三叠纪火山岩的微量元素和稀土元素研究的基础上,划分了岩浆作用类型和岩浆演化系列,探讨了岩浆源区成分特点。昌宁—孟连带玄武质岩浆的演化主要受部分熔融和分离结晶作用控制;这些岩浆可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）稀土曲线平坦型的洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于亏损型地幔;（２）稀土曲线中等富集型的准洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于过渡型地幔;（３）稀土曲线强烈富集型的洋岛型碱性玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于富集型地幔。南澜沧江带弧火山岩的岩浆成因主要受分离结晶作用控制,也可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）二叠纪低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（２）中南段的晚三叠世低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（３）北段的晚三叠世钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列     

铜陵地区燕山期侵入岩成因与三端元岩浆混合作用

本文从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、同位素地球化学方面探讨了铜陵地区岩浆演化的制约因素。显微镜下发现了岩浆混合结构。研究表明岩浆混合作用属较均一的化学混合。高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石组合表明燕山早期为加厚的陆壳或具有山根的造山带,岩浆形成于55km以下。Izanagi板块俯冲及大陆岩石圈拆沉减薄诱发软流圈物质上涌,减压熔融产生玄武岩岩浆,底侵并加热下地壳物质部分熔融产生正长岩岩浆。参与岩浆混合的是进化的玄武岩岩浆。铜陵地区侵入岩主要是三端元岩浆——玄武岩岩浆、正长岩岩浆和花岗岩岩浆混合的产物。     

新疆哈密黄山杂岩体岩浆动力学计算及成岩模式

本文通过岩浆粘度、密度、不混溶分离速度及岩浆沿裂隙上升速度等的计算,论证了黄山杂岩体第二侵入期岩浆发生液态不混溶的流体动力学条件,从而推断存在一个次级岩浆房,并认为这个次级岩浆房为液态不混溶分离提供了稳定空间。在此基础上,结合地幔中硫化物的分布特点和地幔岩块底辟上升模式,提出了第二侵入期岩浆的形成演化模式。