新疆东天山地区三岔口铜矿床的成因:岩石学、年代学和地球化学证据

三岔口铜矿床位于新疆东天山大南湖岛弧带的东北缘。目前对于三岔口铜矿床的成因类型及成矿年代还存在争议。三岔口铜矿床中赋矿岩体为闪长岩-花岗闪长岩,发育黑云母化、硅化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化等。测得三岔口铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为416Ma±6.4 Ma,含矿闪长岩中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为425 Ma±3.9 Ma,反映该矿床形成于中志留世。矿区内闪长岩-花岗闪长岩w(Na_2O+K_2O)为3.88%~4.68%,A/NCK值均大于1,为铝饱和岩石。岩体贫钾(w(K_2O)0.47%~1.18%)富钠(w(Na_2O)_2.83%~4.23%),w(TiO_2)偏低(0.41%~0.46%),多属于低钾拉斑系列。岩体富集w(Ba)(260×10~(-6)~4 810×10~(-6)),w(Sr)(644×10~(-6)~797×10~(-6))等大离子亲石元素,亏损w(Nb)(2.1×10~(-6)~2.6×10~(-6)),w(Ta)(0.1×10~(-6)),w(Zr)(11.2×10~(-6)~13.1×10~(-6))等高场强元素,具岛弧岩浆岩的特征。岩体富Na贫K,K_2O/Na_2O0.42,且具有高w(Al_2O_3)(≥16.65%),w(SiO_2)(≥61.3%),w(Sr)(≥644×10~(-6))以及较低的w(Y)(≤13.7×10~(-6))和w(Yb)(≤1.41×10~(-6)),具O型埃达克岩的特征,表明三岔口铜矿床形成于俯冲岛弧环境。结合研究区域内铜(钼)矿床的成矿时代及矿床类型,得出东天山地区有三期斑岩型矿床成矿作用:志留纪的三岔口、玉海斑岩型铜矿床,石炭纪的土屋-延东、延西等斑岩型铜矿床,以及三叠纪的东戈壁、白山斑岩型钼矿床。     

中亚造山带东段南缘早志留世岩体锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文报道了分布于中亚造山带南缘苏尼特右旗太古生庙地区太古生庙岩体和库伦哈达岩体的岩相学、地球化学和年代学特征,以讨论该岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,太古生庙英云闪长岩结晶年龄为442.6±2.4Ma,库伦哈达石英闪长岩结晶年龄为434.2±2.2Ma,说明太古生庙地区早古生代存在岩浆活动。其中太古生庙岩体地球化学特征类似于典型的埃达克岩,其Si O2含量56%(70.02%~70.51%),Al2O3含量≥15%(15.99%~16.37%),Mg O3%(0.56%~0.83%),Na2O3%(4.33%~4.66%),K2O/Na2O比值0.5(0.3~0.4);在微量元素特征方面,Sr400×10-6(681×10-6~783×10-6),Yb1.9×10-6(0.6×10-6~0.9×10-6),Y18×10-6(5.4×10-6~9.3×10-6),无明显的Eu异常。库伦哈达岩体与太古生庙岩体相比,Si O2含量较低(57.92%~66.78%),Al2O3为相当(14.91%~18.26%),MgO含量为1.17%~2.31%,Na2O含量为3.29%~4.36%,K2O含量为1.43%~3.09%;在微量元素判别图解中,库伦哈达岩体的岩石样品投图位于埃达克岩和典型的岛弧型火山岩的叠加区域,而太古生庙岩体样品全部落入埃达克岩区域内,太古生庙岩体可能是洋壳部分熔融的产物,而库伦哈达岩体可能是早期俯冲的洋壳部分熔融的产物混染了部分熔融的地幔楔之后形成了这种具有正常岛弧岩浆特征的岩石,其形成的环境为岛弧环境。     

西准噶尔托里县都伦河东岩体埃达克岩特征及其地质意义

都伦河东岩体位于西准噶尔达尔布特断裂西南端,岩性主要为石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩,岩体内接触带有较强硅化、黄铁矿化等矿化特征显示。岩石富w(Na2O)(3.63%~4.70%),贫w(K2O)(0.56%~2.91%),Na2O/K2O比值为1.33~6.75,w(SiO2)多56%(54.57%~69.67%),w(A12O3)多15%(14.53%~18.03%),w(MgO)多3%,个别高于6%,Mg#值51.62~66.60,低Y18×10~(-6)(仅1样19.88×10~(-6))和Yb1.9×10~(-6)(仅1样2.05×10~(-6)),Sr均400×10~(-6)(466×10~(-6)~1066×10~(-6)),Sr/Y均20(23.43~83.74);富集LREE而亏损HREE,Eu多具正异常,少数弱负异常(δEu=0.81~1.24),大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,Sr和Th相对富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr相对亏损,因而显示典型的埃达克质岩属性,近同于包古图一带含矿小斑岩体地球化学特征,显示良好的与埃达克岩相关的找矿信息,为区域晚古生代埃达克质岩浆活动和Cu,Au成矿作用研究提供新佐证。     

安徽张八岭隆起南段中生代岩浆作用:岩石成因和构造指示意义

郯庐断裂带南段的张八岭隆起区广泛发育燕山期岩浆岩。其岩石类型以花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、二长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和石英二长岩为主。包括主要分布在张八岭隆起北段的高镁埃达克岩和南段肥东地区的低镁埃达克岩。本研究选取肥东地区竹园张岩体做研究对象,发现竹园张岩体沿郯庐主断裂带侵位,岩性为闪长岩。通过锆石LA-ICPMS精确定年得到竹园张岩体的年龄为128.2 Ma±2.3 Ma(1个样品),这一年龄与张八岭地区晚中生代燕山期岩浆作用的峰期一致,属于白垩世早期产物。竹园张岩体为中性侵入体,2个样品测定其SiO_2质量分数为57.99%~61.27%,富K(w(K_2O)2.72%~3.35%,属于高钾钙碱性准铝质系列,并具有与埃达克质岩类似的地球化学特征,无明显的Eu异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.95~1.06),富集w(Ba)(1 745×10~(-6)~2 100×10~(-6)),w(U)(1.21×10~(-6)~1.18×10~(-6)),w(K)(3 536×10~(-6)~4 614×10~(-6))等大离子亲石元素,亏损w(Nb)(7.9×10~(-6)~8.9×10~(-6)),w(Ta)(0.4×10~(-6)~0.6×10~(-6)),w(Ti)等高场强元素,A/CNK值小于1,属于准铝质I型花岗岩。竹园张岩体的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)初始比值为(0.706 1~0.706 2),ε_(Nd)(t)为(-16.66~-19.38)。综合地球化学研究表明,竹园张埃达克质岩石不是由年轻的洋壳部分熔融或同化混染分离结晶(AFC)或岩浆混合形成的,较低的ε_(Nd)(t)、较低的放射性成因Pb(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb_i=16.495~16.514)进一步岩石成因可能是拆沉下地壳的部分熔融,并可能经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用,岩浆侵位过程中没有明显的中、上地壳混染。     

大兴安岭北段霍洛台铜铅锌矿区花岗闪长岩的岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学制约

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区霍洛台花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学表明,霍洛台花岗闪长岩(145 Ma)为早白垩世岩浆侵入产物。元素地球化学组成表明,为一套具埃达克岩特征的高钾钙碱性系列岩石,表现为高SiO_2(65.64%~66.00%)、高K_2O(3.67%~3.77%)、低MgO(0.09%~1.21%)、高Sr含量(814.00×10~(-6)~893.00×10~(-6)),低Yb(0.194×10~(-6)~0.536×10~(-6))和Y(6.38×10~(-6)~7.73×10~(-6)),A/CNK为0.94~0.958,轻重稀土元素分异明显。La/Yb(92.54~245.88)、Th/La(0.17~0.2)、Th/U(4.01~4.84)和Mg~#值(26.70~29.22)等特征显示霍洛台花岗闪长岩为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成。结合区域构造演化背景,认为霍洛台花岗闪长岩为受蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造体系影响下地壳加厚挤压-伸展转换阶段作用产物。     

内蒙古赤峰地区蒙古营子花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及成因

赤峰蒙古营子岩体位于华北板块以北的兴蒙造山带南端,岩性主要为花岗闪长岩。其Si O2含量介于56.88%~68.82%之间,Na2O含量为4.32%~4.54%,K2O含量为2.3%~3.86%,且Na2OK2O。里特曼指数σ=2.4~3.29,Al2O3含量介于15.1%~16.8%之间,A/CNK=0.81~0.92,属于高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。富集轻稀土元素(LREE)、亏损重稀土元素(HREE)和高场强元素(HFSE)。Sr含量为782×10-6~1230×10-6,Y和Yb平均值分别为20.1×10-6和1.77×10-6,(La/Yb)N值为19.84~22.03,δEu=0.81~1.04,Eu异常不明显。岩体总体显示出C型埃达克岩的地球化学属性,暗示岩浆可能源于加厚的下地壳部分熔融。采用LA-ICP-MS技术测得的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为252.8±2.4Ma,表明该岩体形成于古生代末期—早中生代。结合兴蒙造山带的构造演化历史,认为蒙古营子花岗闪长岩应为西伯利亚板块和华北板块后碰撞阶段的产物,具有幔源岩浆底侵诱发地壳生长的指示意义。     

柴北缘早古生代埃达克质花岗岩锆石定年及其地质意义

铁石观岩体位于柴达木盆地北缘中偏西段,是该地区新发现的具埃达克岩特点的花岗岩。岩石化学分析结果表明,铁石观岩体SiO2含量变化于71.36%~73.70%,Al2O3含量介于14.48%~15.64%之间,MgO含量为0.44%~0.71%,w(Sr)一般350×10-6,w(Yb)变化于0.67×10-6~1.58×10-6,w(Y)介于6.74×10-6~18.02×10-6,w(Sr)/w(Y)=21.32~72.49,富集LREE和大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE及高场强元素,与典型的埃达克岩相似。铁石观岩体锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(422.0±6.4)Ma,代表了岩浆形成年龄。研究表明,铁石观岩体形成于大陆后碰撞造山阶段,为加厚陆壳重熔形成。     

甘肃北山四顶黑山岩基地球化学特征及成因探讨

四顶黑山岩基是甘肃北山北带规模较大、岩石类型丰富的复式岩基之一,由四顶黑山岩体(早期)、双沟山岩体(中期)和马鞍山北岩体(晚期)组成。同位素测年表明,四顶黑山岩体侵位时代为早石炭世(327~351Ma),双沟山岩体形成于中—晚二叠世(263.5Ma±4.7Ma),而马鞍山北岩体为中三叠世(237.8±4.3Ma)。四顶黑山岩体为一基性—超基性杂岩体,由辉长岩、角闪辉长岩和少量橄榄岩组成,岩石富Mg、Fe,LREE富集,Eu呈正异常,富集相容元素而亏损不相容元素,可能代表了晚古生代底侵到加厚地壳底部的玄武质岩浆。双沟山岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩组成;而马鞍山北岩体主要由花岗闪长岩和斑状二长花岗岩组成。双沟山岩体和马鞍山北岩体均具有埃达克岩类似的岩石地球化学特征:SiO_256%(平均分别为65.94%和66.88%),Al_2O_3≥16%(平均分别为15.77%和15.10%)和MgO3%(平均分别为1.79%和1.61%),微量元素Sr400×10~(-6)(平均分别为418×10~(-6)和499×10~(-6));Yb1.9×10~(-6)(平均分别为1.26×10~(-6)和1.17×10~(-6));Y18×10~(-6)(平均分别为10.39×10~(-6)和11.44×10~(-6)),LREE富集和Eu为弱负异常—正异常,相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Hf和Ti等)。结合岩体产出的构造位置及区域地质演化,认为双沟山岩可能是在中—晚二叠世,研究区处于造山后伸展环境,地幔物质上涌,底侵于地壳底部,导致玄武质下地壳发生部分熔融形成,而马鞍山北岩体可能与古特提斯洋板块于晚二叠世到三叠纪向北俯冲诱发了本区陆内俯冲有关。     

太行山北段王安镇杂岩体岩石学、年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

王安镇杂岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、花岗岩、石英闪长岩、二长闪长岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示,花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩分别形成于129±2.7Ma和128.3±1.9Ma,说明该杂岩体形成于早白垩世。王安镇杂岩体具有高Sr/Y比值(3.63~83.5),和高Sr(373×10-6~821×10-6),及低Y(7.36×10-6~22.21×10-6)、Yb(0.95×10-6~1.27×10-6)含量的地球化学特征,这与埃达克岩相似。该杂岩体具有相对低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0.706538~0.709484)和明显偏低的εNd(128Ma)值(-18.4~-12.8)。结合太行山中生代中-基性侵入岩中地幔包体已有的研究成果,认为具有高Sr/Y特征的王安镇杂岩体是在下地壳发生大规模拆沉的基础上,随着软流圈上涌其所携带的热促使加厚基性下地壳发生部分熔融,之后熔融岩浆在上升的过程中发生了角闪石的结晶分异和岩浆混合作用形成。     

西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床中酸性岩石成因及动力学背景:年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束

浦桑果矿床位于拉萨地块冈底斯成矿带中段,为侵入岩体与钙质围岩接触带内形成的矽卡岩型高品位铜多金属矿床(Cu@1. 42%,Pb+Zn@2. 83%),是冈底斯成矿带目前唯一一个大型富铜铅锌(钴镍)矿床。本文以浦桑果矿床相关中酸性侵入岩体(黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩)为主要研究对象,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量元素、全岩SrNd-Pb及锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究,旨在厘定侵入岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及成岩成矿的动力学背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩侵位年龄分别为13. 6～14. 4Ma和13. 6～14. 6Ma,岩体形成时代均属中新世。岩石地球化学特征表明,闪长玢岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩均属高钾钙碱性I型花岗质岩石;岩石普遍具高Sr含量(599×10~(-6)～1616×10~(-6))、高Sr/Y(48. 2～132. 3)和高(La/Yb)N(19. 6～25. 4)比值特征,具低Y(10. 38×10~(-6)～12. 70×10~(-6))和Yb含量(0. 79×10~(-6)～1. 17×10~(-6))特征,表现出埃达克质岩的地球化学属性。全岩稀土元素表现为明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),而相对亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等(HFSE)。全岩Sr-Nd-Pb及锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,浦桑果矿床相关中酸性岩石与冈底斯成矿带中新世大多斑岩-矽卡岩矿床紧密相关的埃达克质侵入岩体具相似的同位素组成特征,指示岩石具同源岩浆特征且埃达克质岩浆主要起源于拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳。浦桑果矿床中酸性岩体主要形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景,因碰撞挤压向后碰撞伸展背景的构造转换,引起印度大陆岩石圈发生拆沉(42～25Ma)及拉萨地块中富集岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,从而形成富含Cu、Co等基性岩浆熔体底侵加厚新生下地壳(25～18Ma),导致拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳中部分石榴子石角闪岩相发生部分熔融,最终形成闪长质熔体于浦桑果矿区有利构造部位形成具埃达克质属性的中酸性侵入岩体(13～14Ma)和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿体。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.